• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.125-135
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the present state of e-business according to the establishment year and the sales approach of Dongdaemun clothing market and to present problems according to e-business activation of it and its developmental direction. The subjects for this study were selected out of Dongdaemun clothing markets being considered as more fashion-oriented markets and were divided into two categories both according to the establishment year and according to the sales approach. As a result, Dongdaemun clothing markets are mainly divided into traditional wholesale market, eastern wholesale & retail market, and western retail market and having dealings with each other according to the market's characteristics. The utility percentage of on-line e-business according to the establishment year and the sales approach showed that traditional wholesale market was 42%, eastern wholesale & retail market 0.75%, and western retail market 11%. This result indicated that the utility percentage of traditional wholesale market showed much higher than eastern wholesale & retail market and western retail market. This would be because the structural characteristics of clothing market delayed the utility of e-business. For the problems on the utility of on-line e-business through counselling, traditional wholesale market showed much higher than wholesale & retail market and retail market because it had little problems on design imitation in retail market due to export by order and mass production. The problems of low utility of on-line e-business in Dongdaemun clothing market would result from well-timed on-line update according to rapid goods cycle, constant satisfaction for additional order, standardization of size and quality, and inexpensive internet purchase despite of express expense.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.15-23
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aims to identify the role of technological progress in the distribution sector in Saudi Arabia. Research design, data, and methodology: The study applies the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to estimate the Cobb Douglas production function of the wholesale and retail trade sector in Saudi Arabia, relied on annual data from the General Authority for Statistics from 2005 to 2019. Results: The results show that there is a long run relationship between the production of the wholesale and retail trade sector in KSA and the factors of production labour, capital and technology progress. The elasticity of the wholesale and retail trade production with respect to capital and labour are 0.26 and 0.78 respectively; the coefficients are positive and statistically significant. The wholesale and retail trade sector is operating under increasing returns to scale. The main result indicates that the elasticity of the wholesale and retail production with respect to the technology progress is 4.62%, which is positive and statistically significant. Conclusions: The study concluded that technological progress has a positive contribution to the growth of the distribution sector in KSA. Therefore, the technological progress can improve the productivity and efficiency of the resources allocated to the dis.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.567-576
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• 2020

One of the main challenges receiving much attention in the Rwandan agriculture and food industry in recent decades is the increases in maize prices. Indeed, a rise in maize prices causes higher living expenses for households because maize, which is a major staple food crop, constitutes a significant share of total food consumption among households in Rwanda. The aim of this study was to assess the extent of integration and how prices are transmitted between retail and wholesale markets of domestic maize in Rwanda. This study used monthly data of retail and wholesale prices of maize from January 1995 to December 2019. This empirical investigation was based on a linear cointegration approach and an asymmetric error correction model framework. Using the augmented dickey-fuller residual-based test and the Johansen Maximum Likelihood cointegration test, the results revealed that the retail and wholesale markets of maize are integrated. Hence, prices in these markets do not drift apart in the long run. The results of the Granger causality test revealed that there is a unidirectional causal relationship flowing from wholesale prices to retail prices, i.e., wholesale prices influence retail prices. Accordingly, the results from the asymmetric error correction model confirmed the presence of a positive asymmetric price transmission between wholesale and retail prices of maize in Rwanda. Thus, we suggest that policymakers take a critical look at the causes and factors that may influence asymmetry price transmission.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.15-23
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• 2002

The purpose of the study was to examine how shoppers perceive and are influenced by crowding in apparel retail environment. Because shopping occurs in a spatially defined environment within a relatively short time, both crowding and the consequences of experiencing it are very important to retailers and researchers. The study explores the consequences of retail crowding in terms of shoppers' perception of store image, shopping enjoyment, and repurchase intention across two retail types, department stores and wholesale markets. The result showed that if shoppers perceived lower level of crowding, they perceived more positive store image, and spent more time in department stores. However, interestingly, retail crowding didn't influence store image of wholesale markets. Rather, if shoppers perceived higher level of crowding in wholesale markets, they had higher level of shopping enjoyment and repurchase intention. This can be interpreted as shoppers consider the crowding of retail environment as a token of attractive shopping places in terms of better deals and good quality in case of wholesale markets.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.83-91
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• 2023

Purpose: Increasing their motivation and job satisfaction, employees in the distribution channel may be better able to interact with consumers and provide a more satisfying experience. Thus, increasing employee engagement in the supply chain necessitates a complex strategy considering the distinctive features of wholesale and retail markets. This study investigates how to boost employees' motivation in the supply chain based on the difference between wholesale and retail market. Research design, data, and methodology: The prior study analysis is a useful tool to take a look at relevant previous works via a significant screening and selecting strategy. The Key words based on the topic of the research have used, such as 'Employee Motivation', 'Supply Chain', 'Wholesale' and 'Retail' worker. Results: The findings of this research strongly indicates that motivating employees is essential for the efficient operation of supply chain activities as they continue to expand and become more complicated. The supply chain's two main segments are the wholesale and retail markets, each with distinct characteristics. Conclusions: This research focused exclusively on the factors that motivate supply chain workers, ignoring job satisfaction, corporate culture, and managerial style, which may affect employee motivation. These factors also have the potential to impact employee motivation and should be considered in subsequent research.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.571-583
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to explore the dynamic properties of causality and asymmetric price transmission in the distributional channel of the tomato market in Korea. Using the wholesale and retail price series of the tomato market, we obtain the following results. First, the price transmission mechanism reveals the causal relationship channeling from the wholesale price to the retail price. Second, we find an asymmetric price transmission from the analysis using the threshold partial adjustment model. The retail price responds strongly when the wholesale price increases. On the other hand, the retail price shows sluggish adjustment when the wholesale price decreases.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.217-231
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• 2012

In the past, companies should make enormous facility investment and acquire a right to do business in order to join communication markets, but now they can do business without important facilities, such as communication networks. Such a movement to ease regulations about companies which want to newly join the communication industry is expected not only to change a competition frame of the mobile communication market but also to greatly affect the entire communication industry. Through this study aiming to look into a way to calculate a reasonable wholesale price related to the government's introduction of the Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) system, I came up with a following result. I applied the operating profit percentage and the ratio of operating gain to cost to the cost plus model and retail minus model, respectively, to calculate the wholesale price and found that when I calculated with the cost plus model applying the operating profit percentage, I could get the highest wholesale price. On the other hand, I got the lowest wholesale price with the retail minus model by applying the operating profit percentage. Division of expenses and calculation of profit percentage are important factors in calculating the wholesale price and such results are expected to help accurate calculation of the MVNO wholesale price.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.119-127
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) of wholesale and retail brokerage businesses in Korea. And give managerial implications and contribute to academics. Research design, data and methodology: This research empirically analyzes the relationship between expenses and business performance. As for business performance, this research considered two financial performances; sales and profit. As for antecedent variables, this research measured three cost investment expenses; human resource management (HRM), marketing (MKT) and corporate social responsibility (CSR). This research used frequency analysis, correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis and curve estimation analysis. Results: The result shows that HRM and CSR positive significant influence on sales yet marketing negatively significant influence on sales. And for profit, HRM and CSR give a positive significant influence. However, marketing's influence was not significant. According to curve estimation analysis, the relation between individual cost and performance, best functional relation was all quadratic functions. Some results show ∩ shape and others show shape. Conclusions: Based on this study result, implications for practical management to Wholesale and Retail Brokerage companies in Korea. And the contribution to academics is expected. Also, based on the limitation of this study, future research is suggested.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.59-67
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• 2020

Purpose: This study examines the relationship between formation of employment subcenters and regional industrial structures in Incheon. Research design, data, and methodology: We used the five-year panel data from 2012 to 2016 in 146 basic municipal units of Incheon to analyze panel regression models. Gross employment density and employment to population ratio were used as indicators of employment subcenters formation. The entropy index and Hachman index were used for analyzing the diversity and heterogeneity of industrial structures. Result: The analyses of two panel regression models showed that for the formation of employment subcenters, both the Entropy and Hachman index were significantly negative in most models. But tertiary industry was shown to have a significant positive relationship in all models. In the wholesale and retail sector, it was found that the average number of employees in the employment subcenters is significantly higher than that in the non-employment subcenters. Conclusions: The specialization of the industrial structure rather than the diversification contributes to the formation of the employment subcenters in Incheon. In particular, it can be considered that the wholesale and retail sector plays a very important role in forming the employment subcenters in many areas of Incheon.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.201-211
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• 2010

This paper estimates the degree of market power of marketers in the Korean beef market, especially focusing on wholesale and retail marketing levels. Prices in various marketing levels show that there is a possibility of more price differentials than marketing costs in the Korean beef market. Annual price and quantity data are used to estimate the degree of market power in the wholesale and retail levels. The empirical results show that the domestic beef retail market is far from perfect competition and the wholesale market is relatively near to perfect competition.