• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2019

Smoking has become one of the public health harzard affecting the world. In the UK, smoking is responsible for around one in five deaths. The illnesses caused by smoking extend beyond the well-reported links with cancer, heart disease and respiratory illnesses. Hence the research to determine the awareness of the predisposing factor to smoking among adults in sokoto metropolis. A cross-sectional form of descriptive survey research design was used for this study. This is because descriptive studies are used when the characteristics of a population are either unknown or partially known (Hennekens & Buring, 2007), and it was used by Ganley and Rosario (2013) in a related research this justified the use of similar design in a study of similar nature.Two hundred and seventy returned questionnaire was collected, analyzed using descriptive statistic of frequency count, normative percentage and grand mean; as well as inferential statistics of chi-square (${\chi}^2$). The level of significant was fixed at 0.05. Appropriate degrees of freedom were worked out. There was statistical significant influence or relationship with marital status on the predisposing factors of smoking chi-square of 19716.516 greater than the critical value 43.77297at df 30 p<0.05. There were statistical significance chi-square =27468.348 which is greater than the critical value 43.77297 at df= 30. These show that there is a relationship on gender awareness of predisposing factors to smoking rejecting the null hypotheses. The respondents across different lever/year higher institution shows that the awareness of predisposing factors of smoking there were a statistical significance difference chi-square =7168.429 (df=88) greater than critical value 102.342 rejecting the null hypotheses. There is consistent evidence that links exposure to depictions of smoking in movies and initiation of smoking in young people. Over the years television shows and films have effectively built up associations between smoking and glamour, sex and risk-taking. Social learning theory describes how we learn by example from others. We are strongly influenced by our parents, and other people we look up to, such as peers, actors and pop stars. This can lead us to emulate their behaviour and try smoking.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.271-286
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• 2009

This internet search was made to collect background information for a short-term training proposal for securing a national critical mass in ecological risk assessment the need of which is drastically increasing in every sector of Korean society due to the advent of new environmental regulations in industrialized countries, such as EU REACH. This study depended mainly on internet search engines and individual home pages of concerned universities, colleges, and organizations involved in short-term training. Out of lecture titles and syllabus of 200 Korean universities, 86 Japanese national universities, and numerous English speaking educational and training institutions in the world, 60 syllabi were selected and analysed for comparison purpose. Conclusion from the analysis is as follows: Firstly, individual component lectures for ecological risk assessment is provided at different departments in Korea, but no lecture is at present given under the sole title of ecological risk assessment. Secondly, several lectures under the title of ecological risk assessment are open in English-speaking industrialized countries. Lectures as well as technical training and field studies are emphasized in those courses. Lecturers from the regulatory authorities are also involved in those courses. Several short-term training courses are also under operation. Thirdly, it was concluded that the difference in the level of education/training in ecological risk assessment is originated from the substantive requirement of ecological risk in the concerned laws and regulations. Therefore, it is suggested that training of domestic man power in this area is urgent to cope with the industrial pressure imposed by the environmental regulations concerned with chemicals/articles import and export from/to industrialized countries and also to upgrade the domestic laws and regulations.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.235-243
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• 2002

Ni-base superalloys are used extensively in industry, both in aeroengines and land based turbines. About 60% by weight of most modern gas turbine engine structural components are made of Ni-base superalloys. To satisfy practical demands, the efficiency of gas turbine engines has been steadily and systematically increased by design modifications to handle higher turbine inlet or firing temperatures. However, the increase in operating temperatures has lead to a decrease in the life of components and increase in costs of replacement. Moreover, around 80% of the large frame size industrial/utility gas turbines operating in the world today were installed in the mid-sixties to early seventies and are now 25 to 30 years old. Consequently, there are greater opportunities now to repair and refurbish the older models. Basically, there are two major factors influencing the weldability of the cast alloys: strain-age cracking and liquation cracking. Susceptibility to strain-age cracking is due to the total Ti plus AI content of the alloy; Liquation cracking is due either to the presence of low melting constituents or constitutional liquation of constituents. Though Rene 41 superalloy has 4.5wt.% total Ti and Al content and falls just below the safe limit proposed by Prager et al., controlled grain size and special heat treatments are needed to obtain crack-free welds. Varying heat treatments and filler materials were used in a laboratory study, then the actual welding of service parts was carried out to verity the possibility of crack-tree weld of components fabricated from Rene 41 superalloy. The microstructural observations indicated that there were two kinds of carbides in the FCC matrix. MC carbides were located along the grain boundaries, while M$_{23}$C$_{6}$ carbide was located both inter and intra granularly. Two kinds of filler materials, Rene 41 and Hastelloy X were used to gas tungsten arc weld a patch into the sheet metal, along with varying pre-weld heat treatments. The microstructure, hardness and tensile tests were determined. The service distressed parts were categorized into three classes: with large cracks, with medium cracks and with small or no visible cracks. No significant difference in microstructure among the specimens was observed. Specimens were cut from the corner and the straight edge of the patch repair, away from the corner. The only cracks present were found to be associated with inadequate surface preparation to remove oxidation. Guidelines for oxide removal and the welding procedures developed in the research enabled crack-free welds to be produced.d.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.277-290
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• 2013

As the deployment of digital learning environment has been accelerating in rapid changes in information and communications technology, a tool is required to practically measure and evaluate the level of information education (IE) for freshmen in the University in order to propose an appropriate direction of IE in a teachers college. According to such current trends, ICT literacy is a tool to assess a specific level of capabilities such as a variety of real-world problem-solving skills, creativity, critical thinking, analytic reasoning, and communication skills. This study has developed a test tool to measure ICT literacy competence on the basis of the concept of test questions defined from the previous research. It was used to measure ICT literacy competence of 360 university freshmen of education and analyze if there is a difference among them depending on overall ICT literacy levels and genders, content areas, competence factors, and completion of IE course in high school. The result of this study would be expected to determine the current location of IE for freshmen in the University of Education and to be able to take advantage of basic data of the direction for IE course that university students need to essentially acquire in preparation for the coming future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.95-95
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• 2022

Maize is one of the world's three largest crops and has a long cultivation history, and is an important crop used for various purposes such as food, feed, and industrial raw materials. Recently, the agricultural environment is changing, in which the limit of cultivation of crops is shifted to the north due to the rise in temperature due to climate change. This study was conducted in experimental field of Suwon in 2022 by setting a seeding period earlier than the sowing time to establish the North Korean agricultural climatic zone and meteorological conditions. The test cultivars were silage cultivars, Kwangpyeongok and Dacheongok. As a priming test method, it was used to directly plant seeds in the field through immersion using 4mM zinc (Zn) and 2.5mM manganese (Mn), which are trace elements for seeds. The planting season was early on March 15th, April 1st, and April 15th. The number of days from sowing to silk stage of the two cultivars sown on March 15, April 1, and April 15 was 107, 93, and 85 days for Kwangpyeongok and 109, 95, and 87 days for Dacheongok, respectively. The seed priming test did not show any difference from the control group in the growth survey up to the middle stage of growth. In another test, low-temperature recovery was confirmed through nitrogen (2-5%) foliar fertilization after 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days in refrigeration (0 degrees), a selective low temperature treatment for com in the third leaf stage. As a result of this study, it was confirmed that the low-temperature damaged com treated at 0℃ showed the same growth as that of the untreated com through nitrogen foliar fertilization. These results suggest that urea foliar fertilization for low-temperature damage reduction of corn for silage in high-latitude climates will be helpful. In addition, through the results of the study, additional studies are needed on the recovery mechanism and field application through urea foliar fertilization.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.72-84
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• 2013

In the study, pollution levels of indoor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in public facilities (vapor phase or particulate phase) were evaluated, and a health risk assessment (HRA) was carried out based on exposure scenarios. Public facilities in Korea covered by the law, including underground subway stations, funeral halls, child care facilities, internet cafes (PC-rooms), and exhibition facilities (6 locations for each type of facility, for a total of 48 locations), were investigated for indoor assessment. For the HRA, individual excess cancer risk (ECR) was estimated by applying main toxic equivalency factor (TEF) values suggested in previous studies. Among the eight public facilities, internet cafes showed the highest average $PM_{2.5}$ concentration at $110.0{\mu}g/m^3$ (range: $83.5-138.5{\mu}g/m^3$). When assuming a risk of facility exposure time based upon the results of the surveys for each public facility, the excess cancer risk using the benzo(a)pyrene indicator assessment method was estimated to be $10^{-7}-10^{-6}$ levels for each facility. Based on the risk associated with various TEF values, the excess cancer risk based upon the seven types cancer EPA (1993) and Malcolm & Dobson's (1994) assessment method was estimated to be $10^{-7}-10^{-5}$ for each facility. The excess cancer risk estimated from the TEF EPA (2010) assessment was the highest: $10^{-7}-10^{-4}$ for each facility. This is due to the 10-fold difference between the TEF of dibenzo(a,e)fluoranthene in 2010 and in 1994. The internet cafes where smoking was the clear pollutant showed the highest risk level of $10^{-4}$, which exceeded the World Health Organization's recommended risk of $1{\times}10^{-6}$. All facilities, with the exception of internet cafes, showed a $10^{-6}$ risk level. However, when the TEFs values of the US EPA (2010) were applied, the risk of most facilities in this study exceeded $1{\times}10^{-6}$.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.45-59
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• 2011

Constructionists believe that mathematical knowledge is obtained by a series of purely mental constructions, with all mathematical objects existing only in the mind of the mathematician. But constructivism runs the risk of rejecting the classical laws of logic, especially the principle of bivalence and L. E. M.(Law of the Excluded Middle). This philosophy of mathematics also does not take into account the external world, and when it is taken to extremes it can mean that there is no possibility of communication from one mind to another. Two constructionists, Brouwer and Dummett, are common in rejecting the L. E. M. as a basic law of logic. As indicated by Dummett, those who first realized that rejecting realism entailed rejecting classical logic were the intuitionists of the school of Brouwer. However for Dummett, the debate between realists and antirealists is in fact a debate about semantics - about how language gets its meaning. This difference of initial viewpoints between the two constructionists makes Brouwer the intuitionist and Dummettthe the semantic anti-realist. This paper is confined to show that Dummett's proposal in favor of intuitionism differs from that of Brouwer. Brouwer's intuitionism maintained that the meaning of a mathematical sentence is essentially private and incommunicable. In contrast, Dummett's semantic anti-realism argument stresses the public and communicable character of the meaning of mathematical sentences.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2018

Bamboo is one of the major biomass resources in the world. To obtain valuable information for effective use of bamboo resources in Korea, the anatomical characteristics of the commercial Korean bamboo species (Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys nigra, and Phyllostachys bambusoides) were analyzed. The structures in bamboo culm were observed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Also the crystalline properties as relative crystallinity and crystallite width were measured by an X-ray diffraction method. The three Korean bamboo species had the vascular bundle type I with tylosoid in intercellular space. In the outer part of culm, vascular bundles showed denser spacing than inner part. The fiber length in outer part samples of the three bamboo species showed longer than inner part samples. Furthermore, the fiber length showed a significant difference between inner part and outer part in three bamboo species, showing the longest fiber length in Phyllostachys bambusoides. Phyllostachys pubescens showed the greatest diameter in vessel and parenchyma on cross section. Parenchyma cells in Phyllostachys pubescens and Phyllostachys bambusoides showed similar length and width in both radial and tangential sections. The relative crystallinity and crystallite width in outer part samples of the three bamboo species showed higher values than those in inner part samples, with the greatest values from Phyllostachys bambusoides.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.09a
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• pp.133-144
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• 2009

Incheon Bridge, 18.4 km long sea-crossing bridge, will be opened to the traffic in October 2009 and this will be the new landmark of the gearing up north-east Asia as well as the largest & longest bridge of Korea. Incheon Bridge is the integrated set of several special featured bridges including a magnificent cable-stayed girder bridge which has a main span of 800 m width to cross the navigation channel in and out of the Port of Incheon. Incheon Bridge is making an epoch of long-span bridge designs thanks to the fully application of the AASHTO LRFD (load & resistance factor design) to both the superstructures and the substructures. A state-of-the-art of the geotechnologies which were applied to the Incheon Bridge construction project is introduced. The most Large-diameter drilled shafts were penetrated into the bedrock to support the colossal superstructures. The bearing capacity and deformational characteristics of the foundations were verified through the world's largest static pile load test. 8 full-scale pilot piles were tested in both offshore site and onshore area prior to the commencement of constructions. Compressible load beyond 30,000 tonf pressed a single 3 m diameter foundation pile by means of bi-directional loading method including the Osterberg cell techniques. Detailed site investigation to characterize the subsurface properties had been carried out. Geotextile tubes, tied sheet pile walls, and trestles were utilized to overcome the very large tidal difference between ebb and flow at the foreshore site. 44 circular-cell type dolphins surround the piers near the navigation channel to protect the bridge against the collision with aberrant vessels. Each dolphin structure consists of the flat sheet piled wall and infilled aggregates to absorb the collision impact. Geo-centrifugal tests were performed to evaluate the behavior of the dolphin in the seabed and to verify the numerical model for the design. Rip-rap embankments on the seabed are expected to prevent the scouring of the foundation. Prefabricated vertical drains, sand compaction piles, deep cement mixings, horizontal natural-fiber drains, and other subsidiary methods were used to improve the soft ground for the site of abutments, toll plazas, and access roads. Light-weight backfill using EPS blocks helps to reduce the earth pressure behind the abutment on the soft ground. Some kinds of reinforced earth like as MSE using geosynthetics were utilized for the ring wall of the abutment. Soil steel bridges made of corrugated steel plates and engineered backfills were constructed for the open-cut tunnel and the culvert. Diverse experiences of advanced designs and constructions from the Incheon Bridge project have been propagated by relevant engineers and it is strongly expected that significant achievements in geotechnical engineering through this project will contribute to the national development of the longspan bridge technologies remarkably.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.700-708
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• 2016

This study attempts to understand the trend of research in the field of education contributed theses of the "Korea Academia-Industrial Society" in the 10 year period from 2006 to March, 2016, and provide the basic data needed for further research projects. It provides the direction for balanced academic research. The 143 theses contributed over this 10 year period were analyzed to determine the number of thesis per year, major of the researchers, number of co-authors, object of research, subject of research, and research method. It was found that the greatest number of theses were published in 2015. There were 77 researchers who majored in early childhood education and more than 64 researchers who majored in Education, while few researchers majored in other fields of study. The number of papers published by two co-authors was 51, that by one author was 44, and that by more than four researchers was 10. The numbers of papers whose object of research was infant and teacher education were 28 and 24, respectively. The number of papers whose subject of research was philosophy, history, psychology, or social science was 35, and that involving education was 27. There were 47 papers whose method of research was quantitative research. The most prevalent method of data analysis was difference verification. Through this analysis of the research trends, we expect to contribute to the balanced development of the academic world in Korea.