• Molecules and Cells
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.100030.1-100030.14
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• 2024

Both brown and white adipose tissues (BAT/WAT) are innervated by the peripheral nervous system, including efferent sympathetic nerves that communicate from the brain/central nervous system out to the tissue, and afferent sensory nerves that communicate from the tissue back to the brain and locally release neuropeptides to the tissue upon stimulation. This bidirectional neural communication is important for energy balance and metabolic control, as well as maintaining adipose tissue health through processes like browning (development of metabolically healthy brown adipocytes in WAT), thermogenesis, lipolysis, and adipogenesis. Decades of sensory nerve denervation studies have demonstrated the particular importance of adipose sensory nerves for brown adipose tissue and WAT functions, but far less is known about the tissue's sensory innervation compared to the better-studied sympathetic nerves and their neurotransmitter norepinephrine. In this review, we cover what is known and not yet known about sensory nerve activities in adipose, focusing on their effector neuropeptide actions in the tissue.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.385-397
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• 2020

본 연구는 수영운동이 백색지방조직의 혈관신생을 조절함으로써 비만을 개선하는지를 조사하였다. 고지방식이를 섭취한 암컷 쥐는 모의 수술 군(Sham), 난소절제 수술 군(OVX) 및 수영운동을 실시한 난소절제 군(OVX + Swim)으로 나뉘었다. Sham에 비해 OVX는 몸무게, 지방조직무게 및 지방세포의 크기가 증가 되었다. 그러나 OVX + Swim의 이러한 요소들(: 몸무게, 지방조직무게 및 지방세포의 크기)은 OVX에 비해 감소 되었다. Sham에 비해 OVX는 백색지방조직에서 혈관신생 촉진인자와 MMPs의 유전자 발현이 증가하였고, 혈관신생 억제인자들의 유전자 발현은 감소하였다. 그러나 OVX + Swim은 OVX에 비해 백색지방조직에서 혈관신생 촉진인자와 MMPs의 유전자 발현이 감소하였고, 혈관신생 억제인자들의 유전자 발현은 증가하였다. 이러한 연구결과들은 고지방식이를 섭취한 난소절제 암컷 쥐에서 수영운동이 백색지방조직의 혈관신생을 억제함으로써 비만을 개선한다는 것을 제시하였다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.227-236
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• 2012

Previous study showed that swimming improved obesity but was not through $PPAR{\alpha}$ activation in liver and skeletal muscle in high fat diet-fed female mice with functioning ovaries as an animal model of obese premenopausal women. Thus, this study was aimed at investigation of the effects of swimming on the promotion of health and its molecular mechanism in adipose tissue of high fat diet-fed female mice. Eight-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups (a non-swim control group and a swim group, n=8/group). Mice in the swim group swam for 2 h daily for 6 weeks in water bath with temperature of $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. All the animals received high fat diet (45% kcal fat) for 6 weeks. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to elucidate the molecular mechanism. Female mice subjected to swimming had significantly decreased body weight gain and white adipose tissue mass compared with the female control mice. Histological studies illustrated that swimming decreases the hepatic lipid accumulation. As expected, swimming did not affect the expression of mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ${\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\alpha}$ target genes responsible for mitochondrial fatty acid ${\beta}$-oxidation, such as carnitine palmitoyltransgerase-1 and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase in the white adipose tissue. However, mice that underwent 6-weeks of swimming exercise had decreased the mRNA expression of lipogenic genes, such as sterol regulatory element-binding proteins-1C and fatty acid synthase in comparison to sedentary control mice, with decreased $PPAR{\gamma}$ target genes involved in adipocyte-specific marker genes, such as adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and leptin in the white adipose tissue. These results suggest that swimming can effectively prevent obesity induced by high fat diet-fed, in part through down-regulation of adipogenesis and lipogenesis in white adipose tissue of female obese mice. Moreover, these results suggest that swimming maybe contributing the promotion of health through regulation of adipogenesis and lipogenesis in overweight premenopausal women.

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.26-35
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• 2017

Obesity is a worldwide problem that is associated with metabolic disorders. Obesity is caused by the accumulation of an abnormal amount of body fat in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is a major metabolic organ, and it has been classified as either white adipose tissue (WAT) or brown adipose tissue (BAT). WAT and BAT are characterized by different anatomical locations, morphological structures, functions, and gene expression patterns. WAT is mainly involved in the storage and mobilization of energy in the form of triglycerides. On the other hand, BAT specializes in dissipating energy as heat through uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1)-mediated non-shivering thermogenesis. Novel type of brown-like adipocyte within WAT called beige/brite cells was recently discovered, and this transdifferentiation process is referred to as the "browning" or "britening" of WAT. Recently, Brown fat and/or browning of WAT have been highlights as a new therapeutic target for treatment of obesity and its related metabolic disorders. Here, we describe recent advances in the study of BAT and browning of WAT, focusing on proteomic approaches.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.925-935
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• 2023

PPARα activator가 고지방 사료를 섭취한 운동하지 않은 쥐에 비해 고지방 사료를 섭취한 운동 쥐에서 백색지방조직의 혈관신생을 보다 효과적으로 억제하는지를 조사하였다. 수컷 쥐는 무작위로 PPARα activator인 fenofibrate와 운동을 모두 처리하지 않은 대조군(Con), fenofibrate 단독처리군(FF), 운동 단독처리군(Ex) 및 fenofibrate와 운동의 조합처리군(Ex+FF)으로 나누어 8주간 고지방 사료를 섭취시켰다. 백색지방조직의 무게와 백색지방세포의 크기는 Con에 비해 FF, Ex 및 Ex+FF 모두 감소하였으며, Ex+FF는 FF에 비해 더욱 감소하였다. 백색지방조직에서 MMPs와 혈관신생 인자의 유전자 발현은 Con에 비해 FF, Ex 및 Ex+FF 모두 감소하였으며, Ex+FF는 FF에 비해 더욱 감소하였다. 그러나 혈관신생 억제인자의 유전자 발현은 Con에 비해 FF, Ex 및 Ex+FF 모두 증가하였고, Ex+FF는 FF에 비해 더욱 증가하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 fenofibrate 단독처리보다는 fenofibrate와 운동의 조합처리가 효과적으로 백색지방조직의 혈관신생을 억제함으로써 백색지방조직의 증가를 감소시키고 복부비만을 억제한다는 것을 밝혔다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2007

Obesity is defined as increased mass of adipose tissue, conferring a higher risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and coronary heart disease. To get a better understanding of the role of a male sex hormone testosterone on obesity, we thus measured the effects of testosterone on white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, adipocyte histology and hepatic lipid accumulation in male castrated (CAST) C57BL/6J mice. Compared to male CAST control mice, testosterone-treated mice had the decreased WAT mass and the increased the number of adipocytes. Especially, histological data showed that the adipocyte size was reduced in a dose-dependent manner and was most effective at dose 150 $\mu$g per mouse for testosterone. In addition, the administration of testosterone resulted in the inhibition of hepatic lipid accumulation compared with control mice. Our results suggest that testosterone regulates adipocytes development and hepatic lipid metabolism, resulting in the prevention of obesity in male CAST mice.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.171-177
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• 2009

This study investigated whether increased adiposity is prevented by estrogen replacement in female ovariectomized (OVX) C57BL/6J mice, an animal model of human menopause and whether these metabolic changes reflect the inhibitory action of estrogen on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$)-regulated gene expression. Treatment of $17{\beta}$-estradiol for the last one week of the experiment decreased high fat diet-induced body weight gain and white adipose tissue mass compared to OVX control mice. Histological analysis showed that administration of $17{\beta}$-estradiol to mice decreased the size of adipocytes in parametrial adipose tissue versus OVX control mice. In addition, $17{\beta}$-estradiol reduced the adipose expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$ as well as $PPAR{\gamma}$ target genes such as adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$. These results suggest that $17{\beta}$-estradiol may inhibit adiposity through reducing the $PPAR{\gamma}$ activities in female OVX mice.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.267-272
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• 2013

The anti-obesity effects of a hot water extract from wasabi (Wasabia japonica Matsum.) leaves (WLE), without its specific pungent constituents, such as allyl-isothiocyanate, were investigated in high fat-diet induced mice. C57J/BL mice were fed a high-fat diet (control group) or a high-fat diet supplemented with 5% WLE (WLE group). Physical parameters and blood profiles were determined. Gene expression associated with lipid metabolism in liver and white adipose tissue were analyzed. After 120 days of feeding, significantly lower body weight gain, liver weight and epididymal white adipose tissue weight was observed in the WLE group compared to the control group. In liver gene expression within the WLE group, PPAR${\alpha}$ was significantly enhanced and SREBP-1c was significantly suppressed. Subsequent downstream genes controlled by these regulators were significantly suppressed. In epididymal white adipose tissue of the WLE group, expression of leptin, PPAR${\gamma}$, and C/EBP${\alpha}$ were significantly suppressed and adiponectin was significantly enhanced. Acox, related to fatty acid oxidization in adipocytes, was also enhanced. Our results demonstrate that the WLE dietary supplement induces mild suppression of obesity in a high-fat diet induced mice, possibly due to suppression of lipid accumulation in liver and white adipose tissue.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2023

고지방식이를 섭취한 수컷 쥐에서 PPARα activator fenofibrate 단독처방(H/F)과 수영운동 단독처방(H/S)에 비해 fenofibrate와 수영운동의 조합처방(H/F/S)이 백색지방조직의 염증 개선에 유익한 상승효과를 나타낼 것인지를 조사하였다. 몸무게, 체내 백색지방조직의 무게 및 혈청 총 콜레스테롤 수치는 저지방식이를 섭취한 쥐(L)에 비해 고지방식이를 섭취한 쥐(H)가 증가하였으며, H에 비해 H/F와 H/S 모두 감소하였으며, fenofibrate에 의해 감소된 수치는 fenofibrate와 수영운동의 조합처방(H/F/S)에 의해 더 효과적으로 감소하였다. 체내 백색지방조직에서 염증성 사이토카인 유전자와 지방산 산화 관련 유전자의 발현을 조사한 결과, L에 비해 H는 증가하였으며, H에 비해 H/F와 H/S 모두 감소하였고, H/F/S는 H/F에 비해 더욱 감소시켰다. 따라서 본 연구는 고지방식이를 섭취한 수컷 쥐에서 fenofibrate와 수영운동의 조합처방은 fenofibrate 단독처방에 비해 지방산 산화를 촉진하여 비만으로 발생한 백색지방조직의 염증을 더욱 효과적으로 억제한다는 것을 밝힘으로써, 비만으로 발생하는 지방조직의 염증을 개선하는 실질적인 방법을 제시하였다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제41권10호
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• pp.900-908
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• 2018

Insulin resistance is closely associated with metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and atherosclerosis. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) have been developed to ameliorate insulin resistance by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ${\gamma}$. Although TZDs are synthetic ligands for $PPAR{\gamma}$, metabolic outcomes of each TZD are different. Moreover, there are lack of head-to-head comparative studies among TZDs in the aspect of metabolic outcomes. In this study, we analyzed the effects of three TZDs, including lobeglitazone (Lobe), rosiglitazone (Rosi), and pioglitazone (Pio) on metabolic and thermogenic regulation. In adipocytes, Lobe more potently stimulated adipogenesis and insulin-dependent glucose uptake than Rosi and Pio. In the presence of pro-inflammatory stimuli, Lobe efficiently suppressed expressions of pro-inflammatory genes in macrophages and adipocytes. In obese and diabetic db/db mice, Lobe effectively promoted insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and suppressed pro-inflammatory responses in epididymal white adipose tissue (EAT), leading to improve glucose intolerance. Compared to other two TZDs, Lobe enhanced beige adipocyte formation and thermogenic gene expression in inguinal white adipose tissue (IAT) of lean mice, which would be attributable to cold-induced thermogenesis. Collectively, these comparison data suggest that Lobe could relieve insulin resistance and enhance thermogenesis at low-concentration conditions where Rosi and Pio are less effective.