• Acta Via Serica
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.37-60
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• 2021

Before the tenth century, the dress of elite women in and around China often reflected "Han" Chinese fashions and preferences. In funerary paintings and relief sculptures of Sogdian and Xianbei couples from the sixth century, for example, women wear "Han" Chinese-style clothing. Even in the Tang dynasty (ca. 618-907), when exchange with Central Asia via overland Silk Road trade impacted the styles and patterning of elite dress and men incorporated clear Central Asian attributes into their dress, elite women in the Tang sphere wore recognizably Tang fashions. Chinese-style dress in these centuries clearly conveyed cultural import and, likely, political power, especially after the founding of the Tang dynasty. However, the straightforward borrowing of Tang women's dress shifted in the Khitan Liao dynasty (ca. 907-1125). The Liao, in contrast to other states that shared a border with China in previous centuries, saw themselves as political equals to the Song dynasty (ca. 960-1278) court in the south. The Liao court was interested in Song customs and culture and incorporated artistic motifs and practices from the Song court. However, the Liao courtly idiom was never fully subsumed into the greater world of the Song - rather, the Liao used facets of Song courtly culture for their own ends. One way this is manifested is through the dual administrative system, a bureaucratic organization that, among other things, regulated and distinguished between who was permitted to wear Khitan and non-Khitan dress. In this paper, I will examine the material evidence from funerary contexts for how the dress of elite Liao women both engaged with the dress of the Song, while also maintaining a certain amount of cultural autonomy. Through their dress, elite Liao women signaled clear messages about their status, identity, and difference to their Song counterparts.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 1999

This study aimed to give an updated description of general clothing behavior patterns of the Korean elderly women. 430 women over 60 years old residing in Seoul wre surveyed with a questionnaire asking about their daily practices of clothing selection, disposal, recycling, quantity and place of purchase, and their background variables. Data were treated to SPSS for descriptive statistics, Chi-square analysis, ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. The result revealed that the wardrobe of the Korean aged women is by now fully oriented toward the western style. The subjects disposed of their clothing mainly because of their body size changes and had elementary fitting problems unsolved. They had clothing recycling experinces and turned out to be inactive clothing consumers with differing shopping places according to the types of clothing items to be purchased. The subjects'age and income level had significant effects on various facets of their clothing behavior.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.34-50
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• 2021

As silver surfers'(older people who are good at surfing the Internet) SNS use and influence increase, SNS shopping channels are also favored as the major means of contactless shopping. The study analyzed the trends in fashion styles corresponding to taste on the SNS shopping channels with silver surfer women as the target. Even though the shopping channel was for people in their 50s and 60s, most of the design factors focused on casual styles and young taste rather than the formal and mature image. The material, trim, and patterns reflected a retro or formal factor but were also reinterpreted as a young image to show the various forms. The characteristics of the women's fashion styles for silver surfers on the SNS shopping channels can be summarized as follows. First, they chose items that portrayed a young image regardless of their age. The colors, materials, and patterns of the products also helped to create a young image. Second, there was a tendency to pursue various casual items. Silver surfer women chose practical, casual items because of their active lifestyle. Third, retro items were reinterpreted as young and trendy. Silver surfer women showed their retro tastes but preferred practical clothing with young images.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.32-40
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• 2018

Big breasted women often experience dissatisfaction with ready-made brassieres, that do not account for individual breast types nor provide adequate cup sizes. This study was conducted to provide basic information on common breast shape and measurements of Korean big-breasted women, and to facilitate development of big-breasted women's bras with excellent fit and comfort. The study analyzed direct upper body measurements of 178 women in their 20's whith cup size C or bigger in the 5th, 6th and 7th Size Korea. In addition, 3D body scan data of women with bra size 75 and cup size C were re-collected and their breast types were examined. Average under-bust circumference of big-breasted women was 75 size in brassiere size. The average stature was 159.78 cm and the body weight was 60.33kg, indicating "overweight". Also, it was revealed that common breast types of big-breasted women, were hemispheric and cone types. The study can facilitate better understanding of breast shapes and sizes of standard big-breasted women, and will be useful as reference in selection of subjects in future studies.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relevance of gender, age, and BMI (Body Mass Index) to changes in the urinary creatinine concentration in Korean adults. We recruited and surveyed 2,156 persons $\geq$20 years of age from 98 districts across the country, and collected urine samples for analyzing the creatinine concentration. Participants were 41.6% men and 58.4% women. In terms of age, the percentage of the population in their 20's and $\geq$60 years of age was relatively similar, with 13.6% and 17.8%, respectively, while the percentages in their 30's, 40's and 50's were also relatively similar, with 22.0%, 24.0%, and 22.6%, respectively. The proportion of participants in their 20's and 30's who were underweight (according to the BMI) was 25% and 19.2%, respectively, but only 6.2~6.4% of those $\geq$40 years of age were underweight. This showed that the underweight proportion in elder generations was less than that in younger generations. Meanwhile, the proportion who were overweight was 13.7%, 18.8%, 28.6%, 27.9%, 32.0% when the participants were in their 20's, 30's, 40's, 50's and $\geq$60 years of age, respectively (p<0.000). This showed that the overweight proportion increased along with increasing age. The overall urinary creatinine concentration was 10 mg/dl (arithmetic mean: AM), and 92.2 mg/dl (geometric mean: GM). The urinary creatinine concentration in men (132.6 mg/dl, AM) was significantly higher than that in women (93.3 mg/dl, AM (p<0.000)). Showing a similar trend in men and women, urinary creatinine concentrations were highest when the participants were in their 20's (135.6 mg/dl, AM), and tended to decrease with increasing age. Urinary creatinine concentrations in overweight and obese subjects (AM of 117.9 mg/dl and 118.0 mg/dl, respectively) were significantly higher than in other groups, and this trend was similar in men and women. In conclusion, we found that urinary concentrations were significantly affected by gender, age, and BMI, and that care should therefore be exercised when correcting urinary metabolites according to the urinary creatinine concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.139-156
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to identify the independent tendency of single women, certainly worthy of study in considering their size, their growth, and their purchasing power, and to examine their effects on consumption values and clothing benefits. The data were collected from self-administrated questionnaire with 537 single women in their 20�s and 30�s on May in 2005. Data were analyzed by factor analysis, reliability analysis, K-means cluster, one way ANOVA and chi-square. Factor analysis on independent tendency resulted in three dimensional structures: marriage-independent tendency, physical independence, social independence. Five dimensions of consumption values were identified by factor analysis: conspicuous, pro-environmental. economic, enjoyable, aesthetic values. Five dimensions of clothing benefits were identified by factor analysis: individuality, well-known brand, practicality, price, social recognition pursuit. The respondents were classified to three groups by three factors of independent tendency: high independent group, social-physical independent group, low independent group. There were significant differences among these groups in demographic characteristics, consumption values and clothing benefits.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.669-674
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• 2008

Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Zanthoxylum piperitum A.P. DC. belong to the Rutaceae family and are perennial, aromatic, and medicinal herbaceous plants. In this study, their aroma compounds were isolated by steam distillation extraction using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and then further analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The yields of the essential oils from Z. schinifolium and Z. piperitum AP. DC. were 2.5 and 2.0%(w/w), respectively, and the color of their oils was quite similar, a pale yellow. From the distilled oil of Z. schinifolium, 60 volatile compounds which make up 87.24% of the total composition were tentatively identified, with monoterpenes predominating. $\beta$-Phellandrene (22.54%), citronellal (16.48%), and geranyl acetate (11.39%) were the predominantly abundant components of Z. schinifolium. In the essential oil of Z. piperitum AP. DC., 60 volatile flavor components constituted 94.78% of the total peak area were tentatively characterized. Limonene (18.04%), geranyl acetate (15.33%), and cryptone (8.52%) were the major volatile flavor compounds of Z. piperitum A.P. DC.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1336-1354
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• 1999

Researchers have rarely explored menopausal experience in the context of the totality of women's lives, subsequently making the picture of menopause incomplete, discrete and fragmented. Respecting the totality of women's lives, this study addressed how a vulnerable group of women-low income Korean immigrant women-experience menopause within a context of multiple transitions. This is a cross-sectional study using methodological triangulation. A sample of 119 first-generation Korean immigrant women aged 40 to 60 years, who were in low-income jobs, was recruited using convenience sampling methods. From the total sample, 21 peri-or post-menopausal women were recruited for in-depth interviews following the collection of the survey data. Questionnaires, short interviews, and in- depth interviews were used to collect data. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Thematic analysis was used to interpret interview data. The findings indicate that menopause was given the lowest priority amidst women's multiple and demanding roles within a gendered multiple transitional (immigration, work and menopause) context. The lack of language clarity to describe women's experience, cultural background, inadequate knowledge, and lack of social supports made menopause hidden, invisible, and inaudible. Conclusions and implications for nursing practice are guided by the goal of understanding women's experiences and meanings of menopause and supporting women through reflecting these experiences into their health care.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.49-60
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• 2020

Purpose: Infertile women experience various physical, psychological, and relational problems that affect their infertility-related quality of life (QoL). This study investigated infertile women's infertility-related QoL with the goal of identifying how it is influenced by fatigue, depression, and marital intimacy. Methods: A sample of 140 infertile women was surveyed in a cross-sectional study. Data were collected from February to April 2018 using self-report structured questionnaires at three infertility clinics located in Jeonju, Korea. Data were analyzed using the independent t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression analysis in SPSS for Windows version 25.0. The subjects agreed to complete a face-to-face interview, including administration of the Fatigue Severity Scale, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21, Marital Intimacy Scale, and the Fertility Quality of Life tool. Results: The mean age of the participants was 35.6±4.3 years. Infertility-related QoL was negatively correlated with fatigue (r=-.42, p<.001) and depression (r=-.56, p<.001), and positively correlated with marital intimacy (r=.30, p<.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that depression (β=-0.44, p<.001), fatigue (β=-0.27, p<.001), and husband's attitude (β=-0.19, p=.007) had significant effects on the QoL of infertile women, accounting for 40.5% of the variance in infertility-related QoL. Conclusion: The study provides insights into how infertile women's infertility-related QoL was influenced by depression, fatigue, and their husbands' attitudes regarding infertility treatment. To improve infertile women's infertility-related QoL, healthcare providers should consider developing strategies to decrease depression and fatigue in infertile women and to address their husbands' attitudes.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.183-199
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• 1996

The objective of this study was to provide fundamental data on somatotype for elderly women by classifying the somatotype and analysing the 3 characteristics of their somatotype. The subject were 368 women of 60~84 years old, they were analyzed indirect photography. To find out differences among the age groups, the 368 subjects were grouped into two age groups (Group 1 ; age 60 to 69, Group 2 ; aged 70 to 84). Data were analyzed using Factor analysis, Cluster analysis, duncan test and Analysis of variance. Through the factor analysis, 27 items from photometric measurements respectively. Cluster analysis was applied for classification of somatotype. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The characteristics of Elderly women's somatotype were bending of the upper-torso, fatness of the waist and abdomen, drooping of the bust and shoulder and hip. In addition, height, girth, depth and width items were decreased in their sizes respectively. 2. The characteristics of clusters were as follows. Type 1 was straight somatotype in which the plumb line through tragion, the bust depth and under bust depth region laterally. Type 2 was swayback somatotype in which the upper portion of protruding point on the back was bent forward but the lower portion of protruding point had a characteristics of turning over somatotype. Type 3 was bending somatotype. Namely, this type was shorter than average and below the average fatness. Generally, the lateral view silhouette of elderly women was the straight type and changed into bending type as the age increases.