• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.483-489
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• 2004

Pseudomonas sp. S-47 is a bacterium capable of degrading benzoate as well as 4-chlorobenzoate (4CBA). Benzoate and 4CBA are known to be degraded via a meta-cleavage pathway characterized by a series of enzymes encoded by xyl genes. The meta-cleavage pathway operon in Pseudomonas sp. S-47 encodes a set of enzymes which transform benzoate and 4CBA into TCA cycle intermediates via the meta-cleavage of (4-chloro )catechol to produce pyruvate and acetyl-CoA. In the current study, the meta-pathway gene cluster was cloned from the chromosomal DNA of S-47 strain to obtain pCS1, which included the degradation activities for 4CBA and catechol. The genetic organization of the operon was then examined by cloning the meta-pathway genes into a pBluescript SKII(+) vector. As such, the meta-pathway operon from Pseudomonas sp. S-47 was found to contain 13 genes in the order of xylXYZLTEGFlQKIH. The two regulatory genes, xylS and xylR, that control the expression of the meta-pathway operon, were located adjacently downstream of the meta-pathway operon. The xyl genes from strain S-47 exhibited a high nucleoside sequence homology to those from Pseudomonas putida mt-2, except for the xylJQK genes, which were more homologous to the corresponding three genes from P. stutzeri AN10. One open reading frame was found between the xylH and xylS genes, which may playa role of a transposase. Accordingly, the current results suggest that the xyl gene cluster in Pseudomonas sp. S-47 responsible for the complete degradation of benzoate was recombined with the corresponding genes from P. putida mt-2 and P. stutzeri AN10.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.946-949
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• 2010

The effects of two different sugars (glucose and xylose) on the expression levels and patterns of the xylose reductase (xyl1), xylitol dehydrogenase (xyl2), and xylulokinase (xyl3) genes were analyzed using Pichia stipitis. A significant increase in mRNA levels of xyl1 was observed after 6 h growth in culture conditions using xylose as a sole carbon source, but expressions of the three genes were not influenced by normal culture media with glucose. In addition, expressions of xyl2 and xyl3 were not observed during the entire culture period during which xylose was added. It also was found that the expression level of xyl1 increased as a function of the xylose concentration (40, 60, and 80 g/l) used in this study, indicating that xyl1 expression sensitively responded to xylose in the culture media. Although the induced level of xyl2 increased slightly after 48 h in the xylose-supplemented culture conditions, the expression of xyl2 was not observed in the xylitol-supplemented culture conditions. Finally, considering the expression of each gene in response to glucose or xylose, the absolute expression levels of the three genes indicate that xyl1 is induced primarily by exposure to xylose.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제29권A호
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• pp.161-167
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• 2009

The bifunctional Xylanase-Cellulase hybrid protein was constructed by gene fusion. Two genes corresponding to endoxylanase gene (xylS) and endocellulase gene (celA) were amplified by PCR from Bacillus licleniformis NBL420. It was then linked through splicing by overlap extension (SOE) by PCR method. The two resulting fused hybrids, xyl/cel and cel/xyl, which differ by its orientation, were confirmed by its nucleotide sequencings. One of two fusion genes, xyl/cel was successfully expressed into pET22b(+) vector (pxyl/cel) with bifunctional xylanase-cellulase activity. On the contrary, the other cel/xyl fusion protein showed only cellulase activity with much decreased xylanase activity. Enzymatic properties of Xyl/Cel fusion protein were investigated regarding optimum pH, optimum temp, thermostability, and pH stability. It was revealed that Xyl/Cel fusion protein retained the bifunctional xylanase-cellulase activities eventhough two enzymes were connected with each other directly. These informations could be useful for construction of other hybrid proteins as well as increased range of substrate utilization.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.134-142
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• 1994

The neucleotide sequences of the xylA gene encoding $\beta $-xylosidase of Bacillus stearothermophilus and is its flanking regions were datermined. Three open reading frame(ORFs) were found, one of which(ORF1) appeared to code for the $\beta $-xylosidase. The 1830 base pair ORF1 encoded 609 amino acids starting from a TTG initiation codon. The molecular weight deduced from the nucleotide sequence(68 KD) was in agreement with that estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme(66 KD). The Shine-Dalgarno sequence(5'-AGGAGG-3') was found 11 bp upstream of the initiation codon. Further 15 bp upstream, there observed a potential transcription initiation signals. The putative -10 sequence(CATAAT) and -35 sequence(TTGTTA) coresponded closely to the consensus sequences for Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase with major sigma factor. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the coding region of the xylA gene was 56mol% while that of the third position of the codons was 63 mol%. Based on the comparison with the amino acid sequences of several other carbohydrate degrading enzymes, two conserved regions, possibly participating in the catalytic mechamism of $\beta $-xylosidase xylA, were identified in 278-298 and 329-350 regions of the translated xylA gene. The nucleotide sequence of the xylA was found to exhibit no homology to any other genes so far reproted.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제10권
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• pp.125-135
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• 1992

Xylose 오페론의 조절기구(調節機構)를 밝히고 xyl 유전자(遺傳子)를 가진 재조합유전자(再組合遺傳子)들의 수용세포(受容細胞)로 사용(使用)하기 위해 대장균(大腸菌)에 NTG를 처리(處理)하여 xylose를 이용(利用)할 수 없는 xyl 변이주(變異株)를 최종(最終) 9주(株) 선발(選拔)하였다. MC-Xyl 한천평판배지(寒天平板培地)에서 백색(白色) 콜로니로 분리(分離)된 xyl 변이주(變異株)들은 모두 LB와 DM-Glc 배지(培地)에서는 친주(親株)인 E. coli JM109와 동일(同一)하게 자랐으나, DM-Xyl 배지(培地)에서는 생육(生育)하지 못했다. 그러나 xyl 유전자(遺傳子) 전체(全體)를 가진 pBX1으로 형질변형(形質變形)시킨 결과(結果) 모두MC-Xyl 한천평판배지(寒天平板培地)에서는 적색(赤色) 콜로니를 나타내고 xylose isomerase 활성(活性)도 친주(親株)와 유사(類似)하게 되살아 났다. 이들의 부귀(復歸) 돌연변이빈도(突然變異頻度)는 $10^{-8}{\sim}10^{-11}$ 이하(以下)로 유전적(遺傳的)으로 안정(安定)되었다. 분리(分離)된 xyl 변이주(變異株)와 그들의 형질전환주(形質轉換株)에 대하여 MC-Xyl과 MC-Xylu 한천평판배지(寒天平板培地)에서 콜로니의 색(色)을 관찰(觀察)하였고 xylose isomerase와 xylulokinase의 활성(活性)을 측정(測定)하여 다시 xylT 변이주(變異株) 3주(株)(DH13, DH121, DH125) xylA 변이주(變異株) 1주(株)(DH77), xylB 변이주(變異株) 1주(株)(DH43) 그리고 xylose 존재하(存在下)에서 이들 효소(酵素)들의 생성(生成)을 조절(調節)하는 xylR 변이주(變異株) 3주(株)(DH10, DH53, DH60), 마지막으로 xylR, A 유전자부위(遺傳子部位)에 변이(變異)가 일어난 것(DH35)으로 최종선별(最終選別)하였다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.1277-1284
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 효모염색체내에 다양한 유전자 발현 cassette를 도입하기 위해 Cre/loxP system을 가진 repeated yeast integrative plasmid (R-YIp)를 구축하였다. R-YIp는 반복적으로 형질전환체를 선별할 수 있는 selective marker (CgTRP1)와 loxP 서열, 그리고 integration을 위한 목적서열을 함유하고 있어 같은 염색체의 동일한 위치에 여러 개의 유전자 발현 cassette를 도입하는 것이 가능하다. 따라서 xylan/xylose 대사에 관련된 endoxylanase (XYLP), ${\beta}$-xylosidase (XYLB), xylose reductase (GRE3) 그리고xylitol dehydrogenase (XYL2)의 효모염색체내에 도입을 시도하였다. 먼저 XYLP, XYLB, GRE3그리고 XYL2 유전자의 효율적인 발현을 위한 promoter를 선별하기 위해 pGMF-GENE과 pAMF-GENE plasmid를 구축하였고, 각 유전자들의 발현에 GAL10 promoter가 적합함을 확인하였다. 다음으로 GAL10p-GENE-GAL7t cassette를 가진 pRS-GENE plasmid (R-YIp)를 구축하여, 반복적 integration 과정과 selective marker의 제거를 통해 각각의 R-YIps를 효모 7번염색체에 순차적으로 도입하였다. R-YIp system을 통해 효모염색체내에 도입된 유전자들은 모두 안정적으로 발현되었고, 활성형의 재조합효소를 생산함을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 다수의 외래유전자를 효모염색체내 도입함에 있어 selective marker와 숙주세포 선택의 한계를 R-YIp system을 통해 어느 정도 극복할 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1711-1716
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• 2010

A gene encoding the ${\beta}$-xylosidase/${\alpha}$-arabinofuranosidase (XylC) of Paenibacillus woosongensis was cloned into Escherichia coli. This xylC gene consisted of 1,425 nucleotides, encoding a polypeptide of 474 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibited an 80% similarity with those of both Clostridium stercorarium ${\beta}$-xylosidase/${\alpha}$-N-arabinosidase and Bacillus cellulosilyticus ${\alpha}$-arabinofuranosidase, belonging to the glycosyl hydrolase family 43. The structural gene was subcloned with a C-terminal His-tag into a pET23a(+) expression vector. The His-tagged XylC, purified from a cell-free extract of a recombinant E. coli BL21(DE3) Codon Plus carrying a xylC gene by affinity chromatography, was active on para-nitrophenyl-${\alpha}$-arabinofuranoside (pNPA) as well as para-nitrophenyl-${\beta}$-xylopyranoside (pNPX). However, the enzymatic activities for the substrates were somewhat incongruously influenced by reaction pHs and temperatures. The enzyme was also affected by various chemicals at different levels. SDS (5 mM) inhibited the enzymatic activity for pNPX, while enhancing the enzymatic activity for pNPA. Enzyme activity was also found to be inhibited by addition of pentose or hexose. The Michaelis constant and maximum velocity of the purified enzyme were determined for hydrolysis of pNPX and pNPA, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.8-12
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• 1997

In order to overproduce D-xylose isomerase, the Escherichia coli D-xylose isomerase (D-xylose ketol-isomerase, EC 5.3.1.5) gene (xylA) was fused to ${\lambda}P_{L}$ promoter. The promoterless xylA gene containing the ribosome binding site and coding region for D-xylose isomerase was cloned into a site 0.3 kb downstream from the ${\lambda}P_{L}$ promoter on a high copy number plasmid. An octameric XbaI linker containing TAG amber codon was inserted between 33rd codon of ${\lambda}N$ and the promoterless xylA gene. The resulting recombinant plasmid (designated as pPX152) was transformed into E. coli M5248 carrying a single copy of the temperature sensitive ${\lambda}cI857$ gene on its chromosomal DNA. When temperature-induced, the transformants produced 15 times as much D-xylose isomerase as that of D-xylose-induced parent strain. The amount of overproduced D-xylose isomerase was found to be about 60% of total protein in cell-free extracts.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.890-894
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• 2002

A xylanase-producing Trichoderma strain was isolated from soil. Xylanase from Trichoderma strain SY was purified 21-fold to an apparent homogeneity, with a $17.4\%$ yield. The optimum pH and temperature were determined to be 5.5 and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively, and its molecular weight was 21-kDa by SDS-PAGE. The corresponding gene, named xyl, was cloned by RT-PCR. DNA blot analysis of xyl showed that this gene is present as a single copy. The amino acid sequence of the Xyl protein showed similarity to those of other xylanases derived from various fungi. mRNA of xyl was highly expressed when this fungus was grown on cellulose or xylan as a sole carbon source, but undetectable when grown on sucrose. Extracts of Escherichia coli cells expressing xyl were found to have xylanase activity. It was confirmed that xyl from this isolate encodes xylanase.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제17권9호통권89호
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• pp.1197-1203
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• 2007

세균인 Paenibacillus sp. DG-22의 유전체 DNA library가 제조되었으며, ${\beta}-xylosidase-$양성 클론이 형광기질인 $4-methylumbelliferyl-{\beta}-D-xylopyranoside$ $({\beta}MUX)$를 사용하여 확인되었다. 이 클론으로부터 재조합 플라스미드가 분리되었고 삽입된 4.3-kb 크기 DNA의 염기서열이 결정되었다. ${beta}-xylosidase$ 유전자는 분자량이 78.710 dal-ton이고 pI가 5.0인 701개의 아미노산을 암호화하는 2,106 염기쌍의 열린해독틀(ORF)로 구성되어있었다. xylA 유전자산물의 추론된 아미노산 서열은 과(family) 52에 속하는 클리코실 가수분해효소로 분류된 ${beta}-xylosidase$들과 상당한 유사성을 가지고 있었다. 이 xylA 유전자에 6개의 히스티딘-꼬리표를 붙이기 위해 pQE60 발현벡터에 다시 클로닝하였다. 재조합 ${beta}-xylosidase$ $(XylA-H_6)$가 열처리와 고정화금속친화성 크로마토그래피(IMAC)에 의해 순수하게 정제되었다. $XylA-H_6$ 효소의 최적 pH와 온도는 각각 pH 5.5-6.0과 $60^{\circ}C$이었다.