• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.516-521
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• 2002

This study was investigated to prove the relation between the ingredient of Samul Chol-Pyon and its microorganism pollution level during the storage. As a result, the pollution degree in total aerobic bacteria, yeast, mold, and colitis germs of rice power turned out to have a lower one than the oriental medicine materials do. In case of preserved write Chol-Pyon, the total aerobic bacteria pollution level was 8.8 $\times$ 10$^3$CFU/g the highest degree among other ones in their among other ones in their early pollution levels and in the oriental medicine materials, the pollution level was degreased as its annex increased. Moreover, yeast propagated fast in its first day of storage, but mold grew somewhat slowly than yeast and total aerobic bacteria did. In every case, the range of colitis germs growth was between 10$^2$-10$^3$CFU/g and it was similar to the each one of total aerobic bacteria, yeast, and molds. On its third day of storage, the pollution level of mold showed 10$^4$-10$\^$5/CFU/g.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.51-57
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• 1981

This Study was carried out to investigate yeast and mold contamination in fermented milk products produced by 9 different domestic manufacturers from October 20. to December 5. 1980 The results obtained in the study were as follows 1) pH values of the products were ranged from pH 3.14 to pH 4.20 and average of sour milk drinks was pH $3.66\pm 0.19$ and fermented milks pH $3.74\pm 0.11$. Therefore the difference of pH average among sour milk drinks and fermented milks was statistically significant. (p<0.01) 2) In case of yeast contamination, yeast was found on all the four producted at the same date. From this result, it seemed that yeast contamination occured during the manufacturing progress. 3) Degree of contamination by the indicator organisms was E. coli positive, 3.7%: over 1,000 yeasts/ml, 14.8% over 10 molds/ml, 0.9%. 4) In the range of over 1,000 yeasts/ml, degree of contamination by yeast was 8.4% in fermented milk and 16.7% in sour milk drink. 5) Yeasts in product C increased to the spoilage number within 5 days and in H increased within 10 days at 5C. At 15$\circ$C, yeast increased to the spoilage number within 15 days in product A.D. 6) It seems that the yeast number of initial contamination should be important than the increase rate as criteria on the fermented Milk products.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.327-334
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• 2017

탈지 녹차씨 추출물을 식품에 적용할 수 있는 보존 소재로 개발하기 위해 물 또는 75% 에탄올 추출물을 이용하여 항효모 활성을 평가하였다. 탈지 녹차씨 추출물의 항균 스펙트럼을 조사한 결과 세균과 곰팡이에서는 일부 지시균을 저해했지만, 효모 지시균 5종에 대해서는 모두 생육 저해 활성을 나타내어 항효모 활성이 우수함을 확인하였다. 추출 용매에 따른 활성은 75% 에탄올 추출물이 물 추출물에 비해 2배 정도 활성이 우수하였다. 탈지 녹차씨 추출물의 온도, pH, NaCl 처리에 대한 항효모 활성 안정성을 평가한 결과, 물과 75% 에탄올 추출물 모두 pH 3~9와 0~20% NaCl 처리에 안정하였으며, 온도에 대한 영향은 $70^{\circ}C$, 24시간 및 $121^{\circ}C$, 15분 처리에 항효모 활성이 2배 정도 감소하였으나 다른 온도 처리에는 모두 안정하였다. 산막효모인 P. membranifaciens가 첨가된 식품 모델에 탈지 녹차씨 추출물을 농도 별로 처리한 후 산막 형성이 억제되는지 평가하였다. 물과 75% 에탄올 추출물은 간장에서 각각 $156{\mu}g/mL$, $39{\mu}g/mL$, 장아찌 소스에서 각각 $156{\mu}g/mL$, $78{\mu}g/mL$ 이상의 농도에서 산막 형성을 억제하였다. 김치에서 물 추출물은 $78{\mu}g/mL$ 이상, 75% 에탄올 추출물은 $39{\mu}g/mL$ 이상의 농도에서 농도 의존적으로 산막 형성 억제능이 나타났다. 항효모 활성 안정성이 우수하며 실제 식품에서 산막효모를 효과적으로 억제하는 탈지 녹차씨 추출물은 효모의 부패를 저해할 수 있는 천연 보존 소재로서 활용 가능성이 높을 것으로 기대된다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.636-640
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• 2009

The effect of post-cut vanillin treatment at high concentrations on changes of quality and microorganism in fresh-cut apples was studied. Apples (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Fuji) were sliced, treated by dipping in different vanillin solution, 0, 40, 80, and 120 mM, packed in polyethylene bag, and then stored for up to 3 weeks at $4^{\circ}C$. Changes in total aerobic bacteria, yeast and molds, browning, soluble solids, and titratable acidity during storage were investigated. Growth of total aerobic bacteria throughout storage was strongly inhibited by vanillin regardless of treatment concentrations. Growth of yeast and molds was inhibited by vanillin of all concentrations until 2 weeks of storage. Levels of browning index, soluble solids, and titratable acidity were not significant difference among the treatment conditions until 2 weeks of storage. However, when stored for 3 weeks, browning index increased more at 80 or 120 mM vanillin, while soluble solids and titratable acidity more be decreased by 120 mM vanillin as compared with other treatment conditions. These results show that the usage of vanillin in processing of fresh-cut apples had a limitation for maintaining quality.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.152-161
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• 2017

Cheese is an excellent substrate for yeast and mold growth. These organisms can cause cheese spoilage, resulting in significant food wastage and economic losses. In the context of cheese spoilage, the presence and effects of spoilage or pathogenic bacteria are well documented. In contrast, although yeasts and molds are responsible for much dairy food wastage, only a few studies have examined the diversity of spoilage fungi. This article reviews the spoilage yeasts and molds affecting cheeses in various countries. The diversity and number of fungi present were found to depend on the type of cheese. Important fungi growing on cheese include Candida spp., Galactomyces spp., Debaryomyces spp., Yarrowia spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., Geotrichum spp., Mucor spp., and Trichoderma spp.. In addition, several mold spoilage species, such as Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp., are able to produce mycotoxins, which may also be toxic to humans. There are many ways to eliminate or reduce toxin levels in foods and feeds. However, the best way to avoid mycotoxins in cheese is to prevent mold contamination since there are limitations to mold degradation or detoxifications in cheese. Chemical preservatives, natural products, and modified atmosphere packaging have been used to prevent or delay mold spoilage and improve product shelf life and food safety.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권11호
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• pp.1632-1638
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• 2012

치콘의 미생물학적 안전성을 확보하기 위해 50 ppm 이산화염소수와 5 kJ/$m^2$ UV-C 및 2 kGy 전자빔 조사 병합처리에 따른 저장 중 미생물 수 및 품질 변화를 $4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$에서 11일 동안 저장하면서 측정하였다. 이산화염소수와 UV-C 병합처리 후 치콘의 총 호기성 세균 수는 대조구와 비교하여 1.49~2.92 log CFU/g, 효모 및 곰팡이는 1.63~1.78 log CFU/g의 감소를 보였다. 반면에, 이산화염소수와 2 kGy 전자빔 병합처리구의 경우 총 호기성 세균은 저장기간 동안 검출되지 않았으며, 효모 및 곰팡이 역시 11일 간의 저장기간 동안 나타나지 않았다. 이산화염소수와 전자빔의 병합처리는 대조구와 비교하여 치콘의 저장 중 Hunter 색도 값에 부정적 영향을 미치지 않았다. 관능검사에 있어서도 저장기간 동안 대조구와 비교 시 유의적인 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구결과, 이산화염소수와 전자빔 조사의 병합처리가 치콘의 저장 중 오염될 수 있는 위해미생물의 감소와 외관적 품질유지에 효과적인 살균처리 기술이라고 판단된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.1237-1243
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• 2003

인삼 분말의 저장성을 증진시키기 위한 새로운 살균법으로서 고전압 상태에서 발생하는 코로나방전 처리법의 활용가능성을 평가하기 위하여 미생물살균효과, 이화학적 특성변화, 관능 특성을 비교?분석하였다. 코로나방전 처리한 인삼분말의 미생물 사멸효과를 살펴본 결과, 일반세균, 효모/곰팡이, 대장균군 모두 피크전압이 5 kv/cm 일 경우 미생물 사멸이 매우 미미하다가 피크 전압이 점차 증가할수록 비례적으로 사멸효과가 높아지는 결과를 볼 수 있었고, 피크전압 20 kv/cm의 코로나 방전 처리구에서 총 세균과 coliform은 약 95%, 효모/곰팡이는 약 99% 정도의 미생물 사멸효과를 나타내었다. 반면 코로나방전 처리한 인삼분말의 일반성분, 무기질, 유리당, 조사포닌, 색깔(Hunter's value) 모두 P<0.05 수준에서 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 관능검사 역시 색깔특성, 향, 맛, 종합적 기호도 모든 측면에서 P<0.05 수준에서 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결론적으로, 코로나방전 처리는 인삼분말에서의 미생물 살균효과가 강하고, 영양소 파괴가 없으며, 관능적으로 무처리 인삼분말과 차이가 없는 것으로 밝혀져 기존의 방사선조사 처리 등 살균법을 대체할 수 있는 새로운 살균법으로서 활용 가능성이 높다고 판단된다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.53-64
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• 1970

In order to study ecology of microorganisms during Takju brewing, microflora changes were examined fromm the start to the sixth day of Takju fermentation in 24 hours intervals. Takju made from rice, flour and dried sweet potato in a liter volume open container at the laboratory and a sanple of Takju brewing factory were studied for their microflora and their changes during fermentationl together with a sample of Kokja. Results obtained were as follows ; 1. The followings were the identified microorganisms in Kokja. The molds ; Absidia spinosa, Aspergillus parasiticus. The yeasts ; Candida melinii, Candida Solani, Hansenula anomala. The bacteria ; Luctobacillus casei, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus. 2. Torulopsis inconspicua, Lactobacillus casei, Leuconotoc mesenteroides, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus were isolated from main mash of laboratory-made Takju samples. The yeast, Torupsis inconspicua which was not present in Kokja and, probably of a contaminant yeast, dominated the yeast flora of Takju mash of rice, flour and sweet potato of labotatory brewing. The laboratory brewing lost also always showed large population of lactic acid bacteria flora. 3. None of the wild yeasts which were present in Kokja appeared in Takju mashes. The Kokja appears to be of no use as the yeast source for Takju fermentation. Also the Kokja appears to be of not so effective amylolytic and proteolytic enzyme sources considering the microflora characteristics. Probably the major role of Kokja in Takju fermentation may be to contribute in taste formation. 4. Inoculation of Sacharomyces cerevisiae into the mash to the level of $10^7$ ml at the start of fermentation greatly changed the ecological aspects eliminating conditions of rather slow rising of natural contaminant yeast populaiton and fermentation which might give rise to prosperity of lactic acid and Bacillus bacteria that would be avoidable. 5. Examination of microflora of the large factory scale Takju fermentation showed the quite similar pattern of microflora and their changes to that of the cultured yeast-inoculated laboratory batch Takju fermentation. The cultured yeast dominated as the only predominant microflora, and the lactic acid bacteria flora were completely suppressed and aerobic bacteria, greatly. Probably this may be the regular microflora pattern of normal Takju fermentation. The role of lactic acid bacteria and aerobic bacteria in Takju fermentation may not be clear yet from this experiment alone.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.1013-1017
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• 2009

이산화염소수 또는 푸마르산이 전처리된 고추, 생강, 당근의 초기 미생물수 감소 효과에 관한 연구를 하기 위하여 이산화염소수 5, 10, 50 ppm과 푸마르산 0.1, 0.3, 0.5%를 고추, 생강, 당근에 5분간 각각 처리하였다. 이산화염소수와 푸마르산 전처리는 총균수, 효모와 곰팡이 수를 유의적으로 감소시켰는데, 특히 50 ppm의 이산화염소수를 고추에 처리 시 총균수, 효모 및 곰팡이 수가 1.52, 1.81 log CFU/g 감소시킨 반면 0.5% 푸마르산의 처리는 총균수, 효모 및 곰팡이를 완전히 제거하였다. 또한 50 ppm의 이산화염소수 처리된 생강은 총균수, 효모와 곰팡이 수가 0.53, 0.92 log CFU/g 감소를 보였고, 푸마르산의 처리는 1.44, 1.28 log CFU/g 감소시켰다. 당근에 50 ppm의 이산화염소수 처리시 총균수, 효모 및 곰팡이 수를 1.76, 2.22 log CFU/g까지 줄였고 푸마르산 처리는 1.94, 1.73 log CFU/g 감소를 보였다. 따라서 이산화염소수와 푸마르산 전처리가 고추, 생강, 당근의 초기 미생물 수 감소에 효과적인 전처리 방법이라고 판단된다.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2017

This study was activity of ${\alpha}-amylase$, glucoamylase of liquid Nuruk prepared using liquid Nuruk (NK) and Aspergillus kawachii (AK), Aspergillus niger (AN), Aspergillus oryzae (AO), Monascus kaoliang (MK). To investigate the relationship between the enzymatic activity and the total sugar content of liquid Nuruk depending on the types of Nuruk molds and the degree of rice-polishing. The activity of ${\alpha}-amylase$ depending on the types of Nuruk molds was shown to be 8.82, 8.72 units/mL in AN and AK treatments in brown rice liquid Nuruk at 24 hours after incubation, as the degree of rice-polishing increased, the activity of ${\alpha}-amylase$ was significantly lower (p<0.05). When brown rice was incubated in AN, it showed 8.83 units/mL at 48 hours after incubation, which was the highest activity, but there was no significantly difference (p<0.05), as the degree of rice- polishing was higher, the activity of ${\alpha}-amylase$ was lower. The activity of glucoamylase depending on the degree of rice-polishing showed 3,013 units/mL in AO treatment in brown rice liquid Nuruk at 24 hours after incubation, and the enzymatic activity was significantly higher (p<0.05). As the degree of rice-polishing increased, the activity of glucoamylase decreased, so liquid brown rice Nuruk showed the highest enzymatic activity, liquid white rice Nuruk was the lowest enzymatic activity. The highest enzymatic activity appeared in liquid Nuruk with brown rice at 48 hours after incubation. The activity of ${\alpha}-amylase$, glucoamylase showed higher enzymatic productivity as the degree of rice-polishing was lower, and there was an inverse correlation with the total sugar content.