• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• summer
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• pp.382-386
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• 2004

Recently, with the machine learning trend, most of the machine translation systems on over the world use two syntax tree sets of two relevant languages to learn syntactic tree transfer rules. However, for the English-Vietnamese language pair, this approach is impossible because until now we have not had a Vietnamese syntactic tree set which is correspondent to English one. Building of a very large correspondent Vietnamese syntactic tree set (thousands of trees) requires so much work and take the investment of specialists in linguistics. To take advantage from our available English-Vietnamese Corpus (EVC) which was tagged in word alignment, we choose the SITG (Stochastic Inversion Transduction Grammar) model to construct English- Vietnamese syntactic tree sets automatically. This model is used to parse two languages at the same time and then carry out the syntactic tree transfer. This English-Vietnamese bilingual syntactic tree set is the basic training data to carry out transferring automatically from English syntactic trees to Vietnamese ones by machine learning models. We tested the syntax analysis by comparing over 10,000 sentences in the amount of 500,000 sentences of our English-Vietnamese bilingual corpus and first stage got encouraging result $(analyzed\;about\;80\%)[5].$ We have made use the TBL algorithm (Transformation Based Learning) to carry out automatic transformations from English syntactic trees to Vietnamese ones based on that parallel syntactic tree transfer set[6].

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.4 no.11
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• pp.2756-2768
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• 1997

The software Process can be defined as the set of activities, rules, procedures, techniques and tools used within the production of software. A software process model is a conceptual representation of a real world software Process and can be described by process programming languages. In this paper, we present the language constructs of SimFlex designed for object-based software process programming. The design of SimFlex is based on the object concept, so that it can model complex software processes concisely both in syntax and semantics. Since the language constructs of SimFlex are derived from the analysis of major PSEEs and their associated process programming languages, SimFlex includes the core characteristics required for a desirable object-based process programming language. In addition, SimFlex is designed to act as a template software process definition language which could be included in specific PSEEs through customization appropriate to those PSEEs.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.67-81
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• 2008

Aldo Rossi explained Roman Forum as a significant urban artifact, because Roman Forum analogically showed not only an image of Roman Empire but also a figure of primitive design for its region. Thus the comparison and analysis between characteristics of Aldo Rossi's architectural works which are based on the theory of 'Analogical city' and the forums, the urban artifacts, was proceeded in this study. Consequently, it was discovered that Aldo Rossi had used his analogical thinking from the forum for his architectural languages such as gable roofs, square windows with depth, columns and so on. His analogical use of organizing spaces, such as courtyard type and pillar corridor type, has also shown that their types came from forum spaces. His analogical aspects of the forum: a space where urban images are analogically formed; were expressed in the 'Theater of Science' with the urban architecture form as the actor and the Theatre as the stage for analogical urban performances. Nevertheless, the expression of primitive design which divides the Roman Forum from other forums was actualized in 'the Theater of the World'. He not only analogically used types from Roman Forum in architectural design but also used boat in Water space, which decided the lifestyle and culture of Venice even before the civilization, to express the primitive design of Venice. Consequently, Aldo Rossi, by aiming the severance from the tradition, provided the possibility of explaining the newest modem type within the historical meaning by forming type which finds its continuance in history through 'the Theater of the World' and through analogical thinking along with the level of modern culture, to our urban architectural atmosphere that has lost its historical meanings.

• Lingua Humanitatis
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• v.8
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• pp.409-427
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• 2006

This paper deals with the various conceptual metaphors of 'mind' in Korean and English within the Cognitive Semantics. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the metaphorical expressions of the concept 'mind' represented andunderstood in various ways in Korean and English, to find out the linguistically-universal conceptual metaphors underlying the uses of the metaphoric expressions. In addition, this paper discusses the differences in linguistic realization of the concept 'mind' between Korean and English from the socio-cultural background. In the traditional view, metaphor was thought only as the linguistic matters and a deviance from literal or normal use. However, within the Cognitive Linguistic view such as Lakoff and Johnson(1980), metaphor has been considered as a means of understanding and conceptualizing world. According to them, metaphor is found in everyday life because it is not only as a matter of language but also as a nature of human conceptual system controlling cognition, thought and behavior. Conceptual metaphor is suggested as a device to understood abstract and less familiar things through concrete and more familiar things. Conceptual metaphors may be realized linguistically as well as non-linguistically, in the form of movies, arts or behavior. To define the concept 'mind' shared among the Koreans, conceptual metaphors used to represent 'maum(mind)'in Korean are examined. Then they are compared with the ones used to represent 'mind' in English. This is based on the idea that conceptual metaphors represented in linguistic expressions naturally reflect the speakers' concept and conceptualization is a universal irrespective of language. This paper exemplifies the Korean sentences as well as English sentences to utilize some conceptual metaphor such as Johnson(1987)'s THE MIND IS THE BODY and shows many other conceptual metaphors used in Korean and English to represent the same concept 'mind'. What are some metaphors shared by two languages and what is specific to one of them will be shown, too. This paper also suggests that the different conceptualization or lexicalization is partly due to the effect of the oriental cultural background that is more interested in the mental world than the physical world.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.467-474
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• 2014

This paper concerns the cultural tourism and the importance of cultural interpreters. Globalization has become a key word of 21st century, so the volume of tourists has been increasing. Furthermore, as the Korean wave has expanded to the world, more people are interested in Korea and Korean culture, and we observed the obvious increase of tourists. International tourists visit Korea with a variety of purposes, and their travel types are also diversified. This paper analyzes tourists' behavior based on the data provided by KNTO and briefly examines the cultural interpreters in 5 major organizations. Then considering the specific roles of the guides based on the Cohen (1985) and Lee (2011), I propose that the government should give more focus on the professional foreign language speaking interpreters for culture. As for an alternative to the present volunteering system for foreign languages, I strongly suggest multi-culture families or international students staying in Korea, for the wiser use of their abilities, their easy adaptation to the new world, and the peaceful coexistence.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.41-48
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• 2010

In this paper, we proposed "Future Design and Success Engineering in Global Society by Self-Innovation" (an abbreviated name: FDSE). We started to make a small experiment between Korea Maritime University and Yamagata University at the current year. After inspecting the results, especially, successful and unsuccessful points in our lecture, we have to develop the strong points and amend the week points, through making the analysis of success-failure, which is his favorite management method. We have to level up the contents of our work in the future. The students for this lecture would learn from experiences of "the common knowledge (common field of discussion)", held common languages, common thought, common system. They filled up the blanks of "The Matrix Frame" which is mentioned in the previous report, and they expressed their own way of life (work, study). As a matter of course, their personal private affairs must not be made public. It is quite happy that the cultural, economical exchanges between Korea and Japan are now in full flourish and people do a lot of traveling each other. However, if this project will start on the educational global standard, we have a world-wide significance. Moreover, we can promote goodwill between Korea and Japan, and also we can contribute to a better international understanding and the peace of the world by students in both Universities. We hope that candidates for this lecture will have a rounded personality and be a life worthy of human being for realizing Self-Actualization in "Motivation and Personality" by Abraham Maslow.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.419-433
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• 2004

As XML becomes a standard for data representation, integration, and exchange on the Web, several XML query languages have been proposed. World Wide Web Consortium(W3C) has proposed XQuery as a standard for the XML query language. Like SQL, XQuery allows nested queries. Thus, normalization rules have been proposed to transform nested XQuery queries to semantically equivalent ones that could be executed more efficiently. However, previous normalization rules are applicable only to restricted forms of nested XQuery queries. Specifically, they can not handle FLWR expressions having nested expressions in the where clause. In this paper, we propose normalization rules for XQuery queries by extending those for SQL queries. Our proposed rules can handle FLWR expressions haying nested expressions in every clause. The major contributions of this paper are as follows. First, we classily nesting types of XQuery queries according to the existence of correlation and aggregation. We then propose normalization rules for each nesting type. Second, we propose detailed algorithms that apply the normalization rules to nested XQuery queries.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.786-801
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• 2013

This study aims to elucidate features of the geography assessment of France in which geography has a high status in school curriculum. The main data for analysing are the geography examinations(1999-2013) of the Baccalaur$\acute{e}$at. In terms of objectives of the assessment, the exams put emphasis on promoting cultural knowledges of students and developing their competences in graphic languages. In terms of formal aspect, the exams take a simple layouts to raise a readability, use variable test tools, especially an essay and a 'croquis'. They also emphasize students self-directedly constructing and representing geography knowledges and their inquiry abilities with geography materials. In terms of contents aspect, the exams mainly cover subjects of political-economic geography, particularly a spatial organization, a development inequality and the world powers in global contexts or macro spatial scales. One of a distinguishing characteristics of Baccalaur$\acute{e}$at's History-Geography examinations is that it designs to keep balance between two parties; history and geography.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.441-447
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• 2022

The Republic of Korea Army predicted that the continuous decline in fertility rate and the low birth rate, one of the biggest issues in our society, would lead to a security crisis due to a lack of military personnel, and revised the Military Service Act in 2010 to prevent enlistment of 'clearly mixed races', which had previously restricted enlistment. made it compulsory As a result, 50 children from multicultural families enlisted in the military in 2011, and the Military Manpower Administration at the time predicted that more than 8,000 people would enlist every year after 2020. This poses another challenge for the Army. A lack of understanding and respect for different languages, religions, and eating habits can lead to conflict among members, which will lead to weakening of combat power. Therefore, through a case study of multicultural application by world powers, the history of success and failure of respect for multiculturalism and the current policy of respecting multiculturalism of the U.S. Army are studied to examine the direction of our army.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.659-666
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• 2024

Germaine Tailleferre is the only woman composer among the French group of six composers known as "Les Six." In her 70-year career, she has left behind numerous chamber music pieces for the piano. Although her chamber music works constitute a significant portion of her overall compositions, research focusing on her piano chamber music pieces is lacking. Therefore, this study introduces a comprehensive list of Tailleferre's chamber music pieces and categorizes each piece according to its performing level of difficulty. Additionally, through a detailed analysis of her <Sonata for Two Pianos>, composed in 1974, this study aims to understand her musical style and artistic world, particularly regarding form, harmony, and melody. <Sonata for Two Pianos>, rooted in the unpretentious and light musical language characteristic of the salon style popular in Parisian cafes and music halls at the time, can be seen as a multi-layered work reflecting various musical languages such as Impressionism, and Neo-classicism. This study may contribute to a better understanding of Tailleferre's musical world and aid in discovering and expanding new literature on 20th-century piano chamber music.