• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.199-206
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• 2005

C. neoformans-associated cryptococcosis is primarily a disease of immunocompromised persons, has a world-wide distribution, and is often spread by pigeons in the urban environment. In contrast, C. gattii causes infection in normal hosts, has only been described in tropical and semi-tropical areas of the world, and has a unique niche in river gum Eucalyptus trees. Cryptococcosis is acquired through inhalation of the yeast propagules from the environment. C. gattii has been identified as the cause of an emerging infectious disease centered on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. No cases of C. gattii-disease were diagnosed prior to 1999; the current incidence rate is 36 cases per million population. A search was initiated in 2001 to find the ecological niche of this basidiomycetous yeast. C. gattii was found in the environment in treed areas of Vancouver Island. The highest percentage of colonized-tree clusters were found around central Vancouver Island, with decreasing rates of colonization to the north and south. Climate, soil and vegetation cover of this area, called the Coastal Douglas fir biogeoclimatic zone, is unique to British Columbia and Canada. The concentration of airborne C. gattii was highest in the dry summer months, and lowest during late fall, winter, and early spring, months which have heavy rainfall. The study of the emerging colonization of this organism and subsequent cases of environmentally acquired disease will be informative in planning public health management of new routes of exposure to exotic agents in areas impacted by changing climate and land use patterns.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.236-240
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• 2018

Crop yield is critically related to the physiological responses and disease resistance of the crop, which could be strongly affected by high temperature conditions. We observed the changes in the growth of barley under higher than ambient air-temperature conditions using a temperature gradient field chamber (TGFC) during winter and spring. Before the stem extension stage of barley growth, Cladosporium sp. spontaneously appeared in the TGFC. The severity of disease became serious under warmer temperature conditions. Further, the stomata closed as the severity of the disease increased; however, stomatal conductance at the initial stage of disease was higher than that of the normal leaves. This was likely due to the Iwanov effect, which explains that stressed plants rapidly and transiently open their stomata before longer-term closure. In this study, we tested three optical methods: soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) chlorophyll index, photochemical reflectance index (PRI), and maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm). These rapid evaluation methods have not been used in studies focusing on disease stress, although some studies have used these methods to monitor other stresses. These three indicative parameters revealed that diseased barley exhibited lower values of these parameters than normal, and with the increase in disease severity, these values declined further. Our results will be useful in efficient monitoring and evaluation of crop diseases under future warming conditions.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.661-669
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate of visiting time and major cause of disease by operating time changes of a university dental emergency room. Methods: This study was a retrospect study carried out by reviewing 9,172 records visiting the university emergency room from January 1997 to December 2009. Data were analyzed by frequency test, chi-square test, and logistic regression using SAS version 9.3. Results: Twenty four hours emergency room had 19 percent more patients than those in daytime emergency room. Daytime emergency room had more male patients during spring(26.6%) and winter(20.2%) than female patients(p<0.05). Female patients exceeded male patients during summer(24.4%) and autumn(36.2%)(p<0.05). Twenty-four hours emergency room had the maximal patients in autumn and the minimal patients in winter(p<0.05). The most common injury in the daytime was tooth fracture from 0 to 19 years old(p<0.05). Tooth fracture, jaw fracture, and soft tissue injury were the most common injury in dental emergency room and majority of the patients were the male(p<0.05). Conclusions: Twenty-four hours dental emergency room had a variety of causes of dental emergency thant that in the daytime. Twenty four hours dental emergency room must be prepared for the dental emergency patients at any time provided with personnel and facilities.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.743-746
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• 2013

Background: Some studies have indicated an inverse relationship between cancer risk and sunlight exposure. Others have reported that the prognosis of some cancers such as prostate, colon, ovarian and non melanoma skin cancer, were affected by the season in which the cancer was diagnosed. In our study, we evaluated whether season is prognostic in Turkish patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: A total of 517 patients from Kayseri Training and Research Hospital were analysed retrospectively. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to season of cancer diagnosis: winter, spring, summer and autumn. The prognostic factors for disease free survival and overall survival were investigated. Results: No significant differences were found among groups regarding prognostic factors overall. Only estrogen receptor status and lymphovascular invasion were independent prognostic factors (p=0.001 and p=0.001 respectively). We found significantly differences for mean disease free survival among groups (p=0.019). Winter group had better mean DFS while summer group had worse DFS. Mean overall survival was similar in the four groups (p=0.637). Conclusions: The season is not an independent predictive factor. However, due to interaction with other factors, we think that the season of cancer diagnosis is important for cancer prognosis.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.5-14
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• 1968

Prostitutes living in Songdo beach in Pusan, for two years period (from September 4, 1964 to August 28, 1966) were investigated for the present status and Venereal Diseases. The following results were obtained. 1. Age distribution:The youngest was 18 years old and the oldest 29. The group between 22-25 years old was 72.8%, approximately three fourth of all prostitute. 2. Educational background: From illiterate to college graduated. The group of graduated primary school was 80.7%, approximately four fifth of all prostitutes. 3. Distribution of birth places: From all cities and provinces in Korea except Chejudo Island province. Kyongsang Namdo province was highest(24%), Kyongsan Pukdo province 18%, Pusan city 12%, and Seoul city 11%. 4. Monthly and weekly Venereal Diseases examination to prostitutes: Total examined cases were 7757, consisting of 323 monthly, and 75 weekly. Total numbers of disqualified persons were 592(7.63% of total examined), consisting of 25 monthly, and 6 weekly. 5. Clinical and laboratory findings of the rejected prostitutes at the Venereal Disease examination: Among total cases of rejected 592, gonococcal positive cases were 2.89%, staining by gram's method, cervical erosions 3.53%, and numerous pus cells but gonococcal negative 1.53%. 6. Seasonal distribution of prostitutes : Songdo beach is one of the famous sea shore sightseeing resort in Pusan. Therefore, numbers of prostitutes were increasing in hot season, summer and decreasing in cold season, winter. 7. Number of disqualified prostitutes at the Venereal Disease examination by seasonal trend: In autumn 18.04%, winter 8.68%, spring 5.85%, and summer 4.43%, in order as described, the decreasing tendency was observed. 8. Serolgical tests for syphilis: VDRL slide method and Kolmer-Wassermann reaction were performed to the prostitutes. STS were positive by VDRL slide method in 8.33-33.87%, Kolmer-Wassermann reaction in 8.33-27.42% of the prostitutes. The results of sero-positive of syphilis showed tendency toward gradually increase from 1964 to 1966. 9. Authors were observed only 1 case or soft chancer, but neither lymphogranuloma venereum nor granuloma inguinale were detected.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2022

Purpose: This study utilizes the NEDIS (National Emergency Department Information System) database to suggest a predictive model for snakebite and envenomation in Korea by analyzing the geographical distribution and seasonal variation of snakebite patients visiting the ER. Methods: This was a retrospective study on snakebite patients visiting the ER using the NEDIS database from January 2014 to December 2019. The subjects include patients with the KCD (Korea Standard Classification of Disease) disease code T63.0 (Toxic effect of contact with snake venom). Geographical location, patient gender, patient age, date of ER visit, treatment during the ER stay, and disposition were recorded to analyze the geographical distribution and seasonal variation of snakebite patients in Korea. Results: A total of 12,521 patients were evaluated in this study (7,170 males, 54.9%; 5,351 females, 40.9%). The average age was 58.5±17.5 years. In all, 7,644 patients were admitted with an average admission time of 5.04±4.7 days, and 2 patients expired while admitted. The geographical distribution was Gyeongsang 3,370 (26.9%), Cheonra 2,692 (21.5%), Chungcheong 2,667 (21.3%), Seoul Capital area 1,999 (16.0%), Kangwon 1,457 (11.6%), and Jeju 336 (2.7%). The seasonal variation showed insignificant incidences in winter and higher severity in spring and summer than in fall: winter 27 (0.2%), spring 2,268 (18.1%), summer 6,847 (54.7%), and fall 3,380 (27.0%). Conclusion: Patients presenting with snakebites and envenomation in the emergency room were most common in the Gyeongsang area and during summer. The simple seasonal model predicted that 436 snakebites and 438 envenomation cases occurred in July and August. The results of this study can be applied to suitably distribute and stock antivenom. Appropriate policies can be formed to care for snakebite patients in Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.423-426
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• 1993

A total 930 outbreaks of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) were recorded in Bangladesh from 1988 to 1991. Number of FMD outbreaks was recorded highest in Rajshahi division (304) followed by Dhaka (272), Khulna (203) and Chittagong (151). During 1988 to 1991, FMD outbreaks reached in peak level in 1990 (540) followed by 1989 (209), 1988 (95) and 1991 (86). Outbreaks though occurred throughout the year were higher in premonsoon and winter seasons. Morbidity rate was found significantly higher (p<0.01) in cattle (35.5%) than buffaloes (23.3%) and sheep/goats (4.8%). Of the cattle, bull/bullock infected more (p<0.01) than cows and calves. Morbidity rate in different animals was observed significantly higher (p<0.01) in Rajshahi and Dhaka divisions than in Khulna and Chittagong. Mortality specially in calves was found at the rate of 50.9%. Loss in milk yield was found to be 66.6%. Disease period for a FMD affected cattle varied from 16 to 26 days (average 22.7 days). Loss of working days per working cattle ranged from 14 to 24 days (average 21.2 days) and the loss in draft energy per cattle was found to be 12.7 to 18.9 KW hour.

• Mycobiology
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.110-112
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• 2001

A black scab was observed on strawberry(Fragaria ananassa) in plastic film houses around Jinju area during the winter of 2000. The disease started from leaves then moved to calyx and runner. At the beginning, the infected area started with small dark brown spots then gradually expanded. The pathogenic fungus was purely isolated from the diseased leaves, calyx and runner. The fungus was inoculated to test Koch's postulates and proved to be the causal agent of the disease. The isolated fungus grew readily on potato dextrose agar, forming dark green to dark gray colonies. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was about $25^{\circ}C$. The diameter of growing hyphae was $3.8{\sim}5.6{\mu}m$. Conidia were ellipsoidal, ovoid or subspherical, mostly one-celled but occasionally septate. The size of conidia were $4.1{\sim}11.7{\times}3.8{\sim}5.3$ 1-cell, $9.3{\sim}18.8{\times}4.0{\sim}7.4{\mu}m$ 2-cell and formed in long branched chains on the erected conidiophores which were dark brown and variable in length between $28.8{\sim}236.2{\times}3.0{\sim}6.2{\mu}m$ in size. The fungus was identified as Cladosporium herbarum on the basis of its morphological characteristics. The black scab disease of strawberry caused by C. herbarum has not been reported in Korea previously.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.217-223
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• 1995

Nature of graft transmissibility of pear abnormal leaf spot disease was examined by various grafting methods in the greenhouse and field. When the diseased and symptomless twigs were collected in winter and grafted in the next spring to the seed-originated healthy root stock, the abnormal leaf spot was developed only in the case of the diseased twigs. Double grafting on a seed-originated healthy root stock, where the diseased and the symptomless twigs were used as 1st and 2nd scions, respectively, developed abnormal leaf spot lesions without exception on the 2nd scions. Tongue-graft with the diseased and the symptomless trees also incited abnormal leaf spots on the both trees. Abnormal leaf spots of were also developed on HN-39, an indicator pear tree, used as a 2nd scion in a double graft test, where the diseased twig and a seed-originated healthy tree were used as the 1st scion and the root stock, respectively. When the diseased twig was top-grafted to the healthy root stock, lesion development of abnormal spot was limited to the grafted twig itself in the 1st year, but expanded to the main branches in the 2nd year, and spread over the whole tree in the 3rd year. This result indicates that the causal agent of abnormal leaf spot disease is transmitted by graft.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.6-12
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• 2009

Snow molds are the most important winter diseases of turfgrass in the United States and Canada. Eight isolates of three snow mold fungal species (three isolates of Typhula ishikariensis, three of T. incarnata, and two of Microdochium nivale) were collected from infected turfgrasses on golf courses. The isolates were evaluated for their relative aggressiveness on three cultivars (L-93, Penncross, and Providence) of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris) under the same controlled conditions. Four plant ages (15, 19, 23 and 27 week-old plants from germination to inoculation) were evaluated for their susceptibility to the three pathogens and for the recovery of the plants. Regardless of age or cultivar of the host plant, M. nivale was found to be more aggressive and faster to infect and colonize than Typhula species. After three weeks recovery, M. nivale-inoculated plants showed higher disease severity than plants inoculated with the two Typhula species. Plants infected by Typhula species displayed no significant difference in disease severity. As creeping bentgrass plants get older, the severity of disease caused by three snow molds gradually decreases. This effect was observed in all cultivars tested, suggesting expression of age-related resistance as the bentgrass plants matured.