• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.714-725
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• 1997

전통 발효식품의 소비정도와 마련방법를 알아보기 위해 대전지역 주부 290명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 김치류는 하루에 1번 이상 이용하는 주부가 97%, 매끼 마다 이용하는 주부는 87%로 가장 빈번하게 식탁에 오르는 발효식품이었다. 그 다음은 진간장, 국 간장, 고추장 및 된장의 순으로 하루에 1번 이상 이용한다는 답은 각각 47%, 46%, 31% 및 27% 이어서 장류는 우리 음식 준비시 매일 요구되는 발효식품임을 알 수 있었다. 식사 준비시 매우 낮은 빈도로 이용되는 발효식품은 청국장, 젓갈류 및 장아찌류로 거의 이용하지 않는다는 주부도 각각 18%, 19% 및 22%나 되었다. 특히 김치류, 장아찌류, 된장류, 고추장류, 젓갈류 및 청국장 등은 교육수준이 높고 젊은 주부일수록 소비빈도가 유의적으로 낮았다. 가족형태와 유의적 관계가 있는 발효식품은 된장류 뿐으로 대가족보다는 핵가족인 경우 소비 빈도가 낮았고, 주부의 직업 유무와는 젓갈류만 유의적 관련성이 있어서 일을 하는 주부들이 젓갈류를 자주 이용하고 있었다. 74%의 주부가 전통 발효식품의 소비가 감소하고 있다고 하였고, 감소 이유는 음식 종류의 증가(54%), 자녀들의 식성변화(27%), 반찬수의 증가(10%), 어른들의 식성 변화(9%)를 지적하였다. 김치류의 마련방법은 86%가 직접 제조한 것, 11%가 친척 집것을 이용하는 것으로 나타났고, 장류는 직접 제조하는 주부가 49% 뿐이었다. 교육수준이 높은 젊은 주부일 수록 직접 제조하지 않는 경향을 나타냈다(p<0.0001). 본 조사에서 얻어진 결과를 보면 교육 수준이 높은 젊은 주부일수록 발효식품을 식사 준비 시 적게 이용하는 경향을 나타내고 있다 따라서 식생활의 변화를 인정하되 전통 발효식품이 젊은 세대에 의해 지속적으로 소비되기 위한 프로그램을 개발하여 가정과 사회에서 실질적 교육이 이루어지도록 애써야 한다고 생각한다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.323-330
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• 2009

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate whether working married women in different occupational classes affected diverse health outcomes. Methods : We used data for married women aged 25-59 (N=2,273) from the 2005 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. Outcome measures included physical/mental and subjective/objective indicators (selfrated poor health, chronic diseases, depression, and suicidal ideation from reported results; metabolic syndrome dyslipidemia from health examination results). Agestandardized prevalence and logistic regression were employed to assess health status according to three types working groups (housewives, married women in manual jobs, married women in non-manual jobs). Sociodemographic factors (age, numbers of children under 7, education, household income) and health behaviors (health examination, sleep, rest, exercise, smoking, drinking) and a psychological factor (stress) were considered as covariates. Results : Non-manual married female workers in Korea showed better health status in all five health outcomes than housewives. The positive health effect for the non-manual group persisted in absolute (age-adjusted prevalence) and relative (odds ratio) measures, but multivariate analyses showed an insignificant association of the non-manual group with dyslipidemia. Manual female workers showed significantly higher age-adjusted prevalence of almost all health outcomes than housewives except chronic disease, but the associations disappeared after further adjustment for covariates regarding sleep, rest, and stress. Conclusions : Our results suggest that examining the health impact of work on married women requires the consideration of occupational class.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.21-40
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• 2011

This research is intended to find out the causes of the career interruption of highly-educated housewives, their experiences of caring for their children after career interruption, their psychological conflicts and coping strategies, and their attitudes toward reemployment. The participants were university-graduated housewives in their thirties who have pre-school children older than 2 years. The participants in this research consisted of twenty-nine participants. The essence of this study is the belief system that career and maternal roles are not compatible. Specifically, the participants possessed a certain motherhood ideology, so they gave up working in order to care for their children, deferring their careers for a while. The participants had ambivalent feelings about working mothers, and described their children by highlighting their negative aspects. Additionally, the participants experienced persistent conflicts about developing their careers and caring for their children during their period of career interruption. The participants seemed to possess a vague sense of hope about their careers, and their attitudes toward their careers were ambiguous in the past, present, and even in the future.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.593-600
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• 1996

This study was undertaken to investigate the knowledge and the use of Korean traditional basic side dishes, dried side dishes and Jabans, by housewives. Among the 59 kinds dried side dishes and Jabans, the most well-known food (above 90% of subjects) turned out to be squid Po (dried strip), kong Jaban (seasoned bean), pollack Po, dried yellow croacker, build -dried anchovy Jaban and laver Boogag in the order. In cooking experience of dried side dish and Jaban, over 40% of subjects for build-dried anchovy Jaban, squid Po, dried yellow croacker and kong Jaban have cooked frequently. The proportion of subjects who has bought the marketed dried side dishes and Jaban products was 61.5%. Major problem of that products was pointed out for a sanitary condition and high price. If marketed dried basic side dishes and Jabans were improved over the aspects, the proportion of subjects who would buy the products was 70.0%. Preparation ability of these basic side dishes was influenced by age and educational level. The working housewives had higher frequency in use than the non-job housewives. The interesting degree for basic side dishes was not significantly different from age, resident area and educational level.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.19-32
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• 2004

Not only consumers but also corporations need to use and develop sustainable consumption for environmental preservation these days. This research studied the level of environmental consciousness, knowledge of environmental problems and consumption behavior for environmentally sustainable home electrical goods. This study was conducted by survey method and the sample was 300 housewives aged 20-50 living in Seoul and urban areas in 2003. The consciousness for the environment and seriousness of theenvironmental problems were very high. Nevertheless, the level of consumption behavior for environmentally sustainable goods was lower than the consciousness. Of the total sample, 33% were aware of the ultrasonic-waves-sink, 73% of the non-detergent-wash machine, 50% of the vacuum-without-trash envelope, and only 17% of the micro-oven-zero air power. Over 50% of the sample wanted to buy these environmentally sustainable, home electrical goods, especially working housewives.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.241-262
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• 2001

The purpose of This study is focused on the directions to improve the performance evaluation of cooks working in the primary school by searching for present job satisfaction and job description. Most of the employees' are women-cook and there were no man-cook in school feeding. This fact indicates that the foods which serving by school are not properly developed for the direction of taste and menu variations in the future. Most of married housewives were dissatisfied with long working hours, short break-time, dirty toilet, and other working conditions. And they were also complained of limited job performance in spite of their capacity and knowhow. In order to solve above-mentioned problems, School feeding is, needless to say, very important meal-program for the children and nations, therefore, The authorities concerned give much attention to solve their needs gradually. A real custom that help employees will conducted for the satisfaction of students, If so, really good quality of food service to younger students will be realized.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.79-88
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to compare the dietary behavior of middle school and high school students who had working mothers with students whose mothers were not employed. Self-reports on their dietary behavior and one-day dietary records were obtained from 396 middle school students and 364 high school students using anonymous questionnaires. The results were summarized as follows; the students with working mothers were more likely to not to eat properly and their dietary behavior was generally inadequate, showing a greater irregularity for meals, more of a tendency to skip breakfast, less diversity of food intake, and a higher incidence of drinking and smoking. One-day dietary records obtained by 24k recall methods showed less diverse food intake and a higher rate of skipped meals in students with working mothers. Drinking and smoking were more prevalent among middle school students whose mothers were working than among those students with unemployed mothers, but in the case of high school student the difference was not significant. With more and more housewives seeking jobs, more attention needs to be given to the dietary and nutritional intake of their children, especially among middle school students. High school students seem to be less affected than middle school students by their mother's employment.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.15-30
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• 2008

According to the research taken by the National Statistical Office, the fertility rate of a Korean fertile female is 1.17. This figure is the lowest in the world, and the reduction in the fertility rate over the last 30 years was the biggest in the world. It can be seen as a warning alarm about the effects of a low birth rate and a silver society. Assuming that there are several factors involved in this phenomenon, this study inquired into the attitude towards children, attitude towards nourishing children, attitude towards sex roles and the harmony between the jobs and families of married females, and examined the factors that influence the willingness to give birth. Final 581 copies of the survey questionnaire were used for analysis and the collected data were analysed by SPSS, Pearson's correlation analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Three main conclusions were reached: Firstly, the value variables, such as sex-role attitudes and the preference for work or home, affect the willingness to give birth. Therefore, it can be said that one's values have a significant effect on these variables and the willingness to give birth. Secondly, both working morns and housewives have a strong tendency to give a birth if they are supported on child rearing. Finally, the employment of the married women itself can be a variable that can affect childbirth. In other words, the working hours affect employed married women so as sex-role attitudes, the preference between work and home, ideal number of children, and the income to housewives. Also, even in whole married women, the employment itself can be a major factor of the willingness to have a baby. Therefore, unemployed married women have more of a tendency to have children than employed married women.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.523-535
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate and improve experiences regarding breastfeeding education. Questionnaires were distributed to 185 women with children 24 months of age and younger. The period of breastfeeding was about 7.2 months and showed significant differences (p<0.01) according to women's age. About 56% of the respondents participated in breastfeeding education. Women with 3 or more children showed the highest rates of participation compared to the women in other groups(p<0.05). The reason for nonparticipation showed significant differences (p<0.05) according to women's occupation. The biggest reason for nonparticipation was 'lack of time' for housewives and 'no information' for working women. The subjects of education were benefits(20%) and techniques(19%) of breastfeeding, breast care before and after delivery(15%), nutrition care for breastfeeding mothers(11%), etc. The teaching method used most frequently was lecturing(32%). Around 81% of women were not satisfied with their breastfeeding education. The most useful subject was breastfeeding techniques(59%). Thirty percent of women pointed out that 'assessing mother's milk quantity' was the subject which women wanted to learn but were not taught enough about. Around 76% of women wanted more education and preferred personalized education such as home visitation(35%) and personal counselling(27%). Desired education methods showed significant differences(p<0.05) according to women's occupations. 'Home visitation' was the most preferred method for housewives and 'personal counselling' for working women. These results showed breastfeeding education was not helpful for practical life. Therefore, breastfeeding education should reflect women's individual needs to heighten its effectiveness.

• 대한간호
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.83-93
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• 1989

This study analysed marital comflicts, related factors, and adjustments to those conflicts described by urban Korean women. The purpose was to discover directions for resolution that would enhance the helpfulness of volunteers or prfessionals working with women in counselling settings. The investigator interviewed 20 married women, all mothers and housewives living in Seoul, attending marriage encounter programs and the Lifeline telephone counselling service. An interview schedule using six open-ended questiona guided the data colleciton which took place between May 31 and December 29, 1988. Content analysis of the data revealed, in order of reported frequency, the following areas of conflict: relationships between husband wife, relationships with children, relationships between the wife and her mother-in-Law, unsatisfied sexual needs, the husband's extra marital relationships, lack of self actualization and finacial matters. Analysis of the data suggested the following factors were related to the conflicts: reasons for marriage, traditional views about marriage and divorce including to accept a marriage arranged by the parents, the husband's traditonal attitude toward the sex role of the wife, the husband's patriarchical authoritarianism, and his attitude toward the wife;s empolyment outside the home. The women thought these conflicts severely affected their relationships within the famaily, particularly with their children. Literature suggests links with such poor parent-child-family relationships and adolescent or young people's social problems. Volunteers or professionals working with married women in counselling situation need to be conscious of the possibility of these conflict during assessment, and direct their guidance toward such conflict resolution. The researcher makes several suggestions which include the need for the husband to give emotional supports to his wife, to recognize the worth of housework, to share the work of the home, to fine ways to enhance the wife's self-actualization and to ease dreary housework routines by prviding modern appliances.