• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2015

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate old and newly designed ammunition boxes from an ergonomic point of view. Background: The ammunition boxes made of wood, which are currently used by the military, have some difficulties such as corrosion and damage of ammunition, environmental pollution, and stock management. Also, damages to the wooden ammunition boxes take place frequently, because soldiers carry them manually. Method: Sixteen participants volunteered to randomly perform lifting, carrying, and side-by-side moving tasks with 4 different old and new boxes, respectively for the ammunitions of 5.56mm, 60mm, 81mm, and 105mm in diameter. The old boxes are made of wood and are currently used in the military, while the new boxes are made of plastics. The joint moments of the elbow, shoulder, back, and knee were measured by using a motion analysis system and force platforms. In addition, an electromyographic system was used to measure the forces of hand and wrist muscles. Results: In most tasks, new boxes caused less joint moments at the elbow and shoulder than old boxes, because the new boxes were lighter and smaller than the old boxes. New boxes also derived less hand and wrist muscle forces due to the provision of fixed hard handles rather than string handles. Conclusion: The ergonomically designed new boxes could reduce the physical stresses of soldiers manually handling ammunitions and be helpful for storage and reuse. Application: This study shows an ergonomic application example for product development and evaluation.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2012

It is possible to use pallet for forwarding as chinese cabbages and radishes are general large-scale trading items at the agricultural wholesale market though, however, most of these are forwarded as it have packed in net bags or in P·E bags. Thus, it is still hard for palletizing. The type of packing the product in the net bag makes it difficult for palletizing. It is not a stable shape enough and easily collapsed for pallet loading. Because of this collapsibility, the corrugated cardboard box is being used to enhance forwarding efficiency, but the existing corrugated cardboard box could be crushed easily by moist what is from the agricultural product's property and it also could be squashed by the mass of the loaded box layers on itself. In contrary, the functional waterproof corrugated cardboard box is not collapsed through palletizing and it is efficient for product management with it's ventilation function in respond to pre-cooling effect. Furthermore, because it has various functional shapes as the open type, the partition type and so on, it is effective for maintaining freshness of the product and standardizing the distribution of agricultural product. It is well-known that it is possible to introduce this box to cargo-works of agricultural product. Consequently, the recognition of main distributors about the pallet distribution of the chinese cabbage and the radish was apprehended in this study for activating mechanization of loading and unloading. The survey was conducted to the main distributors such as the forwarder, the auction dealer and the commission merchant with Garak-dong wholesale market as the center. The appropriate packing materials and problems of the existing method for loading and unloading were derived through the survey. Especially, it was focused on analyzing the difference of recognition between the subject groups for the way of using waterproof cardboard corrugated box to deal with the difficult product for packing in normal corrugated box because of the box's absorption of moist from the agricultural product like a chinese cabbage and a radish. Total In the cases of the forwarders and the commission merchants, the net was highly responded as 45%, 74% from each groups for the best packing material for mechanization of distribution and the waterproof corrugated cardboard box was responded as 20%, 22% from each groups as much preferable than multi-stage wooden box. However, for the radish, the waterproof corrugated cardboard box was the best material as 56%, and the auction trader group supported it for 80%. So, the using the waterproof corrugated cardboard box for mechanization of distribution was negative for the chinese cabbage, but it was positive for the radish. The average was 2.42, the standard deviation was 1.24. The negative response(about 55%) was prevailing more than positive response(about 23%). It could be analyzed that even there was the positive recognition for using the waterproof corrugated cardboard box for the radish though the preference for low price of net bag in the chinese cabbage forwarding procedure. Still now, it seems that is a burden for using the waterproof corrugated cardboard box with high price. In the analysis on the recognition differences about using the waterproof corrugated cardboard box for the chinese cabbages and the radish between the forwarders and the commission merchants, generally the negative recognition was prevailing, but the forwarders(2.696) were more positive for using the waterproof corrugated cardboard box than the commission merchants(2.145).

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.76-83
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• 2015

This paper aims at developing an environmentally friendly modular dome structure system with highly filled extrusion wood-plastic composite (WPC) member, and manufacturing a real-size specimen by modularizing members and nodes. The member used in the model is the WPC member with 70% wooden fiber contests, which is higher then previous WPC one. Its members and nodes are modularized by analyzing geometric characteristics of icosahedral-based geodetic dome. Applicapability of the 6ea prototype nodes and 3ea prototype members to the modular dome is examined with the results of the modulaization and the making process for the real-size specimen. Besides, from the analysis results, the lowest buckling mode is expected to be a nodal buckling on a node near the boundary.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.39-53
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• 2008

This study aims to investigate and analyze the plan and structural system of 4 kan(間) by 4 kan(間) square church built in early 20th century. At that time, three kinds of traditional wooden structure church had been built under the circumstances of transitional era : Basilica style such as Ganghwa Anglican Church, 'ㄱ' shaped style such as Keumsan Church and $4{\times}4$ Square style such as Bukok Church and Jacheon Church that are concerned in this study. Traditional plans and structural system were mixed with new religious function and transformed into korean peculiar style. $4{\times}4$ Square style is a residual product in that process. Despite of it, little concerns on it till now. The results of this study are described as follows. 1. The plan of these $4{\times}4$ square churches is divided into three areas : cathedra($1{\times}1$), attendance($4{\times}2$), and intermediation($4{\times}2$). The location of cathedra is commonly the opposition part of main gate and projected out of the building. Attendance area was also divided into two, man and woman, because of keeping a distance with each other. 2. The structural system of these $4{\times}4$ square churches are somewhat different because of their size and roof style. In the case of Bukok church, $4{\times}4$ square fall off $3{\times}3$ and $2{\times}2$ gradually and turn into paljak(八作) roof, which enable us to get in traditional entering methods. On the contrary, Jacheon church use hipped roof but almost alike pyramidal roof, which could make us not to recognize entering in the aspect of gable part.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.108-115
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• 2012

Archaeological waterlogged woods found under the sea, in lakes, or in swamp environments are generally weak and fragile. If waterlogged wood materials were taken out of the water and left without modification, they would collapse and lose their original dimensions completely. Conservation is performed to replace the water with chemical agents and to give dimensional stabilization and durability. EDTA and PEG are the most commonly used in the preservation of wood. pH control-precipitation method is used for recovery of EDTA from waste fluid of archeological waterlogged wood conservation treatment. The black substance is eliminated from wood as Fe-EDTA complex are formed and EDTA is separated and precipitated from Fe-EDTA complexes at pH 2.68 or less. The result of analysis of the precipitated products and the commercial EDTA by FT-IR and FE-SEM showed that precipitated product by pH adjusted was not a type of Fe-EDTA complex, but pure EDTA. Waste fluid produced in PEG treatment shows the black color and has an offensive odor by organic matter extracted from wood. Color of waste fluid is decolored with oxidation reaction by peroxy hydrate. In FT-IR and SEM-EDX of PEG after freeze-drying process, no significant change of functional groups induced from oxidation is observed, and any metal ion does not exist in the solid PEG specimen. The molecular weight of PEG is measured using GPC and viscometry. Properties of PEG before and after preservation treatment, and after oxidation with $H_2O_2$ were not changed. Consequently, the peroxidation with $H_2O_2$ is a reasonable and simple method to decolor the used PEG solution.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.206-219
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• 2021

The warming of the climate is increasing the damage caused by termites to wooden buildings, cultural properties and houses. A group removal system can be installed around the building to detect and remove termite damage; however, if the site is not visited regularly, every one to two months, you cannot observe whether termites have spread within, and it is difficult to take prompt effective action. In addition, since the system is installed and operated in an exposed state for a long period of time, it may be ineffective or damaged, resulting in a loss of function. Furthermore if the system is installed near a cultural site, it may affect the aesthetic environment of the site. In this study, we created a detection system that uses wood, cellulose, magnets, and magnetic sensors to determine whether termites have entered the area. The data was then transferred to a low power LoRa Network which displayed the results without the necessity of visiting the site. The wood was made in the shape of a pile, and holes were made from the top to the bottom to make it easier for termites to enter and produce a cellulose sample. The cellulose sample was made in a cylindrical shape with a magnet wrapped in cellulose and inserted into the top of a hole in the wood. Then, the upper part of the wood pile was covered with a stopper to prevent foreign matter from entering. It also served to block external factors such as light and rainfall, and to create an environment where termites could add cellulose samples. When the cellulose was added by the termites, a space was created around the magnet, causing the magnet to either fall or tilt. The magnetic sensor inside the stopper was fixed on the top of the cellulose sample and measured the change in the distance between the magnet and the sensor according to the movement of the magnet. In outdoor experiments, 11 cellulose samples were inserted into the wood detection system and the termite inflow was confirmed through the movement of the magnet without visiting the site within 5 to 17 days. When making further improvements to the function and operation of the system it in the future, it is possible to confirm that termites have invaded without visiting the site. Then it is also possible to reduce damage and fruiting due to product exposure, and which would improve the condition and appearance of cultural properties.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.3
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• pp.231-241
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• 2009

Trade specialization index, import market share, unit value index, market comparative advantage index have been applied to compare the competitiveness of forest products in Korean and European markets for the case of Korea-EU FTA. The results say that no items of non-timber products would show a surge of imports as a result of FTA. Timber products, however, such as non-coniferous plywood, continuously shaped wood (non-coniferous), densified wood, wood wool and flour, other (plywood), other (particle board, 441039)), other (fiberboard), oriented strand board (other), other (particle board, 441090), other (particle board, 441031), Prefabricated buildings of wood, fibreboard (of a density exceeding $0.5g/cm^3$ but not exceeding $0.8g/cm^3$), wooden frames (for paintings, photographs, mirrors or similar objects) and wood marquetry and inlaid wood are expected to increase of their imports by eliminating tariffs. For Korean exports no items of non-timber products have competitiveness in European market. For Korean pyroligneous liquid, which is the only competitive timber product in EU market in terms of MCA and TSI, it is difficult to decide whether it has competitiveness, since the actual exports have taken place occasionally during a period of last five years.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.47-56
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• 2019

This study conducted in-depth interviews with employees who worked at three different travel agencies in Seoul and had different employment years. In order to resolve emotional labor, we investigated and analyzed the positive effects of forest healing programs and tried to help both travel agents and forest healing operators. According to the analysis, the person who was selected for the H travel agency was interviewed at the forest healing experience center in Gapyeong in April 2018 and her job as an operator for the fifth year since she joined the company. He said that he suffered from depression due to emotional labor in the customer service process and that it has a positive effect through forest healing. Next, M travel agents conducted an interview in May 2018 at the forest experience center in Uiwang, and their job as a woman was product planning. In the case of emotional labor and physical illness in the work with customers, participants were interested in forest stability, people's humanity, and wooden crafts in particular. Lastly, participants of R travel agency conducted an interview at the forest experience center in Seoul in June 2018 and it was their 10th year as a man and their job as a tour contact. In order to solve the difficulties, I experienced forest experience in close geographical areas and received great help.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.90-101
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• 2024

The test answer sheets submitted by examinees in the Joseon Dynasty were called Sigwon (test papers with answers, 試卷), and Siji (blank test papers, 試紙) were generally prepared by the examinees themselves. At that time, paper was not produced as a standard product, so there was no uniformity in size or manufacturing method. Mulberry paper in the Joseon Dynasty was basically transparent, so various paper processing methods were applied for examinees to write answers on both sides. In order for ink lines to be written smoothly, Dochim (hitting paper with a wooden bat on the stone, 搗砧) or surface processing was treated. We found a 19th-century Siji (試紙) that was processed in a unique way, which led to this study. An unusual Sigwon (試卷) is one by Lee Mangi (李晩耆) from 1848 owned by the National Folk Museum of Korea. We found that an opaque white substance was thickly applied between the papers of this Siji (試紙). Through component analysis using infrared spectrophotometry, fluorescence X-ray spectroscopy, optical and polarizing microscopy, and electron microscopy, this white substance was proved to be rice starch. From these analyses, it is presumed that this Siji (試紙) was made by soaking rice flour in water to remove a significant amount of protein, and then applying wet starch containing a small amount of protein between sheets of paper. In addition, with a Siji (試紙) reproduction experiment, we found that the paper reproduced by this processing method was thick and high in whiteness and opacity. This is believed to be a production method designed to produce double-sided paper without using multiple sheets of paper, which was difficult to obtain at that time. In this study, the material processed between the sheets of paper was disclosed only from < Lee Mangi (李晩耆)'s Sigwon (試卷)(Minsok 71745)>, but this appears to be one of several processing methods to treat the paper during the Joseon Dynasty. We hope that more similar Sigwons will be discovered in the future and that extensive research on processing methods will be conducted.