• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 1999.10c
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• pp.575-581
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• 1999

Yielding is an important feature of the stress-strain behavior of clays. This study was performed to estabilish the yielding curves and properties for a marine caly from Jangheung. Chonnam Province . A series of tests was done by means of the various stress path tests. Results of the tests are as follows ; 1) The laboratory -determined Ko is very similar to that applied to the Jaky equation. 2) The shape of yielding curve is nealry symmetrical about the p' axis like other natural clays. 3) The critical state parameters, Mc and Me are the same for compression and extension tests which contrasts with the results of the isotropically consolidated soils. 4) The state boundary suface using the critical state paratmers can resresent the normalized yielding curve obtained by various stress path experiments.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.67 no.6
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• pp.587-601
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• 2018

Elevated water tanks are inverted pendulum type structures where drift limit is an important criterion for seismic design and performance evaluation. Explicit drift criteria for elevated water tanks are not available in the literature. In this study, probabilistic approach is used to determine maximum drift limit for damage state of yielding and damage state of collapse for the elevated water tanks supported on RC frame staging. The two damage states are defined using results of incremental dynamic analysis wherein a total of 2160 nonlinear time history analyses are performed using twelve artificial spectrum compatible ground motions. Analytical fragility curves are developed using two-parameter lognormal distribution. The maximum allowable drifts corresponding to yield and collapse level requirements are estimated for different tank capacities. Finally, a single fragility curve is developed which provides maximum drift values for the different probability of damage. Further, for rational consideration of the uncertainties in design, three confidence levels are selected and corresponding drift limits for damage states of yielding and collapse are proposed. These values of maximum drift can be used in performance-based seismic design for a particular damage state depending on the level of confidence.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1695-1702
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• 2009

An animal-component-free and chemically defined fed-batch process for GS-engineered cell lines producing recombinant antibodies has been developed. The fed-batch process relied on supplying sufficient nutrients to match their consumption, simultaneously minimizing the accumulation of by-products (lactate and osmolality). The proportionalities of nutritional consumption were determined by direct analysis. The robust, metabolically responsive feeding strategy was based on the offline measurement of glucose. The fed-batch process was shown to perform equivalently in GS-CHO and GS-NS0 cultures. Compared with batch cultures, the fed-batch technology generated the greater increase in cell yields (5-fold) and final antibody concentrations (4-8-fold). The majority of the increase in final antibody concentration was a function of the increased cell density and the prolonged culture time. This generic and high-yielding fed-batch process would shorten development time, and ensure process stability, thereby facilitating the manufacture of therapeutic antibodies by GS-engineered cell lines.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.457-473
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• 2008

Yielding of the internal steel reinforcement is an important mechanism that influences the Intermediate Crack-induced debonding (IC debonding) behavior in FRP-strengthened RC members since the FRP is required to carry additional forces beyond the condition of steel yielding. However, rational design practice dictates an appropriate limit state is defined when steel yielding is assured prior to FRP debonding. This paper proposes a criterion which correlates the occurrence of IC debonding to the formulation of a critical steel yielding length. Once this length is exceeded the average bond stress in the FRP/concrete interface exceeds its threshold value, which proves to correlate with the average bond resistance in an FRP/concrete joint under simple shear loading. This proposed IC debonding concept is based on traditional sections analysis which is conventionally applied in design practice. Hence complex bond stress-slip analyses are avoided. Furthermore, the proposed model incorporates not only the bond properties of FRP/concrete interface but also the beam geometry, and properties of steel and FRP reinforcement in the analysis of IC debonding strength. Based upon a solid database, the validity of the proposed simple IC debonding criterion is demonstrated.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.1851-1858
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• 2011

Details of the double-bond isomerization of 1-hexene over H-ZSM-5 were clarified using density functional theory. It is found that the reaction proceeds by a mechanism which involves the Br${\o}$nsted acid part of the zeolite solely. According to this mechanism, 1-hexene is first physically adsorbed on the acidic site, and then, the acidic proton transfers to one carbon atom of the double bond, while the other carbon atom of the double bond bonds with the Br${\o}$nsted host oxygen, yielding a stable alkoxy intermediate. Thereafter, the Br${\o}$nsted host oxygen abstracts a hydrogen atom from the $C_6H_{13}$ fragment and the C-O bond is broken, restoring the acidic site and yielding trans-2-hexene. The calculated activation barrier is 12.65 kcal/mol, which is in good agreement with the experimental value. These results well explain the energetic aspects during the course of double-bond isomerization and extend the understanding of the nature of the zeolite active sites.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.661-676
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• 2016

This paper presents an elastic/plastic model that neglects strain hardening during loading, but accounts for the Bauschinger effect. These mathematical features of the model represent reasonably well the actual behavior of several materials such as high strength steels. Previous attempts to describe the behavior of this kind of materials have been restricted to a class of boundary value problems in which the state of stress in the plastic region is completely controlled by the yield stress in tension or torsion. In particular, the yield stress is supposed to be constant during loading and the forward plastic strain reduces the yield stress to be used to describe reversed yielding. The new model generalizes this approach on plane stress problems assuming that the material obeys the von Mises yield criterion during loading. Then, the model is adopted to describe reversed yielding in thin hollow discs subject to external pressure.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.399-408
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• 2017

This paper experimentally studies the cyclic behavior of hybrid connections between steel coupling beams and concrete shear walls with embedded steel columns. Four beam-to-wall connection specimens with short and long embedded steel columns are tested under monotonic and cyclic loads, respectively. The influence of embedment length of columns on the failure mode and performance of connections is investigated. The results show that the length of embedded steel columns has significant effect on the failure mode of connections. A connection with a long embedded column has a better stiffness, load-bearing capacity and ductility than that of a short embedded column. The former fails due to the shear yielding of column web in the joint panel, while failure of the latter is initiated by the yielding of horizontal reinforcement in the wall due to the rigid rotation of the column. It is recommended that embedded steel columns should be placed along the entire height of shear walls to facilitate construction and enhance the ductility.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2003

The present study is to investigate the ultimate behavior and limit state design of 2-I) R/C structures, with the changing of crack direction, and the yielding of the reinforcing steel bars, and Is to introduce an algorithm for the limit state design and analysis of 2-D R/C structures, directly from the finite element model. For the design of reinforcement in concrete the limit state design equation is incorporated into finite element algorithm to be based on the pointwise elemental ultimate behavior. It is also introduced a simplified nonlinear analysis algorithm for stress-strain relationship of R/C plane stress problem considering the cracking and its rotation in concrete and the yielding of the reinforcing steel bar. The algorithm is incorporated into the nonlinear finite element analysis. The analysis model is compared with the experimental model of R/C shear wall. In a simple design example for a shear wall, the required reinforcement ratios in each finite element is obtained from the limit state design equations.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.117-126
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• 2019

When designing reinforced concrete (RC) members, the rebar is assumed to resist all tensile forces, but the resistance of the concrete in the tension area is neglected. However, concrete can also resist tensile forces and increase the tensile stiffness of RC members, which is called the tension stiffening effect (TSE). Therefore, this study assessed the TSE, particularly after yielding of the steel bars and the effects of the steel ratio on the TSE. For this purpose, RC member specimens with steel ratios of 2.87%, 0.99%, and 0.59% were fabricated for uniaxial tensile tests. A vision-based non-contact measurement system was used to measure the behavior of the specimens. The cracks on the specimen at the stabilized cracking stage and the fracture stage were measured with the image analysis method. The results show that the number of cracks increases as the steel ratio increases. The reductions of the limit state and fracture strains were dependent on the ratio of the rebar. As the steel ratio decreased, the strain after yielding of the RC members significantly decreased. Therefore, the overall ductility of the RC member is reduced with decreasing steel ratio. The yielding plateau and ultimate load of the RC members obtained from the proposed equations showed very good agreement with those of the experiments. Finally, the image analysis method was possible to allow flexibility in expand the measurement points and targets to determine the strains and crack widths of the specimens.

• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.205-229
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• 2018

Energy induced by minor earthquake and micro vibration cannot be dissipated by traditional buckling-restrained braces (BRBs). To solve this problem, a new type of hybrid passive control device, named as VE-BRB, which is configured by a BRB with high-damping viscoelastic (VE) layers, is developed and studied. Theoretical analysis, performance tests, numerical simulation and case analysis are conducted to study the seismic behavior of VE-BRBs. The results indicate that the combination of hysteretic and damping devices lead to a multi-phased nature and good performance. VE-BRB's working state can be divided into three phases: before yielding of the steel core, VE layers provide sufficient damping ratio to mitigate minor vibrations; after yielding of the steel core, the steel's hysteretic deformations provide supplemental dissipative capacity for structures; after rupture of the steel core, VE layers are still able to work normally and provide multiple security assurance for structures. The simulation results agreed well with the experimental results, validating the finite element analysis method, constitutive models and the identified parameters. The comparison of the time history analysis on a 6-story frame with VE-BRBs and BRBs verified the advantages of VE-BRB for seismic protection of structures compared with traditional BRB. In general, VE-BRB had the potential to provide better control effect on structural displacement and shear in all stages than BRB as expected.