• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.274-282
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• 2021

Transparent and colorless melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resins make it difficult to identify the area of wood failure percentage (WFP) in the fracture surface of bonded wood specimens. Therefore, in this study, we develop a method of measuring WFP after the adhesion strength measurement of MUF resins under shear stress. The fractured wood surface of b lock shear strength (BSS) specimens bonded with cold-setting MUF resins at three melamine contents (20%, 30%, and 40%) was marked black, and then, WFP was accurately measured via image analysis. WFP values measured using this method consistently increased with BSS as the melamine content increased, showing the reliability of this new method. The results suggested that this new method is useful and reliable for measuring the WFP of the fracture surface of wood specimens bonded with colorless adhesives such as urea-formaldehyde, MUF, and melamine-formaldehyde resins.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.607-615
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• 2016

The delamination along the annual ring on the cross-section of laminae and the bonding strength according to the tangential angle between laminae were evaluated for the production of 3-ply cross-laminated timber (CLT) using domestic larch. Since there is no standard for CLT in Korea, the production and test of specimens for bonding strength followed the standard procedure of "Structural glued laminated timber" (KS F 3021). The standard specifies to exclude any measurement from the cracks of timbers resulted from drying or knots during delamination test of the glued laminated timbers. However, the failure of cross-sectional tissues along the annual rings was observed near the glue-line of all specimens during the delamination test. Because this phenomenon can generate defects in the CLT that may be exposed to various temperatures and relative humidities after the actual construction, the delamination percentage was measured by including this wood failure. As a result, the delamination percentage of the CLT which had been combined in such a way that the annual rings of outer lamina were directed inward was the lowest, which was around 13%, regardless of the annual ring direction of the middle lamina. On the other hand, the delamination percentage of the CLT which had been combined in such a way that the annual rings of outer lamina were directed outward was the highest, which was around 26%. Furthermore, end-split occurred in the outer lamina during the drying process of the boiling delamination test, which affected the delamination percentage. Therefore, the soaking delamination test was found to be more appropriate for evaluating the delamination strength of CLT. The block shear strength of larch CLT was $3.9{\pm}0.9$ MPa on average, which was 46% lower than the block shear strength requirement (7.1 MPa) of the standard, but satisfied the criteria of the block shear strength (3.5 MPa) of the European Standard (prEN 16351: 2013).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.655-662
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• 2019

This study evaluated the multi-bonding performances of timbers as well as those of reinforcement and timber to obtain data for preparing guidelines regarding the use of timbers as large structural members. For the multi-bonding performances of timbers, four types of bonding surfaces were prepared according to the pith position. For the bonding performances of FRP (fiber-reinforced plastic)/steel plate and timber, a total of 11 types of specimens were produced for the selection of the appropriate adhesive. The bonding performances of the produced specimens were evaluated through a water soaking delamination test, a water boiling delamination test, and a block shear strength test. The test results showed that the bonding strength of the bonding surface according to the pith position was highest in the specimen for which the two sections with the pith at the center of the cross-section on timber and between the bonding surfaces (the tangential and radial sections were mixed) were bonded. Furthermore, the specimens for which the section (radial section) with the pith on the bonding surface of the timber was bonded showed a high delamination percentage. The results of the block shear strength test showed that the bonding section did not have a significant effect on the shear strength, and that the measured wood failure percentage was higher than the KS standard value. The PVAc adhesive showed the highest bonding strength between larix timber and GFRP (glass FRP). Furthermore, the epoxy and polyurethane adhesives showed good bonding strength for CFRP (carbon FRP) and structure steel, respectively.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.89-106
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• 2016

With an aim to assess the wind damage to urban trees in more realistic conditions, the nonlinear dynamics of structured trees subjected to strong winds with different levels is investigated in the present paper. For the logical treatment of dynamical behavior of trees, material nonlinearities of green wood associated with tree biomechanics and geometric nonlinearity of tree configuration are included. Applying simulated fluctuating wind velocity to the numerical model, the dynamical behavior of the structured tree is explored. A comparative study against the linear dynamics analysis usually involved in the previous researches is carried out. The failure wind velocity of urban trees is then defined, whereby the failure percentages of the tree components are exposed. Numerical investigations reveal that the nonlinear dynamics analysis of urban trees results in a more accurate solution of wind-induced response than the classical linear dynamics analysis, where the nonlinear effect of the tree behavior gives rise to be strengthened as increasing of the levels of wind velocity, i.e., the amplitude of 10-min mean wind velocity. The study of relationship between the failure percentage and the failure wind velocity provides a new perspective towards the vulnerability assessment of urban trees likely to fail due to wind actions, which is potential to link with the practical engineering.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.45-58
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• 1987

우리나라의 대표적(代表的)인 조림수종(造林樹種)의 하나인 현사시나무(Populus alba $\times$ glandulosa)를 공시재(供試村)로 하여 가열(加熟), 가압처리(加壓處理)가 목재(木材)의 물리적(物理的) 기계적(機械的) 성질(性質)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)하여 목질개량(木質改良)을 위(爲)한 기초자료(基礎資料)로 활용(活用)코자 실험(實驗)을 수행(遂行)하였는 바 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1) 비중(比重)은 압축율(壓縮率)이 증가(增加)함에 따라 현저(顯著)히 증가(增加)하였다. 2) 수축율(收縮率)은 압축율(壓縮率)이 증가하여 소재(素材)와 비교(比較)하여 경단방향(徑斷方向)은 약(約) 1.5~2배(倍), 촉단방향(觸斷方向)은 약(約)1~2.2배(倍), 섬유방향(纖維方向)은 약(約)1.6~2.1배(倍) 이었다. 3) 흡수율(吸收率)은 압축율(壓縮率) 30%까지는 별(別)로 증가(增加)하지 않았으나 압축율(壓縮率) 40%이상(以上)에서는 소재(素材)에 비(比)해 높은 증가율(增加率)을 나타내었다. 4) 두께 팽윤율(澎潤率)은 압축율(壓縮率)이 증가(增加)함에 따라 경단면(徑斷面)에서는 큰 차이(差異)가 없었으나 촉단면(觸斷面)의 경우(境遇)에는 현저(顯著)하게 증가(增加)하였다.(특(特)히 압축율(壓縮率) 40%, 50%). 5) 종압축강도(縱壓縮强度)는 압축율(壓縮率) 40%까지는 증가(增加)하였으나 압축율(壓縮率) 50%에서는 오히려 감소(減少)하였고 휨 강도(强度)는 압축율(壓縮率) 30%까지는 소재(素材)에 비(比)해 큰 변화(變化)가 없었으나 그 이상(以上)의 압축율(壓縮率)에서 감소(減少)하였으며 충격(衝擊) 휨 흡수(吸收)에너지는 압축율(壓縮率) 30%까지 증가(增加)하여 소재(素材)의 128%에 달(達)하였으나 압축율(壓縮率) 30% 이상(以上)에서는 다시 감소(減少)하였다. 결론적(結論的)으로 가열(加熱) 압축처리(壓縮處理)가 목재(木材)의 기계적(機械的) 성질(性質)을 향상(向上)시키지만 어느 일정(一定) 압축(壓縮) 수준(水準)(본(本) 실험(實驗)의 경우(境遇) 압축율(壓縮率) 30%)을 지나면 오히려 강도(强度)가 감소(減少)된다. 이와같은 현상(現象)은 가열(加熱) 압축(壓縮)으로 인(因)한 목재조직(木材組織)의 변형(變形)(수축(收縮), 균열 및 파괴) 가열(加熱)에 의(依)한 목재성분(木材成分)의 열분해(熱分解), 중합도(重合度)의 저하(低下) 등(等)이 목재(木材)의 열화(熱火)를 초래(招來)한 것으로 생각된다.