• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.362-366
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• 2013

This experiment was conducted to obtain basic a information on feed value and fermentative quality of whole crop barley with different harvesting time and making method. As a result, in case of feed value, crude protein, NDF and ADF content were decreased with late harvest, but TDN was increased. In the silage, the results were similar and these patterns showed the same before and after the silage making. Thus, there was no significantly difference in bale and chopper. In case of fermentative quality, pH of the silages showed increasing with late harvesting time but the contents of organic acid did lower, and those tendencies were the same in both bale and chopper condition. But the lactic acid content were approximately 23 percent higher in chopped condition. In conclusion, ensiling at yellow ripe stage is better than other stages, chopped ensiling could improve fermentation quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1265-1272
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• 2016

The present study evaluated the effects of different cutting height on nutritive value, fermentation quality, in vitro and in vivo digestibility of whole crop barley silage. Whole crop barley forage (Yuyeon hybrid) was harvested at height of 5, 10, and 15 cm from the ground level. Each cutting height was rolled to make round bale and ensiled for 100 days. After 100 days of ensiling, pH of silage was lower (p<0.05) in 5 cm, but no difference between 10 and 15 cm of cutting height. The content of lactate and lactate to acetate ratio were increased (p<0.05) in 5 cm of cutting height, whereas the acetate content was higher (p<0.05) in 10 and 15 cm than that of 5 cm cutting height. Aerobic stability was greater (p<0.05) in silages of 10 and 15 cm of cutting height. Three total mixed rations (TMR) were formulated with silages from the three different cutting heights (TMR5, TMR10, and TMR15) incorporated as forage at 70:30 ratio with concentrate (dry matter [DM] basis). In vitro dry matter digestibility was higher (p<0.05) in the TMR5 and TMR10 than that in TMR15, whereas in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility was higher (p<0.05) in the TMR10 and TMR15 than that in TMR5. Concentration of $NH_3-N$ was highest (p<0.05) in the TMR10 followed by TMR15 and TMR5. Total volatile fatty acid was decreased (p<0.05) with increased cutting height. The digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber were highest (p<0.05) in TMR15, than those in TMR5 and TMR10, whereas acid detergent fiber digestibility was higher (p<0.05) in TMR5 than that in TMR10. The results showed that increasing cutting height, at least up to 10 to 15 cm, of whole crop barley forage at harvest (Yuyeon) may be beneficial for making silage for TMR formulation and increasing digestibility of DM and NDF.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2010

This experiment was carried out to estimate the nutritive value of mixed-sowing winter forage crop and whole crop barley by investigating the effects of feeding mixed-sowing winter forage crop and whole crop barley in KBG (Korean black goat) on feed intake, average daily body weight gain, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention. The 12 male KBG were divided into four experimental groups - i.e. T1: barley silage added group, T2: mixed-sowing hairy vetch silage added group, T3: mixed-sowing field peas added silage, T4: mixed-sowing Italian rye grass added silage group. Three KBG per each treatment were allotted into individual metabolic cages by Latin-square design. The results from this study are as follow. The DMI (dry matter intake) and organic matter intake in T4 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in T1 and T3 and crude protein intake in T4 also recorded the highest among treatments (p<0.05). The highest values in intakes of ADF and NDF were observed in T4 followed by T2, T1 and T3 in order. The average daily body weight gains in T4 and T2 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in TI and T3. The dry and organic matter digestibility in T2 and T4 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in T1 and T3. The crude protein digestibility in T1 was significantly (p<0.05) lower than those in T2 and T4. The nitrogen intakes in T2 and T4 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in T3. The results obtained from this study suggested that the feeds supplemented with whole crop barley with hairy vetch and Italian rye grass mixture silage increased KBG productivity resulted from increases in feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.187-188
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• 2003

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.213.2-213.2
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• 2007

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.264-270
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the optimal harvesting time, feed value and fermentation quality of barley and wheat for the making of chopped whole crop silage substitute for formula feed. As a result, the moisture content of barley and wheat decreased with a late harvest, and barley progressed faster than wheat. The plant height was similar with harvesting time, and the number of spikes decreased with prolonged period after heading. The dry matter yield and TDN yield of barley harvested at 35 and 40 days after heading were significantly higher than those at 30 days after heading and wheat was significantly higher at 40 and 45 days than at 35 day after heading(p<0.05). Crude protein content of barley and wheat were increased with later harvesting time, and crude fiber, crude fat and crude ash were slightly decreased, but not statistically significant. NDF and ADF content of barley decreased with later harvesting time, and those showed similar level in wheat. TDN content of barely was slightly increased but there was no difference in wheat. Comparing the effects of fermentation on feed value of chopped whole crop silage, the approximate compositions were slightly increased after fermentation, but the difference was not significant. Fermentations resulted in increasing the pH value of barley silage with late harvesting time, but decreasing the lactic acid content(p<0.05). A pH value of wheat silage showed similar level in different harvest time, and lactic acid content was decreased. Considering the quantity and quality of fermentation, barley and wheat can be used for making chopped silage of whole crop silage when they were harvested at 35 days and 40~45 days after heading, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.96-102
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• 2022

The present study investigated effects of microbial additives and silo density on chemical compositions, fermentation indices, and aerobic stability of whole crop rice (WCR) silage. The WCR ("Youngwoo") was harvested at 49.7% dry matter (DM), and ensiled into 500 kg bale silo with two different compaction pressures at 430 kgf (kilogram-force)/cm² (LOW) and 760 kgf/cm² (HIGH) densities. All WCR forage were applied distilled water (CON) or mixed inoculants (Lactobacillus brevis 5M2 and Lactobacillus buchneri 6M1) with 1:1 ratio at 1x105 colony forming unit/g (INO). The concentrations of DM, crude protein, ether extract, crude ash, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber of whole crop rice before ensiling were 49.7, 9.59, 2.85, 6.74, 39.7, and 21.9%, respectively. Microbial additives and silo density did not affect the chemical compositions of WCR silage (p>0.05). The INO silages had lower lactate (p<0.001), but higher propionate (p<0.001). The LOW silages had higher lactate (p=0.004). The INO silages had higher yeast count (p<0.001) and aerobic stability (p<0.001). However, microbial counts and aerobic stability were not affected by silo density. Therefore, this study concluded that fermentation quality of WCR silage improved by microbial additives, but no effects by silo density.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.343-354
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• 2010

The present study was conducted to examine the fermentation characteristics and effective degradability (ED) in the rumen, and whole tract digestibility of whole crop silage based TMR in comparison with conventional separate feeding of concentrate and roughage. Three ruminally fistulated non-lactating Holstein cattle were used in a 3 $\times$ 3 Latin square design. The cattle were fed 8kg of whole crop barley silage based TMR (BS-TMR) or 8kg (DM basis) of whole crop rye silage based TMR (RS-TMR) twice (08:00 and 18:00) daily in an equal amount. The cattle were also fed concentrate (5.6kg) and rice straw (1.4kg) seperately (DM basis, Control) twice daily in an equal amount. The both silages were included in TMR at 20% level (as fed basis). pH in the rumen fluid was not influenced by the diets but was slightly higher from TMR than from control. No difference was found in ammonia-N concentration between diets. Total VFA concentration was relatively increased in the cattle fed RS-TMR to the other diets up to 6h post feeding. The proportion of acetate was increased in the TMR feeding at right before feeding (0 h, p<0.005) and 9 h (p<0.048) post feeding compared with control. Propionate proportion was increased (p<0.046) in both TMRs while butyrate proportion was increased (p<0.029) at 1h post feeding compared to other diets. Effective degradability (ED) of DM and CP of RS-TMR was relatively increased to other diets, and EDNDF of both TMRs was higher than that of control diet due to the increased parameters b (p<0.039) and c (p<0.006) in TMR treatments. Whole track digestibility of most components in the TMRs was slightly increased compared to that in control diet, and RS-TMR had a tendency to be increased whole track digestibility except for NDF compared to BS-TMR. Based on the results observed from the present study, nutrient availability of whole crop silage based TMR looked slightly better than conventional separate feeding of concentrate and rice straw, mainly due to the improved stabilization of fermentation in the rumen and increased NDF digestibility of whole crop silage in TMR.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2017

This study aimed to determine the optimal harvesting time for covered barley to make grain silage, in Honam region of Korea. We harvested six varieties of barley every third day from 24 to 42 days after heading (DAH). The moisture content decreased from 62.4% at 24 DAH to 24% at 42 DAH. The moisture content at 36 DAH was 44.3%; however, moisture content at 39 and 42 DAH was lower than 40%. Yield of covered barley significantly increased from 24 to 42 DAH (p < 0.05). Yield at 36 DAH (557 kg/10a) was not significantly different from that at 39 and 42 DAH (p < 0.05). With respect to the feed value of barley grain silage, the amount of crude fiber and crude ash was different by harvesting time (p < 0.05). However, the amount of crude protein, crude fat, and total digestible nutrients (TDN) from 24 and 42 DAH was not significantly different. The pH of grain silage from 24 to 42 DAH was between 3.8 and 4.2 and it was stable until 36 DAH (p < 0.05). However, the pH of grain silage at 39 and 42 DAH was 5.2 and 5.8, respectively, which was higher than the pH of silage with good fermentation quality. The lactic acid content of barley grain silage from 24 to 42 DAH decreased from 5.5% to 0.5% (p < 0.05). The amount of lactic acid at 36 DAH was higher than that at 39 and 42 DAH (p < 0.05). With respect to moisture content, yield, feed value, and fermentation, the optimal harvesting time for grain silage of covered barley was 36 DAH. This could increase the use efficiency of harvesting machine for barley and reduce the harvesting time gap between whole barley silage and grain silage in Korea. Moreover, using barley grain silage for animal feed could reduce the import of corn.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1374-1380
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• 2012

The changes in yields and nutritive composition of whole crop wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during maturation and effects of maturity stage and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability were investigated under laboratory conditions. Whole crop wheat harvested at three maturation stages: flowering stage, milk stage and dough stage. Two strains of LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum: LAB1, Lactobacillus parafarraqinis: LAB2) were inoculated for wheat ensiling at $1.0{\times}10^5$ colony forming units per gram of fresh forage. The results indicated that wheat had higher dry matter yields at the milk and dough stages. The highest water-soluble carbohydrates content, crude protein yields and relative feed value of wheat were obtained at the milk stage, while contents of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were the lowest, compared to the flowering and dough stages. Lactic acid contents of wheat silage significantly decreased with maturity. Inoculating homofermentative LAB1 markedly reduced pH values and ammonia-nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) content (p<0.05) of silages at three maturity stages compared with their corresponding controls. Inoculating heterofermentative LAB2 did not significantly influence pH values, whereas it notably lowered lactic acid and $NH_3$-N content (p<0.05) and effectively improved the aerobic stability of silages. In conclusion, considering both yields and nutritive value, whole crop wheat as forage should be harvested at the milk stage. Inoculating LAB1 improved the fermentation quality, while inoculating LAB2 enhanced the aerobic stability of wheat silages at different maturity stages.