• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.438-447
• /
• 2008

"Gyuhapchongseo" was published in 1809, and introduced the cooking method of the noble class in the late Joseon dynasty. The characteristics of the side dishes in "Gyuhapchongseo" are as follows. Firstly, red pepper was used as whole red pepper, shredded red pepper, powdered red pepper, or Korean hot pepper paste. Secondly, salt-fermented fish was used in some forms of Kimchi, including Sukbakgi, Dong A Sukbakgi, and Gyochimhae. Thirdly, to retain the juiciness of meat during roasting, meat was spread cold water on the surface, dipped into the washing water of rice or wrapped with wet paper. Fourth, to improve the visual effect of a dish, cooked foods were displayed with various color schemes, panfried foods with two tones (egg white and yellow) of color on each side and the use of radish pigmented with deep red color. On examination of the characteristics of food in "Gyuhapchongseo", I would suggest applicable practices for the present cuisine. The use of gravy produced from the boiling down of fish flesh could raise the nutritive value of Kimchi. In "Gyuhapchongseo", Yak po (semi-dried minced beef) is noted as being good for elderly people with bad teeth. A steamed dish with dog meat in Dong A in "Gyuhapchongseo" is made by hollowing out Dong A and putting a dog in it to cook the dog meat to well done in a fire made with the hulls of rice. This technique could be used to present cuisine for steamed and roasted dishes using food ingredients such as pumpkin, sweet pumpkin, and overripe cucumber.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.51 no.4
• /
• pp.330-339
• /
• 2018

Purpose: This study examined the dietary habits and nutritional status of young children in Korea. Methods: Data were collected from the 2013 ~ 2015 KNHNES (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) by health behavior interviews and the 24-hour dietary recall method. This study included 1,214 (445 aged 1 ~ 2 years, 769 aged 3 ~ 5 years) young children aged 1 ~ 5 years. To analyze the dietary status of young children, the general characteristics of young children and their mothers, their dietary behaviors and health factors, and nutritional status and frequently consumed foods were analyzed. Results: The starting time of bovine milk and weaning were 14 ~ 15 months and 6.2 months, respectively. Eighty two percent of young children ate breakfast 5 ~ 7 times per week while only 2.3% of them skipped breakfast. The highest percentage (35.8%) of the frequency of eating-out was 5 ~ 6 times per week. The prevalence of asthma, atopy, and allergic rhinitis was significantly higher in young children 3 ~ 5 years old than in those 1 ~ 2 years old. The subjects with lower recommended energy intake were 44.1% and 57.4% of young children 1 ~ 2 years old and 3 ~ 5 years old, respectively. Most nutrients except calcium and potassium were taken enough. For the intakes of calcium and potassium, 51% and 64% of young children 1 ~ 2 years and 3 ~ 5 years old, respectively, were taking less than the recommended calcium intake, and 79.5% and 75.5% of young children 1 ~ 2 years and 3 ~ 5 years old, respectively, did not meet the recommended potassium intake. The frequently consumed foods of young children 1 ~ 2 years old were milk, white rice, apple, curd yogurt, and egg, and those of 3 ~ 5 years old children were milk, white rice, apple, egg, and mandarin. Conclusion: The results of this study can be used to provide basic data for the nutritional education of mothers and teachers and assist in the development of sustainable dietary programs for young children.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.19-32
• /
• 1977

The specificity of the N- and C-terminal antigenic determinant($P_{17}$: sequence $Lys^1-{cys-}^6-Asn^{27},\;{Trp^{12}}_2-Cys^{127}-Leu^{129}$) of hen egg-white lysozyme(HL) was studied in more detail. In a Scatchard plot of the binding of $^{14}C$-acetyl HL with guinea pig purified anti-$P_{17}$ antibody experimental values bent sharply aear r=1. This suggests of two antibody populations with different affinities for HL or possible steric hindrance in the binding of a second HL molecule to the second binding site of the antibody molecule. The antigenic activities of various peptides were tested by measuring their inhibition of the binding of $^{14}C-acetyl-P_{17}$ with the antibody, Only $P_{17}$ and $P_{17}t$(sequence $Lys^1-cys^6-Homoser^{12},\;Trp^{123}-Cys^{127}-Leu^{128})$) were inhibitory, with $K_1$ values of $2.0{\times}10^4$ and $8.1{\times}10^3$, respectively. These results indicate that the direct binding site of $P_{17}$ to anti-$P_{17}$ antibody may be located in the terminal portion of $P_{17}$ (sequence $Lys^1-Cys^6-Homoser^{12},\;Trp^{123}-Cys^{127}-Leu^{129})$) while the rest of $P_{17}$ may be important in maintaining the conformation of this determinant. The single disulphide bond involved in this determinant is essential for manifestation of immunological activity.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.227-235
• /
• 2009

Many of the protective functions of saliva can be attributed to the biological, physical, structural, and rheological characteristics of salivary glycoproteins. Therefore, the development of ideal saliva substitutes requires understanding of the rheological as well as biological properties of human saliva. In the present study, we investigated the changes of salivary enzymatic activities by saliva substitutes and compared viscosity of saliva substitutes with human saliva. Five kinds of saliva substitutes such as Moi-Stir, Stoppers4, MouthKote, Saliva Orthana, and SNU were used. Lysozyme activity was determined by the turbidimetric method. Peroxidase activity was determined with an NbsSCN assay. $\alpha$-Amylase activity was determined using a chromogenic substrate, 2-chloro-p-nitrophenol linked with maltotriose. The pH values of saliva substitutes were measured and their viscosity values were measured with a cone-and-plate digital viscometer at six different shear rates. Various types of saliva substitutes affected the activities of salivary enzymes in different ways. Stoppers4 enhanced the enzymatic activities of hen egg-white lysozyme, bovine lactoperoxidase (bLP), and $\alpha$-amylase. Saliva Orthana and SNU inhibited bLP activity and enhanced $\alpha$-amylase activity. MouthKote inhibited $\alpha$-amylase activity. Moi-Stir inhibited the enzymatic activities of bLP and $\alpha$-amylase. The pH values were very different according to the types of saliva substitutes. Stoppers4, MouthKote, and Saliva Orthana showed lower values of viscosity at low shear rates and higher values of viscosity at high shear rates compared with unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva. Moi-Stir and SNU displayed much higher values of viscosity than those of natural whole saliva. Collectively, our results indicate that each saliva substitute has its own biological and rheological characteristics. Each saliva substitute affects the enzymatic activity of salivary enzyme and finally oral health in different ways.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.273-279
• /
• 2016

Recently, it was reported that certain polymorphisms in the growth hormone secretagogue receptor gene (GHSR) are associated with the growth of chickens. However, the correlation between GHSR polymorphisms and economic traits has not been investigated in Korean native chickens (KNCs). Therefore, the objective of this study was to confirm the suitability of the GHSR gene as a candidate for genomic selection and identify a genetic marker for KNCs. A total of 220 KNCs from six breeds raised at the National Institute of Animal Science were genotyped for the c.739+726 SNP in the GHSR gene using polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and the sequence for a subset of 30 birds was analyzed using direct sequencing. The association between the SNP genotypes and the economic traits of the KNCs was analyzed using the statistical package for the social science (SPSS) software program. The association analysis between the c.739+726T>C SNP and economic traits revealed that the SNP was significantly associated with body weight at 150 and 270 days (BW150 and BW270, respectively) in all KNCs (p<0.01), BW150 in KNC (Gary) (p<0.05), and egg production number in KNC (White, p<0.05). In addition, the SNPs discovered using direct sequencing (513A>G, 517A>T) had a significant effect on the body weight and egg production traits (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results might be useful as a basis for studies on the improvement of KNC breeds. Furthermore, these results suggest that the SNPs (c.739+726T>C, 513A>G, and 517A>T) located in the GHSR gene could be useful molecular genetic markers for KNCs.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.96-105
• /
• 2007

A pair of maroon clownfishes with an indonesian native, reared in recirculation culture system to develope its aquaculture techniques. Courtship, spawning behavior, egg developments and rearing of the maroon clownfish larvae were documented. The larval development were described with illustrative figures. The spawning was occurred 8 times between Feburary and August 2004. The gravid female spawned during 15:00-20:00. The male mainly took care of the eggs supplying oxygen by water currents using their pectoral fins, anal fin and mouth. The fertilized eggs were separative-adhesive and oval in shape, and $1.99{\pm}0.03\;mm$ in longer diameter and $0.88{\pm}0.03\;mm$ in shorter diameter. The fertilized eggs were in deep-orange color. Cleavage occurred in 30 minutes after fertilization, and the egg reached 2 cells stage in 1 hour 10 minutes after fertilization at $27.0^{\circ}{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$. The embryo was formed in 23 hours 40 minutes after fertilization. Hatching began in between $120{\pm}2$ hours and $150{\pm}12$ hours after fertilization at $27.0^{\circ}C$ in the incubator. Total length (TL) of the newly hatched larvae was 3.22 mm with mouth and anus opened. Ten days after hatching, mean TL of the larvae were 6.21 mm with 28 dorsal fin rays, 17 anal fin rays and 28 caudal fin rays. Nineteen days after hatching, mean TL of the larvae were 9.34 mm. At this stage the larva had three white bands on the body, and they began to feed on commercial diet.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.177-185
• /
• 1992

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between frequency of soft and broken eggs and the economic traits for colored laying hens using the data sampled 7 times in Korea from 1985 to 1991. In addition, the correlation coefficients of frequency of soft and broken eggs on the economic traits for colored laying hens in order to decrease the frequency of soft and broken eggs were studied. The results obtained were summarized as follows ： 1. For colored laying hens, mean of the sexual maturity(SM) was 163.6 days, hen-day egg Production(HDEP) was 79.49％, hen-housed egg Production(HHEP) was 272.9 eggs, egg weight (EW) was 62.69g and the frequency of soft and broken eggs was 1.363％ during 18∼72wks. For white laying hens, SM was 157.2 days, HDEP was 77.87％, HHEP was 265.1 eggs, EW was 60. 26g and the frequency of soft and broken eggs (FSBE) was 1.174％ during 18∼72wks. 2. Statistical significances were observed in laying viability, SM, HDEP, FR, BW and FSBE during 18 ∼72wks and 18 ∼78wks by year for colored laying hens. 3. Sexual maturity was shortened from 168.5 days to 155.9 days. FSBE decreased from 1.4∼l.69％ to 0.94∼o.89％ during 18∼72wks, and HDEP was increased from 74.5∼75.1％ to 77.8∼80.6％, HHEP was increased to 302.0∼304.6 eggs and FSBE was increased from 1.54∼2.02％ to 0.98％ during 18∼78wks in colored laying hens. 4. Estimate of correlation coefficients between FSBE and trait of SM, EW, 72 wks BW were 0.3985, 0.1072, 0.4225, and those of HDEP, HHEP, FR were -0.5662, -2896, -0.245 during 18∼72wks In colored laying hens, respectively. 5. Estimate of correlation coefficients between FSBE and traits of SM, EW, 78wks BW were 0.3791, 0.1171, 0.4609, and those of HDEP, HHEP, FR were -0.5041, -0.2372, -0.2421 during 18∼78wks in colored laying hens, respectively.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.65-78
• /
• 1976

The mulberry small weevil, Baris deplanata ROELOFS, has highly infested mulberry trees in Korea. As the damage caused by the mulberry small weevil in mulberry fields has been increased over the country since 1969, the authors has carried out a series of biological and controlling studies on the pest from 1971 to 1972. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. The adult weevil is elongate oval in shape with black in color and the probocis is long as usual in curculionidae. The size of adult female is 3.30${\pm}$0.04mm in length, 1.47${\pm}$0.04mm in width, and the length of proboscis is 1.25${\pm}$0.014mm, while adult male is 3.28${\pm}$0.06mm in length, 1.40${\pm}$0.04mm in width, and the length of proboscis is 1.30${\pm}$0.02mm. The antenna is geniculate consisting of 12 segments. The terminal sternite of the abdomen has a pointed tip in male but not in female. 2. The egg is long oval in shape, milky white in color, 0.51${\pm}$0.05mm in length and 0.32${\pm}$0.02mm in width. 3. The mature larva is cylindrical and light yellowow in color except the head of dark brown, and legless, 3.88${\pm}$0.06mm in length, 1.40${\pm}$0.02mm width, each segment bearing many wrinkless and short setae. 4. The pupa is long oval, milky white and exarate, 3.53${\pm}$0.09 in length, 1.40${\pm}$0.03mm in width. 5. Majority of the species has one generation through a year and overwinters as adult in xylem of withered branch and come out again from late April to early May in next year. But some of the female oviposit in the same year and the offsprings overwinter as larva (0.4%) or pupa (0.1%) 6. The eggs are mostly laid under the cork layer of withered branch and the number of eggs deposited by an adult female is 73.44${\pm}$8.74, the average egg-laying period is 33.88${\pm}$6.04 days. The incubation period is 11.69${\pm}$0.39 days, the larval period 45.04${\pm}$1.63 and the pupal period 11.05${\pm}$0.49 days. The period of adult's activity is 46.7${\pm}$5.90 days. 7. The larvae feed on the cambium under the bark and adults feed on the winter bud, the latent bud, the leaf stalk and the base of newly shoot. 8. An active period of adults was observed during the period of 4 months from April to July. However, the peak of adult-density occurred in the early May (in the fields of spring-prunning) and early to middle June(in the fields of summer-prunning). 9. There is a positive correlation between the density of larvae and diameter and length of the branches. 10. The pattern of distributions of the adult of mulberry small weevil is negative binomial distribution. 11. The chalcid fly was disclosed to be a natural enemy which was parasite on the larvae of mulberry small weevil and its parasitic ratio was 11.9%. 12. Phosvel D, Malix D, Salithion EC, DDVP EC, and Phosvel EC were effective for the control of adults and Satchukoto-S EC, and Salithio EC were effective for the control of larvae.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.52 no.2
• /
• pp.133-140
• /
• 2013

The developmental times of the immature stages of Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) were investigated at ten constant temperatures (12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5, $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$), 20~30% RH, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. Eggs were successfully developed on each tested temperature regimes except $12.5^{\circ}C$ and its developmental time was longest at $15^{\circ}C$ (22.5 days) and shortest at $32.5^{\circ}C$ (5.5 days). Nymphs successfully developed to the adult stage from $15^{\circ}C$ to $32.5^{\circ}C$ temperature regimes. Developmental time was longest at $15^{\circ}C$ (51.9 days) and it was decreased with increasing temperature up to $32.5^{\circ}C$ (9.0 days). The relationships between developmental rate and temperature were fitted by a linear model and seven nonlinear models (Analytis, Briere 1, 2, Lactin 2, Logan 6, Performance and modified Sharpe & DeMichele). The lower threshold temperature of egg and total nymphal stage was $10.2^{\circ}C$ and $12.3^{\circ}C$ respectively. The thermal constant required to complete egg and nymphal stage were 122.0 and 156.3 DD, respectively. The Briere 1 model was best fitted ($r^2$= 0.88~0.99) for all developmental stages, among seven nonlinear models. The distribution of completion of each development stage was well described by three non-linear models (2-parameter, 3-parameter Weibull and Logistic) ($r^2$= 0.91~0.96) except second and fifth instar.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.293-304
• /
• 2011

The current work was carried out to investigate the effect of crossbred Korean native chickens (KNC) on performance and meat quality. A total of 720 chicks (1d of age) was used in this work and were divided into groups by crossbreds (A, B, C and D) and sex (male and female). Crossbreds were A) (KNC egg-meat type C strains ${\times}$ KNC meat type S strains) ${\times}$ Ross broiler, B) (KNC egg-meat type C strains ${\times}$ KNC meat type H strains) ${\times}$ KNC meat type S strains, C) (KNC native R strains${\times}$KNC meat type S strains)${\times}$KNC meat type H strains and D(White Semibroiler Chickens). Experimental diets consisted of 3 phases such as starter (0~5 weeks; CP 20.0%, ME 3,050 kcal/kg), earlier (5~8 weeks; CP 18.0%, ME 3,100 kcal/kg) and finisher (8~12 weeks; CP 16.0%, ME 3,150 kcal/kg). They were fed the broiler diets for 12 weeks at the flat house and thirty six chickens were slaughtered at week 5 and 10. There was no significant difference on the fertility of crossbred KNCs, and the hatchability of B crossbred was low compared to other crossbreds. On body weight (BW), D crossbred resulted in a higher BW after 5 weeks (P<0.05). Body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) of A crossbred were also significant higher compared to the other crossbreds for all periods. On carcass ratio (CR), A crossbred showed higher CR at 5 weeks, there was no significant among crossbreds at 10 weeks. The partial meat ratio(ala, breast, neck, leg) of C crossbred was the lowest among other crossbreds (P<0.05), but the back meat ratio was not difference among treatments at 5 and 10 weeks. pH of meats have no difference among crossbreds at 5 week, and A crossbred was high compared to other crossbreds at 10 week (P<0.05). The moisture content of D crossbred meat and the protein content of B crossbred meat were high compared to other crossbreds at 5 week. Chemical compositions of meats have no difference among crossbreds at 10 week. Lightness and redness have not significance among crossbreds at 5 week, and redness of A crossbred was the highest among all crossbreds (P<0.05). Shear force and cooking loss of A crossbred were high at 5 week, and cooking loss of A crossbred was low compared with other crossbreds at 10 week. These results suggested the basic data that needed to develope the new strains.