• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.86-99
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• 2010

Among Natural monument birds, a total of 11 species and 2,209 individuals were found in Nakdong river estuary from March 2007 to February 2008 including Eurasian Oystereacher (Haematopus ostralegus; No. 326), Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata; No.327), Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus; No.201-1), Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus; No.201-2), Black-faced Spoonbilll (Platalea minor; No.205-1), Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia ; No.205-2), Steller's Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus; No.243-3), White-tailed Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla ; No.243-4), Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus; No.323-6), Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus; No.323-8) and Swan Goose (Anser cygnoides; No.325-1). Among the habitats for migratory birds in Korea, the Nakdong river estuary is the only place where more than 2,000 individuals of Whooper Swan(Cygnus cygnus) spend winter. Eulsukdo, Myeongji Flat and neighboring tidal flats (Myeonggeummeori, Baikhapdeung, Doyodeung, Jangjado, etc.) are major habitats for natural monument birds such as Eurasian Spoonbill(Platalea leucorodia ), Whooper Swan(Cygnus cygnus) and Swan Goose(Anser cygnoides). A colony of aquatic plants such as Common Bulrush(Scirpus triqueter) and Common Reed(Phragmites communis) serves as a feeding and resting place for birds in the Anatidae family including ducks, swans and geese. Plans for management and conservation of the habitats and the natural monument birds in Nakdong river estuary are as follows: minimization of water contamination, construction and management of aquatic plants habitats, protection of sandbanks, security of stable habitats, and consistent monitoring.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.5_3
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• pp.665-673
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• 1998

This study was conducted to clarified the relationship between bird community and forest structure and present the counterplan for protection and management of bird community from February 1993 to July 1995 at deciduous and coniferous forest within Mt. Nam area, Seoul, Korea. DBH distribution has not significant differences in each study site. Deciduous forest had more foliage coverage in all layers than coniferous forest. Total 41 species of birds, which were 16 species of resident, 14 species of summer visitor, 4 species of winter visitor, and 7 species of passage migrant were recrded in two study sites. Leaf use rate of birds was increased the increase of coverage. The number of breeding species and pairs, breeding density, and diversity index were greater in deciduous forest than coniferous forest. The number of species and pairs on bush-nesting and foraging guild were greater than other guilds. And the nuber of species and pairs on hole nesting guild were the fewest in nesting guild. Use rate of artificial nests for improvement of habitat quality was greater in coniferous forest than deciduous forest. Maintenance of bush layer, increase of coverage and leaf layer diversity, supply of artificial nests, management of large trees, and control of natural enemy were necessary for protection and management of bird community in Mt. nam area.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.615-623
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• 2016

Bird species (BS) of the Nakdong River estuary (NRE) were selected to suggest conservation and management strategies, taking habitats and major threats into consideration. Five BS (Cygnus spp., Calidris alpina, Sterna albifrons, Fulica atra, and Anser fabalis) were selected following analysis of their dominance, national importance, seasonality, taxonomic group, and distribution within the NRE. The BS comprise two winter birds, one summer, one passage bird, and one resident bird. They can also be classified into four taxonomic groups: two under ducks and geese (Anatidae), and one each under gulls (Laridae), shorebirds (Scolopacidae), and diving birds (Rallidae). The results show that BS could be a useful tool in guiding estuary management because their habitats are clearly distinct, and include important areas of the NRE. A reduction of feeding and resting places-such as tidal flats, Scirpus planiculmis habitat, and agricultural farmland-and climate change are major threats to BS, therefore countermeasures to such threats should be considered in future estuary management plans.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.30.1-30.10
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• 2018

Background: The poultry industry suffers losses from problems as pale, soft and exudative (PSE), and dark, firm and dry (DFD) meat can develop in meat as a result of short- and long-term stress, respectively. These abnormalities are impacted by pre-slaughter animal welfare. Methods: This work evaluated the effects of open vehicle container microclimate, throughout the $38{\pm}10km$ journey from the farm to the slaughterhouse, on commercially turkey transported during the Brazilian winter season. The journey was initiated immediately after water bath in truck fitted with portable Kestrel anemometers to measure air ventilation, relative humidity, temperature and ventilation. Results: The inferior compartments of the middle and rear truck regions showed highest temperature and relative humidity, and lower air ventilation. In addition, the superior compartments of the front truck regions presented lower temperature and wind chill, and highest air ventilation. The breast meat samples from animals located at the inferior compartments of the middle and rear truck regions and subjected to with water bath (WiB) treatment presented highest DFD-like and had lowest PSE-like meat incidence than those from animals located at other compartments within the container. Lower incidence of PSE-like meat was observed in birds without water bath (WoB). Conclusions: Assessment on turkeys transported under Brazilian southern winter conditions revealed that breast meat quality can be affected by relative humidity, air ventilation, temperature, and transport under subtropical conditions promoting color abnormalities and the formation of simultaneously PSE-like and DFD-like meat.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2022

The African swine fever virus (ASFV) remains contagious for a long time, not only in the carcass, but also in the bone marrow of an infected animal. The scavenging activity of various animals on ASFV-infected carcasses is a likely risk factor for ASFV transmission. Thus, we conducted this study to determine whether scavengers are potential vectors for ASFV. In nonprotected wild boar carcasses on the forest floor, we investigated the seasonal patterns of carcass decomposition and scavenger visits for feeding on them. The duration from fresh to early skeletonization (only bones and leather remaining) of adult carcasses was 37.6±23.1 days (n=3, range=11-51 days) in winter. The duration from fresh to later skeletonization (only bones and some fur remaining) of all carcasses, including subadult carcasses, was 8.3±2.5 days (n=4, range=7-12 days) in summer. At all three study sites, leopard cats (30.3%), large-billed crows (21.6%), and golden eagles (18.1%) were the frequently visiting species, representing more than 10% of the total visits (343 visits) in winter, whereas raccoons (21.9%), grey-backed thrushes (39.4%), and eyebrowed thrushes (14.7%) were the most frequent visitors in summer. In winter, crows or cinereous vultures were the first animals to arrive at a carcass; in summer, raccoons or crows arrived first. Our results showed that wild boars, raccoons, and leopard cats relatively frequently visited wild boar carcasses and stayed there for a long time. Wild rodents chewing on or staying near carcasses were photographed during winter. In addition to wild boars, thus, mammals, such as raccoons, leopard cats and rodents, and birds, such as accipitrids and thrushes, may be spreaders of ASFV in South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.213-220
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate bird community and to suggest a proper way how to manage and protect bird community in Tokyusan National Park. The survey was carried over 2 main trail districts by line transect method at 20, February and 22, July in 1993. The observed birds were belong to 5 orders 17 families 34 species, they also have Sparrow Hawk Accipiter nisus, Kestrel Falco tinunnculus(natural monument no. 323), White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos(R) and Japanese Waxwing Bombycilla japonica(R). It is estimated that grass region above 1,000m altitude provided breeding habitats for Gray-headed Bunting Emberiza fucata in summer and wintering habitats for Rosy Finch Leucosticte arctoa in winter, This shows that this region should be protected for inhabitation of these birds. Mujukucheontong valley of Tokyusan National Park, which had been a good habitat for valley-inhabituating birds before twenty years ago, has a lower species richness by increasing using density, and so this valley shoud be properly managed urgently.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.487-497
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• 2003

Some literatures for the avifauna of Baekdudaegan from Jirisan to Deokusan were reviewed. A total of 136 species belong to 45 families, 15 orders was listed. Of which, 132 species were recorded in Jirisan National Park, 63 species were in Hamyang area,46 species were Jangsu area, and 63 species were in Deokyusan National Park. Status of migrants of these birds were classified as follows: 42 species of residents,40 species of summer visitors,31 species of winter visitors, and 23 species of passage migrants. Legal protected birds were listed 23 species including 15 protected species and 14 natural monument species. Of them, only three species, Accipiter soloensis, A. nisus, Falco tinnunculus were widely distributed. And the others, Aix gatericuzata, Perms apivorus, Accipiter gentilis, A. gularis, Buteo logopus, B. buteo, Circus cyaneus, Falco columbarius, Grus vipio, Bubo bubo, Asio otus, Otus scops,0. bakkamoenu, Ninox scutuznta, Strix aluco, Dryocopus martius, Dendrocopos nanus , Pitta brachyura, Galerida cristnta, Terpsiphone atyocauduta were showed restricted distribution. Therefore, it is considered that careful consideration should be given to these conservation measures.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.199-206
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• 2005

Estuary islets should be managed systematically because they are important places for birds to rest and breed. This paper investigates the environmental properties of islets where the sand banks are located from east to west on the southernmost of Nakdong estuary during a year (September 2003 $\sim$ August 2004). The research showed that 59 species and 19,148 individuals were found in the area A (Jangja Shinja-Do) and 61 species and 28,394 individuals in the area B (Saja-Do; Beakhapdeung Doyodeung). Totally, 74 species and 47,539 individuals were observed in both of this estuary. Shorebirds are the most observed species in both areas. In area, most of individuals were especially observed in the spring when Shorebirds migrate northward for breeding. In B area, various species were also observed in the fall when they migrate southward for wintering. Therefore, many groups of birds are observed around Shinja-Do in the spring. They passed the winter in Doyodueng, associated with feeding in the main stream of Nakdong river mainly. Although the southernmost sand bar is the breeding place to access to outside without interception, invasion by human beings and predators (mice, weasels and etc.) gives a fatal blow for birds to breed or rest. The reed which is a tall herbaceous plant is flourished according to the process of ecological succession. Therefore, the sand bar becomes a land. It results in reduction of habitats and breeding grounds for birds. In conclusion, these areas where birds can use the islets as habits and breeding places must be preserved by restraining luxuriance of reeds and systematic management of human beings and predators is necessary.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.104-116
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• 2019

Background: The composition of wild bird populations in temperate zones greatly varies depending on phenological changes rather than other environmental factors. Particularly, wild birds appearing in wetlands fluctuate greatly due to the crossover of species arriving for breeding during the summer and for wintering. Therefore, to understand the changes to species composition related to phenology, we conducted this basic analysis of populations to further the cause of the protection of wetland-dependent wild birds. Methods: It is wrong to simply divide a wild bird population investigation into seasons. This study identifies species composition and indicator species that change along with seasons. Wetlands to be surveyed are protected by natural monuments and wetland inventory and are in a state close to nature. In order to identify as many species as possible in wetlands, a survey was conducted in both shallow and deep wetlands. The water depth varied in these areas, ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 m, allowing for both dabbling and diving ducks to inhabit the area. Surveys were conducted using line-transect and distance sampling methods and were conducted at intervals of 2 weeks. The survey was conducted under the following three categories: the eco-tone and emergent zone, the submergent zone, and the water surface. The survey was conducted along a wetland boundary by observing wild birds. A PC-ord program was used for clustering, and the SAS program was used to analyze the changes in species composition. The data strongly indicates that day length is the main factor for seasonal migration periods, despite the fact that climate change and increasing temperatures are often discussed. Results and conclusions: The indicator species for determining seasons include migrant birds such as Ardea cinerea, Alcedo atthis, Anas penelope, and Poiceps ruficollis, as well as resident birds such as Streptopelia orientalis and Emberiza elegans. Importantly, increases in local individual counts of these species may also serve as indicators. The survey results of seasonal fluctuations in temperate zones shows that spring (April to June), summer (July to September), autumn (October), and winter (November to March) are clearly distinguishable, even though spring and summer seasons tend to overlap, leading to the conclusion that additional research could more clearly identify fluctuation patterns in species composition and abundance in the study area.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Rice paddies not only produce food but also provides wildlife habitats. Although more than half agricultural land of South Korea is rice paddy, a few studies have been conducted in rice paddy ecosystem. We investigated a status of bird using a rice paddy in South Korea using published data. METHODS AND RESULTS: Birds using a rice paddy have been defined as birds which breed, rest or forage on rice paddy, bank, reservoirs or irrigation ditches. According to the publication from 1980s, birds using a rice paddy were total 47 families 279 species. Scolopacidae and Charadriidae (18%), Falconidae, Accipitridae and Strigidae (12%) and Anatidae (11%) used a rice paddy. Half of bird species using a rice paddy visited a dried rice paddy during the winter and 39.4% of them used a flooded rice paddy in spring, autumn or summer. Dependency on a rice paddy was high in ducks, egrets, cranes, and shorebirds. Population of dabbling ducks has decreased for last 12 years while cranes have increased. CONCLUSION(S): Rice paddies provide both migratory and terrestrial birds including endangered species for habitate all through the year in Korea.