• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.67-74
• /
• 2018

This experiment was conducted to develop a healthy tea by fumigation, low temperature drying, drying and instant immersion using flowers of Robinia pseudoacacia L. that bloom in May in all regions of Korea. The drying was drying after fumigation treatment, low temperature drying, drying and instant immersion. The color of the flowers, beverage color, the sugar content, and the taste of the beverage were measured after changing the weight of the flowers. The change in the weight of flower tea was 11% ~ 12.5% of the body weight. The change in the color of the flowers appeared to be the lightest brown in the treatment of drying, and the other treatment area became turbidity white. The color of the beverage was yellowish from the tea treated with drying and became pale yellow when fumigation, low temperature drying and instant immersion. Sugar content was highest at 2.9brix from the drying and 2.6-2.7brix at the other three treatments. The taste was the best in the drying treatment, and the instant taste dipped in the tastes.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.47 no.2
• /
• pp.87-96
• /
• 2014

The objectives of this study were to characterize the physicochemical properties and mineralogy of Hwangto (yellow residual soils) from the southwestern part of Korea and to understand the soil-forming processes of the residual soils from their parent rocks. Both the yellowish residual soils as well as the unweathered and weathered parent rocks were obtained from Jangdong-ri, Donggang-myun, Naju, Jeollanam-do, Korea. The soil samples were examined to analyze the said soil's physicochemical properties such as color, pH, and particle size distribution. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were performed in order to understand the mineralogy, chemical composition, and morphology of the soils. Two thin sections of a parent rock were analyzed to study its mineral composition. A particle size analysis of the soils indicates that the residual soil consists of mainly silt and clay (approximately 95%) and that soil textures are silty clay or silt clay loam. The soil colors of the residual soil are dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) through yellowish red (5YR 4/6). The pH of the residual soil ranges from 4.3 to 5.1. The major minerals of the parent rocks were quartz, biotite, chlorite, and plagioclase. The mineralogy of the sand fraction of the residual soil was quartz, biotite, muscovite and sanidine. The mineralogy of the silt fraction of the residual soil was quartz, biotite, muscovite, Na-feldspar, K-feldspar, and sanidine. The clay mineralogy of the soil was goethite, kaolinite, ilite, hydroxy-interlayed vermiculite(HIV), vermiculite, mica, K-feldspar and quartz. The mineral composition of the residual soil and the parent rock indicates that feldspar and mica in the parent rock weathered into illite, vermiculite and hydroxy-interlayed vermiculite(HIV), and finally changed into kaolinite and halloysite in the yellowish residual soils.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.101-114
• /
• 2011

The rock-carved Buddha statue at Dosolam (Korea Treasure No. 1200) of the Seonunsa temple in Gochang is unique style sculptured on natural rock cliff of 13.0m height. The Buddha statue is composed of volcanic complex with tuff, dacitic tuff breccia, tuff bereccia and lithic tuff. Especially, the Buddha statue is characterized by hydrothermal alteration and fragmentation on the upper and lower part. As a result of damage diagnosis, exfoliation and detachment of physical weathering are high of 11.3% and 9.3%, respectively. Infrared thermography analysis, exfoliation and micro-cracks occurred in the measuring parts that have not been confirmed by naked eyes. Chemical index of alteration and weathering potential index of host rock for the Buddha statue are 55.16 to 64.01 and 6.14 to 9.92 which are represented within highly weathering degree. In surface, dark black, reddish brown and white discoloration are observed prominently in the lower. Brown discoloration 6.9% is highest. According to the P-XRF measurements, high concentration of Fe in common, in part of dark black discoloration was Mn, white and brown discoloration in part of S and Ca content were higher. Biological weathering that yellowish brown and dark gray crustoes lichenes appeared by 20.8% and 13.3%, respectively. Therefore, comprehensive deterioration rate of Buddha statue show physical damage by 21.2%, discoloration for inorganic contaminants by 10.8% and biological damage by 39.4%. Ultrasonic velocity measurement carried out of Buddha statue on the surface by 555 points. Measured value of ultrasonic velocity was about 2,273m/s(1,067 to 3,215m/s, and weathering coefficient is 0.5(0.4 to 0.8) that progress on MW(moderately weathered) to HW(highly weathered) grade of rocks.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.58 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information for breeding cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L.) by investigating the crop characteristics of 245 accessions of cowpea collected in Korea and abroad. All specimens flowered within 41 to 50 days (51.5%) or 51 to 60 days (43.7%) of sowing and matured 21 to 30 days (53.9%) or 31 to 40 days (23.7%) from flowering. Thus, the total time from sowing to maturity was either 71 to 80 days (26.9%) or 81 to 90 days (23.4%) for all specimens. The accessions were classified into indeterminate type (72.7%), intermediate type (25.7%) and determinate type (1.6%) based on growth; prostrate type (78.8%) and erect type (21.2%) based on plant type; heart shape (98.4%) and lanceolate (1.6%) based on leaflet shape; and purple (85.2%), white (13.6%) and light green (1.2%) based on corolla color. The accessions were classified into brown (54.7%) and yellowish brown (37.6%) based on color at pod maturity; and downward (90.6%), middle (5.7%) and standing upright (3.7%) based on pod setting position. Seed coat color varied as 25.3% were brown, 23.3% were black, and 20.8% were white. Seed shape also varied as 66.9% were egg-shaped, 24.9% were rectangular and 8.2% were kidney-shaped. Pod lengths ranged from 10.1-20.0 cm and from 20.1-30.0 cm in 89.0% and 8.6% of specimens, respectively. There were 12.1-15.0, 9.1-12.0, and 15.1-18.0 seeds per pod in 62.0%, 25.7% and 9.1% of specimens, respectively. The weight of one hundred seeds ranged from 15.1-20.0 g (37.6%) and 10.1-15.0 g (28.6%). Seed yields per plant were 100.1-200.0 g (52.7%), less than 100 g (22.9%), and 200.1-300.0 g (15.9%). The starch content in the seeds of the seven selected resources ranged from 44.1 to 57.0% while the protein content ranged from 23.3 to 27.5% with significant differences. The sucrose content ranged from 1.46 to 2.03%, also with significant differences.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.54 no.6
• /
• pp.671-687
• /
• 2021

This study investigated the firing temperature and thermal deformation process of roof tiles excavated from the connected stone-mound tomb in Seokchon-dong, Seoul, based on mineralogical and physical properties. A large number of roof tiles were excavated from the tomb site and some roof tiles were deformed by heat and were fired in uneven conditions. The colors of original roof tiles and their cores are mostly yellowish-brown, with high water absorption over 12%, containing fine-grained textures and some minerals such as quartz, feldspars, amphibole, and mica. It is estimated that the original roof tiles were fired below 900℃ in oxidation condition, showing loose matrices and mica layers by scanning electron microscopy. However, deformed roof tiles have the uneven surface color of reddish-brown and bluish-gray, and those cross-sections have sandwich structures in which dense reddish-brown surface and porous grey core coexist. They contained mullite and hercynite, so it was estimated to have been fired over 1,000℃, with 0.81~11% water absorption. In some samples, bloating pores by overfiring were observed, which means that they were fired at more than 1,200℃. In addition, the refirng experiments that the original roof tile was fired between 800℃ and 1,200℃ were carried out to investigate the physical and mineralogical properties of roof tiles compared to deformed ones. As a result, the water absorption decreased rapidly and the mineral phase started to change over 1,000℃. As the temperature gradually rises, the matrices are partially melted and recrystallized, resulting in similar thermal characteristics of deformed roof tiles. Therefore, the roof tiles from ancient tombs in Seokchon-dong seem to experience the secondary high temperature of 1,000 to 1,200℃ under uneven firing conditions, resulting in deformation characteristics such as shape transformation and mineral phase transition. It is considered to have been related to cremation rituals at the tombs of Seockchon-dong during the Baekje period.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2001.06a
• /
• pp.38-39
• /
• 2001

The seasonal changes in pH, Fe, Al and SO$_4$$\^$2-/ contents of acid drainage released from coal mine dumps play a major role in precipitation of metal hydroxides in the Taebaek coal field area, southeastern Korea. Precipitates in the creeks underwent a cycle of the color change showing white, reddish brown and brownish yellow, which depends on geochemical factors of the creek waters. White precipitates consist of Al-sulfate (basaluminite and hydrobasaluminite) and reddish brown ones are composed of ferrihydrite and brownish yellow ones are of schwertmannite. Goethite coprecipitates with ferrihydrite and schwertmannite. Ferrihydrite formed at higher values than pH 5.3 and schwertmannite precipitated below pH 4.3, and goethite formed at the intermediate pH range between the two minerals. With the pH being increased from acid to intermediate regions, Fe is present both as schwertmannite and goethite. From the present observation, the most favorable pH that basauluminte can precipitate is in the range of pH 4.45-5.95. SEM examination of precipitates at stream bottom shows that they basically consist of agglomerates of spheroid and rod-shape bacteria. Bacteria species are remarkably different among bottom precipitates and, to a less extent, there are slightly different chemical compositions even within the same bacteria. The speciation and calculation of the mineral saturation index were made using MINTEQA2. In waters associated with yellowish brown precipitates mainly composed of schwertmannite, So$_4$ species is mostly free So$_4$$\^$2-/ ion with less AlSo$_4$$\^$+/, CaSo$\sub$(aq)/, and MgSo$\sub$4(aq)/. Ferrous iron is present mostly as free Fe$\^$2+/, and FeSo$\sub$4(aq)/ and ferric iron exists predominantly as Fe(OH)$_2$$\^$+/, with less FeSo$\sub$4(aq)/, Fe(OH)$_2$$\^$-/, FeSo$_4$$\^$-/ and Fe$\^$3+/, respectively Al exists as free Al$\^$3+/, AlOH$_2$$\^$-/, (AlSo$_4$)$\^$+/, and Al(So$_4$)$\^$2-/. Fe is generally saturated with respect to hematite, magnetite, and goethite, with nearly saturation with lepidocrocite. Aluminum and sulfate are supersaturated with respect to predominant alunite and less jubanite, and they approach a saturation state with respect to diaspore, gibbsite, boehmite and gypsum. In the case of waters associated with whitish precipitates mainly composed of basaluminite, Al is present as predominant Al$\^$3+/ and Al(SO$_4$)$\^$+/, with less Al(OH)$\^$2+/, Al(OH)$_2$$\^$+/ and Al(SO$_4$)$\^$2-/. According to calculation for the mineral saturation, aluminum and sulfate are greatly supersaturated with respect to basaluminite and alunite. Diaspore is flirty well supersaturated while jubanite, gibbsite, and boehmite are already supersaturated, and gypsum approaches its saturation state. The observation that the only mineral phase we can easily detect in the whitish precipitate is basaluminite suggests that growth rate of alunite is much slower than that of basaluminite. Neutralization of acid mine drainage due to the dilution caused by the dilution effect due to mixing of unpolluted waters prevails over the buffering effect by the dissolution of carbonate or aluminosilicates. The main factors to affect color change are variations in aqueous geochemistry, which are controlled by dilution effect due to rainfall, water mixng from adjacent creeks, and the extent to which water-rock interaction takes place with seasons. pH, Fe, Al and SO$_4$ contents of the creek water are the most important factors leading to color changes in the precipitates. A geochemical cycle showing color variations in the precipitates provides the potential control on acid mine drainage and can be applied as a reclamation tool in a temperate region with four seasons.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.117-124
• /
• 1975

Wet chemical analysis (for $MnO_2$, MnO, and $H_2O$(+)) and electron microprobe analysis (for $Fe_2O_3$ and PbO) give $MnO_2$ 74.91, MnO 11.33, $Fe_2O_3$ (total Fe) 4.19, PbO 0.03, $H_2O$ (+) 9.46, sum 99.92%. 'Available oxygen determined by oxalate titration method is allotted to $MnO_2$ from total Mn, and the remaining Mn is calculated as MnO. Traces of Ba, Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Zn, and Al were found. Li and Na were not found. The existence of (OH) is verified from the infrared absorption spectra. The analysis corresponds to the formula $Mn^{4+}{_{4.85}}(Mn^{2+}{_{0.90}}Fe^{3+}{_{0.30}})_{1.20}O_{8.09}(OH)_{5.91}$, on the basis of O=14, 'or ideally $Mn^{4+}{_{5-x}}(Mn^{2+},Fe^{3+})_{1+x}O_{8}(OH)_{6}$ ($x{\approx}0.2$). X-ray single crystal study could not be made because of the distortion of single crystals. But the x-ray powder pattern is satisfactorily indexed by an orthorhombic cell with a 9.324, b 14.05, c $7.956{\AA}$., Z=4. The indexed powder diffraction lines are 9.34(s) (100), 7.09(s) (020), 4.62(m) (200, 121), 4.17(m) (130), 3.547(s) (112), 3.212(vw) (041), 3.101(s) (300), 2.597(w) (013), 2.469(m) (331), 2.214(vw)(420), 2.098(vw) (260), 2.014 (vw) (402), 1.863(w) (500), 1.664(w) (314), 1.554(vw) (600), 1.525(m) (601), 1.405(m) (0.10.0). DTA curve shows the endothermic peaks at $250-370^{\circ}C$ and $955^{\circ}C$. The former is due to the dehydration: and oxidation forming$(Mn,\;Fe)_2O_3$(cubic, a $9.417{\AA}$), and the latter is interpreted as the formation of a hausmannite-type oxide (tetragonal, a 5.76, c $9.51{\AA}$) from $(Mn,\;Fe)_2O_3$. Infrared absorption spectral curve shows Mn-O stretching vibrations at $515cm^{-1}$ and $545cm^{-1}$, O-H bending vibration at $1025cm^{-1}$ and O-H stretching vibration at $3225cm^{-1}$. Opaque. Reflectance 13-15%. Bireflectance distinct in air and strong in oil. Reflection pleochroism changes from whitish to light grey. Between crossed nicols, color changes from yellowish brown with bluish tint to grey in air and yellowish brown to grey through bluish brown in oil. No internal reflections. Etching reactions: HCl(conc.) and $H_2SO_4+H_2O_2$-grey tarnish; $SnCl_2$(sat.)-dark color; $HNO_3$(conc.)-grey color; $H_2O_2$-tarnish with effervescence. It is black in color. Luster dull. Cleavage one direction perfect. Streak brownish black to dark brown. H. (Mohs) 2-3, very fragile. Specific gravity 3.59(obs.), 3.57(calc.). It occurs as radiating groups of flakes, flower-like aggregates, colloform bands, dendritic or arborescent masses composed of fine grains in the cementation zone of the supergene manganese oxide deposits of the Janggun mine, Bonghwa-gun, southeastern Korea. Associated minerals are calcite, nsutite, todorokite, and some undetermined manganese dioxide minerals. The name is for the mine, the first locality. The mineral and name were approved before publication by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, I.M.A.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.35-52
• /
• 1973

Red Yellow Soils occur very commonly in Korea and constitute the important upland soils of the country which are either presently being cultivated or are suitable for reclaiming and cultivating. These soils are distributed on rolling, moutain foot slopes, and terraces in the southern and western parts of the central districts of Korea, and are derived from granite, granite gneiss, old alluvium and locally from limestone and shale. This report is a summary of the morphology, physical and chemical characteristics of Red Yellow Soils. The data obtained from detailed soil surveys since 1964 are summarized as follows. 1. Red-Yellows Soils have an A, Bt, C profile. The A horizon is dark colored coarse loamy or fine loamy with the thin layer of organic matter. The B horizon is dominantly strong brown, reddish brown or yellowish red, clayey or fine loamy with clay cutans on the soil peds. The C horizon varies with parent materials, and is coarser texture and has a less developed structure than the Bt horizon. Soil depth, varied with relief and parent materials, is predominantly around 100cm. 2. In the physical characteristics, the clay content of surface soil is 18 to 35 percent, and of subsoil is 30 to 90 percent nearly two times higher than the surface soil. Bulk density is 1.2 to 1.3 in the surface soil and 1.3 to 1.5 in the subsoil. The range of 3-phase is mostly narrow with 45 to 50 percent in solid phase, 30 to 45 percent in liquid one, and 5 to 25 percent in gaseous state in the surface soil; and 50 to 60 solid, 35 to 45 percent liquid and less than 15 percent gaseous in the subsoil. Available soil moisture capacity ranges from 10 to 23 percent in the surface soil, and 5 to 16 percent in the subsoil. 3. Chemically, soil reaction is neutral to alkaline in soils derived from limestone or old fluviomarine deposits, and acid to strong acid in other ones. The organic matter content of surface soil varying considerably with vegetation, erosion and cultivation, ranges from 1.0 to 5.0 percent. The cation exchange capacity is 5 to 40 me/100gr soil and closely related to the content of organic matter, clay and silt. Base saturation is low, on the whole, due to the leaching of extractable cations, but is high in soils derived from limestone with high content of lime and magnesium. 4. Most of these soils mainly contain halloysite (a part of kaolin minerals), vermiculite (weathered mica), and illite, including small amount of chlorite, gibbsite, hematite, quartz and feldspar. 5. Characteristically they are similar to Red Yellow Podzolic Soils and a part of Reddish Brown Lateritic Soils of the United States, and Red Yellow Soils of Japan. According to USDA 7th Approximation, they can be classified as Udu Its or Udalfs, and in FAO classification system to Acrisols, Luvisols, and Nitosols.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.15 no.4 s.29
• /
• pp.199-204
• /
• 1976

Canna nosaic X bodies, which do not exist in tissues of the healthy plant and are originating in cells of virus infected Canna (Canna generalis BAILEY) with mosaic symptom, are easily observed under microscope through application of vital staining for 2-3 minutes with $1\%$ eosin of $H_2O$ solution added with slight amount of $CH_3COOH$ and distinguishing with N/5HCl followed by washing to inspect. The result of this experiment is summarized as following: 1) The X bodies are observed not only in epiermal cells of leaf of the mosaic virus infected Canna but in those of leaf sheath, stem, and root also, and it is expected that the X bodies are to exist in the flower cells of the disease infected Canna which were missed in this experiment. 2) Shape and nature of X bodies are not constant; in early stage of the disease development, the X bodies have equal contents and vague contour with their small size and round shape, but along with progress of the disease development they attain granular contents and clear contour with their increasing sige and defining shape in cytoplasm. In case of same individual pant, fully developed X. bodies. are increasing in cytoplasm in propoition to severity of mosaic and nettling of the diseased leaf. 3) The staining character of X bodies to eosin is more dense than that of nuclei; Xbodies are stained light red or red while nuclei are stained yellowish brown or light red. 1) It is assumed to be a result of cytoplasmic concentration around nucleus that X bodies are usunlly developed adjacent to nucleus and they are considered to be a cytoplasmic prodct. 5) Thus, I confirm that X bodies originsting in canna plant cells infected with mosaic virus aye multipling in the alive cells.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.161-165
• /
• 2001

Artificial fertilization (dry method) of mature right-eye flounder, Limanda yokohamae (female : 25.1~30.4 cm in total length (TL), male : 24.5~28.5 cm in TL), obtained from the fish market in Dolsan-do, Yosu was performed in the Fisheries Exhibition. Hatched larvae and juveniles were reared to describe their morphological development. Newly hached larvae attained 3.13~3.42 mm in TL. Their eyes were yellowish brown and their mouth and anus were not yet opened. Three to six days after hatching the larvae attained 3.35~4.61 mm in TL. Their mouth and anus were open and the yolk sac was almost absorbed. Feeding activity increased as the mouth became larger. At 25 days, the larvae attained 5.47~5.91 mm in TL. The caudal notocord was flexed $45^{\circ}$ upward. At 35 days, the larvae attained 6.83~7.60 mm in TL. Rays of the dorsal and anal fins were formed, and the left eye was moved slightly to the right side of the head. At 55 days, the juveniles attained 9.38~11.73 mm in TL. The left eye was moved completely onto the right side. All of the fins had complete set of the fin rays, and the juveniles spent most of the time on the bottom resting on their blind side (D. 68~70 : A. 50~52 : P. 11: V. 6 : C. 18~19).