• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.1064-1081
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• 2014

This paper presents a numerical analysis of slamming and whipping using a fully coupled hydroelastic model. The coupled model uses a 3-D Rankine panel method, a 1-D or 3-D finite element method, and a 2-D Generalized Wagner Model (GWM), which are strongly coupled in time domain. First, the GWM is validated against results of a free drop test of wedges. Second, the fully coupled method is validated against model test results for a 10,000 twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) containership. Slamming pressures and whipping responses to regular waves are compared. A spatial distribution of local slamming forces is measured using 14 force sensors in the model test, and it is compared with the integration of the pressure distribution by the computation. Furthermore, the pressure is decomposed into the added mass, impact, and hydrostatic components, in the computational results. The validity and characteristics of the numerical model are discussed.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.442-458
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• 2014

Wave induced vibrations increase the fatigue and extreme loading, but this is normally neglected in design. The industry view on this is changing. Wave induced vibrations are often divided into springing and whipping, and their relative contribution to fatigue and extreme loading varies depending on ship design. When it comes to displacement vessels, the contribution from whipping on fatigue and extreme loading is particularly high for certain container vessels. A large modern design container vessel with high bow flare angle and high service speed has been considered. The container vessel was equipped with a hull monitoring system from a recognized supplier of HMON systems. The vessel has been operating between Asia and Europe for a few years and valuable data has been collected. Also model tests have been carried out of this vessel to investigate fatigue and extreme loading, but model tests are often limited to head seas. For the full scale measurements, the correlation between stress data and wind data has been investigated. The wave and vibration damage are shown versus heading and Beaufort strength to indicate general trends. The wind data has also been compared to North Atlantic design environment. Even though it has been shown that the encountered wind data has been much less severe than in North Atlantic, the extreme loading defined by IACS URS11 is significantly exceeded when whipping is included. If whipping may contribute to collapse, then proper seamanship may be useful in order to limit the extreme loading. The vibration damage is also observed to be high from head to beam seas, and even present in stern seas, but fatigue damage in general is low on this East Asia to Europe trade.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.212-216
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• 1991

유과제조시 가장 걸림돌이 되는 꽈리치기 공정과 반데기 제조공정의 연속공정화 및 표준화를 위하여 기존 chopper의 구조를 변경하고 conveyer를 연결하여 기계화 가능성을 시도하였다. Plate와 die를 새로 제작하여 실험한 결과 꽈리치기 및 반데기를 연속적으로 제조할 수 있었으며, 그 품질도 기존방법에 비하여 차이가 없었다. 반데기의 두께와 폭은 conveyer belt의 속도를 조절하므로써 가능하였으며, chopper에서 반죽의 토출량이 221.8g/sec($Slit\;:\;5{\times}50.5\;mm$)일 때 conveyer의 속도는 87.3 mm/sec가 바람직하였다. Chopper의 구성에서 knife나 plate의 모양 등은 꽈리치기 효과에 큰 영향을 주지 않았으며, 건조 후 반데기의 두께는 $3.0{\sim}3.5\;mm$인 경우 가장 좋은 유과품질을 얻었다. Chopper를 통과하는 횟수는 품질에 큰 영향을 주지 않으나 전연 꽈리치기 하지않은 경우 조직은 대단히 유약하였다.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2019

Estimating fatigue damage is a very important issue in the design of ships. The springing and whipping response, which is the hydro-elastic response of the ship, can increase the fatigue damage of the ship. So, these phenomena should be considered in the design stage. However, the current studies on the the application of springing and whipping responses at the design stage are not sufficient. So, in this study, a prediction method was developed using fluid-structural interaction analysis to assess of the fatigue damage induced by springing and whipping. The stress transfer function (Stress RAO) was obtained by using the 3D FE model in the frequency domain, and the fatigue damage, including linear springing, was estimated by using the wide band damage model. We also used the 1D beam model to develop a method to estimate the fatigue damage, including nonlinear springing and whipping by the vertical bending moment in the short-term sea state. This method can be applied to structural members where fatigue strength is weak to vertical bending moments, such as longitudinal stiffeners. The methodology we developed was applied to 325K VLOC, and we analyzed the effect of the springing and whipping phenomena on the existing design.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.631-636
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• 2005

One and three dimensional whipping response analyses of a naval surface combatant subjected to an underwater explosion bubble pulse were carried out to compare the efficiency and accuracy according to the modeling methods. In 1-D analysis, program UNDEXWHIP developed by KIMM was used, which is based on the thin-walled Timoshenko's beam theory and on the modal analysis method using wetted vibratory modes of the hull girder. In 3-D analysis, three finite element models were suggested using LS-DYNA/USA code, such as 3-D beam model considering geometric shape of wetted side shell, coarse and fine 3-D F.E. models. Through the comparison of results from the 1-D and 3-D analyses, it could be confirmed that 1-D analysis result is in good agreement with 3-D analysis ones, and that fine 3-D F.E. model, shock analysis one, is also used both in the shock response and whipping response analyses for the analyst effort and time savings.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.226-240
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• 2020

This paper presents an experimental investigation of asymmetric impact effects on hydroelastic responses. A 1:64 scaled segmented ship model with U-shape open cross-section backbone was newly designed to meet elastic similarity conditions of vertical, horizontal and torsional stiffness simultaneously. Different wave heading angles and wavelengths were adopted in regular wave test. In head wave condition, parametric rolling phenomena happened along with asymmetric slamming forces, the relationship between them was disclosed at first time. The impact forces on starboard and port sides showed alternating asymmetric periodic changes. In oblique wave condition, nonlinear springing and whipping responses were found. Since slamming phenomena occurred, high-frequency bending moments became an important part in total bending moments and whipping responses were found in small wavelength. The wavelength and head angle are varied to elucidate the relationship of springing/whipping loads and asymmetric impact. The distributions of peaks of horizontal and torsional loads show highly asymmetric property.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제58권6호
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• pp.400-406
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• 2021

The primary effect of the far-field underwater explosion (UNDEX) is the whipping of the ship hull girder. This paper aims to verify why inelastic effects should be considered in the whipping response estimations from the UNDEX simulations. A navy ship was modeled using Timoshenko beam elements over the ship length uniformly keeping the constant midship section modulus. The transient UNDEX pressure was produced using two types of the Geers-Hunter doubly-asymptotic models: compressible and incompressible fluids. Because the UNDEX model based on incompressible fluid assumption provided more increased fluid volume acceleration in the bubble phase, the incompressible fluid-based UNDEX model was adopted for the inelastic whipping response analyses. The non-linear hull girder bending moment-curvature curve was used to embed inelastic effects in the UNDEX analyses where the Smith method was applied to derive the non-linear stiffness. We assumed two stand-off distances to see more apparent inelastic effects: 40.5 m and 35.5 m. In the case of the 35.5 m stand-off distance, there was a statistically significant inelastic effect in terms of the average of peak moments and the average exceeding proportional limit moments. For the conservative design of a naval ship under UNDEX, it is recommended to use incompressible fluid. In the viewpoint of cost-effective naval ship design, the inelastic effects should be taken into account.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.122-129
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• 2014

Identification of the whipping response out of the combined wave-vibration response of a flexible sea going vessel is one of the most interesting research topic from ship designer's point of view. In order to achieve this goal, a novel methodology based on the wavelet cross-correlation technique was proposed in this paper. The cross-correlation of the wavelet power spectrum averaged across the frequency axis was introduced to check the similarity between the combined wave-vibration response and impulse response. The calculated cross-correlation of the wavelet power spectrum was normalized by the auto-correlation of the each spectrum with zero time lag, eventually providing the cross-correlation coefficient that stays between 0 and 1, precisely indicating the existence of the impulse response buried in the combined wave-vibration response. Additionally, the weight function was introduced while calculating the cross-correlation of the two spectrums in order to filter out the signal of lower frequency so that the accuracy of the similarity check becomes as high as possible. The validity of the proposed methodology was checked through the application to the artificially generated ideal combined wave-vibration signal, together with the more realistic signal obtained by running 3D hydroelasticity program WISH-Flex. The correspondence of the identified whipping instances between the results, one from the proposed method and the other from the calculated slamming modal force, was excellent.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.64-74
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• 2002

선체 휘핑 해석 전용 프로그램은 모멘텀 슬래밍 이론을 사용하여 비선형 유체충격력을 추정하였으며, Timoshenko 보이론에 기초하여 선체 hull girder를 탄성체로 모델링하고 있다. 개발된 프로그램에 대하여 슬래밍 충격력의 효과, 유탄성해석의 효과 그리고, 선속, 파고, 파장 등 각종 설계 변수가 미치는 효과 등에 관한 검증 계산을 수행하였고, 실제 선박 설계에의 적용 예를 보임으로써 본 프로그램의 설계 활용성을 확인하였다. 본 프로그램은 각종 입출력자료의 GUI 처리 및 선박 운동에 대한 시뮬레이션 제공 등 다양한 기능과 특성을 가지고 있다.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.339-349
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• 2017

This paper is related to structural design evaluation of 19,000 TEU ultra large container ship, dealing with hydroelastic response, i.e. springing and whipping. It illustrates application of direct calculation tools and methodologies to both fatigue and ultimate strength assessment, simultaneously taking into account ship motions and her elastic deformations. Methodology for springing and whipping assessment within so called WhiSp notation is elaborated in details, and in order to evaluate innovative container ship design with increased loading capacity, a series of independent hydroelastic computations for container ship with mobile deckhouse and conventional one are performed with the same calculation setup. Fully coupled 3D FEM - 3D BEM model is applied, while the ultimate bending capacity of hull girder is determined by means of MARS software. Beside comparative analysis of representative quantities for considered ships, relative influence of hydroelasticity on ship response is addressed.