• Survey Research
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.63-86
• /
• 2003

The objective of this study was to investigate the existence of starting point bias in the bidding game contingent valuation elicitation technique when determining willingness to pay (WTP) for improving the qualify of running water in Seoul and its vicinity. Of all existing contingent techniques, the bidding game most closely mimics the normal price taking behavior in local markets. Three different starting points (low, medium and high) were used to determine WTP and the existence of starting point bias in the meanwhile respectively. The respondents were randomly assigned to the three different starting point groups in order to ensure homogeneity, so that any variation seen in WTP could be attributed to the starting point effects. And a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire used to elicit WTP. Non-parametric test and the logit model were used to analyze the data for evidence of starting point bias. In this instance, the high starting point group had a high WTP, and low starting point group had a low WTP. This means there exist starting point bias in estimating WTP by bidding game in this instance. This finding might signal that people may actually be making up their minds on the maximum amount they are willing to pay for running water service as a bidding iterating is going on and is influenced by the starting point used in the bidding game. The problem of slaking point bias can be avoided if the respondent is asked directly for the maximum WTP without payment cards or a bidding game. But such a question is perceived as being very difficult to answer and this leads to problems of non-response and being unrealistic.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.125-139
• /
• 1996

Organizational commitment is characterized by a strong belief in and acceptance of the organization's goal and values ; a willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization ; a strong desire to maintain membership in the organization. The purpose of this study was to identify the variables which influence the organizational commitment and to test the relationship between the clinical nurses' organizational commitment and turnover intention. The subjects were 412 nurses who were working on general wards at three General Hospitals in Chounbuk. The data were collected by self-reporting questionnaire from Sept. 20 to Sept. 31, 1995. The instruments used in this study were Likert-type scale which were Organizational Commitment Scale by Mowday et al, and Turnover Intention Scale by Mobley et al. The questionnaire of organizational characteristics was made through reviewing literature. The data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression with $SPSS-PC^+$ program. Major findings are as follows : 1. Mean scores for organizational commitment were 3.008 and turnover intention 3.167 on a 5 point scale. 2. Age and clinical experience were positively related to organizational commitment(r=.4806, p=.000; r=.4792, p=.000). 3. In the personal variables, hospital type(F=21.374, p=.000), education level(F=5.481, p=.001), position(F=30.867, P=.000), and marital status(t=-5.63, p=.000) of the nurses showed significant differences in organizational commitment. 4. The variables to the organizational characteristic were statistically significant in organizational commitment : formalization(r=.3458, p=.000), human-centered organizational characteristic(r=.4302, p=.000), performance- centered organizational characteristic(r=-.1502, p=.000), payment(r=.2234, p=.000), promotion(r=.2710, p=.000), benefit & service(r=.2325, p=.000), and resource inadequacy(r=-.2172, p=.000). 5. For the purpose of identifying the predicting variables in organizational commitment, stepwise multiple regression is conducted. The results show that age, human-centered organizational characteristic, formalization, hospital type, resource inadequacy, promotion, and benefit & service were significant variables and explained 46% of the variance. 6. Organizational commitment was significantly negatively correlated with turnover intention(r=-.6442, p=.000). As a result of stepwise multiple regression analysis, organizational commitment is the most powerful variable predicting turnover intention and explained 41.5% of the variance. In conclusion, this study shows that the higher the organizational commitment level, the lower the turnover intention. Therefore, for effective turnover management, it is important to improve the organizational commitment among clinical nurses. In order to enhance the organizational commitment by the clinical nurses, it will be useful to consider significant organizational characteristics variables identified in this study.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.239-266
• /
• 2023

This study applied the contingent valuation method (CVM) to measure the benefits from an urban liner park that will be created as part of the Gyeongin Expressway downgrade project by Inchon metropolitan city government. The Incheon city government plans to create a liner park (10.5 km) in the middle of the downgraded road to provide leisure and recreation services to residents, and plans to remove retaining walls and soundproof walls to improve the urban residential environment. Considering the characteristics of a liner park that spans several districts in Incheon city and the downgraded road that will be passed by residents of nearby cities as well as Incheon residents, the target population included residents of part of Seoul and several cities surrounding Incheon. In a CVM survey of 1,000 respondents conducted in April 2018, about 70% of the respondents perceived this project positively. About 50% of 757 respondents, excluding protest bids respondents, were willing to pay additional taxes for this project. The more the respondents favored the creation of a linear park and the more they thought that this project would improve the surrounding residential environment, the more positively they evaluated the additional tax payment. The average annual willingness to pay for this project was about 15,300 won for Incheon residents and 6,800 won for residents of Seoul metropolitan area. It is interesting to observe that residents of Seoul metropolitan area, who are not directly affected by this project, were willing to pay a considerable amount for this project.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.49-55
• /
• 2015

Nanotechnology has been growing constantly and it is becoming the leading technology in scientific research and development. Although nanotechnology has important applications in broad variety of fields without boundary of any particular industrial area, the study of nanotechnology related to its commercialization has been conducted in a few ways. To put that figure in context, this study investigates public and expert perceptions about negative potentials of nanotechnology. Through a series of surveys with public (N = 541) and experts (N = 62), we analyzed about public willingness to pay for nano-applied products. Survey results showed that public and experts preferred nano-applied products in the order of electronics, cosmetics, and food and medicine. Experts express high payment intention to electronics rather than public intention. In addition, the survey results showed the purchasing intention of both public and expert group was affected by the attributes of nano-applied products in the order of risk fatality, risk chance, certification, and labeling. But experts put more importance in risk fatality than risk chance comparing to public. Through the case analysis of the effects of labeling and certification, we revealed either labeling or certification can induce both public and experts to buy the nano-applied products with high risk chance and low risk fatality. However, for the nano-applied product with high risk fatality and low risk chance, both labeling and certification are simultaneously required to make customers have positive purchasing intention. The result of this study could be utilized for the nanotechnology-based company to get the consumer behavior information about nano-based product and to establish their marketing strategy.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.135-145
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study is to present meaningful information and policy implications concerning the determinants of royalties to the government-funded research centers and agencies. These groups are responsible for policies encouraging technology transfer from the public sector to the private sector. To identify key determinants of royalties in technology transfer, this study conducted AHP survey analysis (Survey period: 01/10~31/10, 2016) of 85 companies which were participants of the R&D project "Next Generation BioGreen21" of R.D.A in the "N"center from 2011 to 2015. Research results show that the critical factors include: 1)Technical considerations for determining the profitability of the technologies, 2)The interest and willingness of the management group, 3)Necessity and urgency of technology transfer. These findings suggest three main policy implications. First, the government-funded research centers and agencies should develop technologies that help companies improve their commercialization as well as the profitability in the near future. Second, government-funded research centers and agencies should consider reducing the administrative burden of the royalty payment for private companies. Third, public R&D projects should reflect the proper research schedule for technology development on the basis of the R&D time span of companies which transfer technology.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.70-78
• /
• 2018

Recently, the conservation of mountainous landscape and compensation for diverse demands for mountain areas such as leisure, recreation and welfare are under discussion. The purpose of this study is to investigation the perception of mountainous landscapes by those who view and recognize the landscapes and to estimate economic value by estimating the willingness to pay for the management of mountainous landscapes. This study will provide data for the management of mountainous landscapes. As a result of comparing the perception between the territorial landscape and the mountain landscape, the mountain scenery was 3.96, the management level satisfaction was 3.28, and the management necessity was 4.38, which was higher than the national landscape, while the national landscape was satisfactory but the management level was insufficient. Jeju Island (39.0%) and Gangwon (38.6%) were chosen as the most scenic areas with beautiful forest and mountainous landscape resources. The aesthetic characteristics of the vast skyline of mountain scenery, the background of the area, and the mountainous landscape that forms the landmark were evaluated highly. And, it is considered that consciousness of mountainous landscape management is heightened by 86.8% of respondents, who positively answered the Mountainous Landscape Visual Impact Assessment before the development project. The per capita payment amount for mountainous landscape management was calculated to be 3,742 won and, based on the number of visitors to the mountain National Parks in 2016, it is estimated to have an economic value of about 169.5 billion won. Policymakers have limitations in the mountainous landscape management policies of the administrative subject. Establishing a consensus on the importance and necessity of landscape management by diagnosing the status of public perception is expected to help create more effective policy direction and implement strategies for the management of these areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.43 no.11
• /
• pp.1766-1773
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this research was to scrutinize dieticians' perspective of seafood ingredients prices in school food-service. Suppliers' contract status, seafood ingredient usage and satisfaction, expectations regarding prices of seafood ingredients, and willingness to pay when HACCP is taken into account were studied. Through random sampling, the survey was conducted on 231 dieticians in 11 different educational districts and 12 elementary, six middle, and three high schools. Ultimately, 142 survey responses were taken into account. Data analysis was performed using SPSS v15.0 by descriptive analysis, ${\chi}^2$-test, and t-test. For contracts regarding seafood ingredients, competitive contracts composed 79.7%. Exactly 42.1% responded that contracts were breached, and 60.1% testified that product returns were due to excessive glazing of ingredients. The satisfaction rate of 'hygiene & sanitation of product' was the highest, whereas 'price of product' was the lowest. For 'recontracting intention', 'informal purchasing' showed higher rates compared to 'competitive bidding'. Reflecting upon the six main price factors, 'designation and maintenance of HACCP', 'price of raw seafood ingredients', 'processing costs', 'margin', 'logistic costs', and 'cost of standardizing seafood ingredients', dieticians' perceived 'impact on the anticipated price' on total cost was lower than present counterparts. This implicates that 'impact on the present price' of the six price factors is too excessive, suggesting that many dieticians are unsatisfied with the current prices of seafood ingredients. Furthermore, 52.8% of dieticians stated that the maximum additional payment of HACCP seafood ingredients should be less than 5%. Consequently, this research serves as basic information for reasonable pricing of seafood ingredients and contributes to increased seafood usage by school food-services.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 2012

Objective : To investigate the current status of prescription drugs in Oriental medical institutes and to draw up a future plan for the revitalization of Oriental medical health insurance, this survey has been performed. Method : The survey has been made with 321 doctors working at Oriental medical institutes in Daegu and Kyungbuk areas for a period of 3 month from June 1, 2010 until September 1, 2010. Result : 1. When it comes to the current status of the use of herbal drugs in Oriental Health insurance, most of doctors surveyed prescribe insurance drugs, and they prescribe insurance drugs to patients, who are less than 20% of total patients visiting their clinics. 2. The awareness of Herbal Health Care Drugs is investigated. When it comes to the understanding of the difference between insurance drugs(powder type drugs) and granular type drugs, doctors admit that they differ only in one aspect, whether or not their being covered by health insurance. Based on the survey results on the understanding of insurance coverage of granular type drugs, doctors, even though they long for granular type drugs to be accepted as insurance drugs, are worrying whether the number of outpatients might dwindle due to increased insurance co-payments. They also point out that the biggest obstacles in the expansion of the granular type drugs as insurance drugs are the lack of understanding of the government and the objection of the Health Insurance Review and Assesment service (HIRA) for fear of increased insurance claims. 3. Upon investigation on Oriental medicine doctors' understandings of herbal pharmaceutical industry, it is found that doctors' responses on pharmaceutical industry are not all positive ones('new product development and neglect of R&D infrastructure' and 'smallness of industry'). When it is investigated what area needs the greatest improvement in herbal pharmaceutical industry, 'securing sufficient capital, good manufacturing, and strengthening quality control', is the highest. 4. When it is asked what are the most needed in order to improve herbal health insurance medicine, responses such as 'the increase in the accessibility to and the utilization of Oriental medical clinics through the diversification of the means of prescriptions', 'the improvement of insurance benefits(cap adjustments)', 'increase the proportion of high quality medicinal plants', 'the ceiling of co-payments(deductible) at 20,000 won or more', 'expansion of the choices of formulations', 'formulational expansions of tablets and pills', and finally 'admittance and expansion of granular type drug as insurance drug' are the highest. 5. Upon investigating the general characteristics of the current status of the usage of Oriental health care herbal drugs, the followings are observed. First, the frequency of use of health insurance drugs by the doctors who use health insurance with general characteristics shows similar differences in case of total monthly sales amount (p<0.001), average number of daily patients (p<0.05). Secondly, as to the willingness of the expanded usage of insurance drugs, similar differences are observed in case of total monthly sales amount (p<0.05). 6. Upon investigating the general characteristics of the perception of Herbal health care drugs, the followings are observed. First, inspecting general characteristics and insurance claims due to increased co-payments(deductible amount) reveals similar differences in case of working period (p<0.01) and in case of total monthly sales amount (p <0.01). Secondly, inspecting general characteristics and the obstacles that hinder granular type drugs from being accepted as health care insurance drugs shows similar differences in case of working period (p<0.05). 7. Upon investigating the general characteristics of the understanding of Oriental Herbal pharmaceutical companies, the followings are observed. First, opinions on the general characteristics of pharmaceutical companies, when examined with variance analysis, shows similar differences in case of total monthly sales amount (p<0.05). Secondly, when opinions are examined on general characteristics and the problems of herbal pharmaceutical companies, similar differences are found in case of working period (p<0.01) and in case of total monthly sales amount (p<0.001). Lastly, opinions on the general characteristics and reforms of pharmaceutical companies, similar differences are observed in case of working period (p<0.001). 8. Upon investigating the general characteristics of the improvement of insurance Herbal drugs, the followings are observed. First, regarding general characteristics and insurance benefits, similar differences are observed in case of working period (p<0.05), in case of total monthly sales amount (p<0.05), and in case of average number of daily patients (p<0.01). Secondly, opinions on the general characteristics and the needs for the improvement of Herbal insurance drugs are examined in 5 different aspects, which are the approval of granular type drugs as insurance drugs, the expanded practices of the number of prescription insurance drugs, the needs of a variety of formulations, the needs of TFT of which numbers of Oriental medical doctors are members for the revision of the existing system, and the needs of adjusting the current ceiling of the fixed amount and the fixed rate. When processed by the analysis of variance, the results show similar differences in case of average number of daily patients (p<0.01). Conclusion : From the results of this study the first measures to take are, to reform overall insurance benefit system, including insurance co-payment system(fixed rate cap adjustment), to expand the number of the herbal drugs to be prescribed matching with insurance benefit accordingly, and to revitalize herbal medicine insurance system through the change of various formulations. In addition, it is recommended to improve the effectiveness of herbal medicine by making plans to enhance the efficacy of herbal medicine and by enabling small pharmaceutical companies to outgrow themselves.