• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.951-955
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• 2001

The behaviour of 6 Toggenburg and 6 Saanen female goats, grazing on natural vegatation in a modified sub-humid tropical environment of Kenya, was studied during the dry (January and February) and wet (April and May) seasons in 1997. The two exotic breeds grazed for 12 h daily. Observation on feeding, standing, lying and ruminating was done chronometrically at five minute intervals between 0600 and 1800 h. These grazing times were based on the current practice of small holder farmers. During the dry period, the average feeding, standing, lying and ruminating time per 12 h period for Saanens was 5.63, 4.57, 1.80 and 1.50 h respectively while that for Toggenburgs was 7.26, 3.21, 1.53 and 1.96 h, respectively. In the wet(Green) season, the mean feeding, standing, lying and ruminating time for Saanens was found to be 5.08, 4.63, 2.29 and 0.72, respectively.Toggenburgs spent more time feeding (p<0.05) than Saanens in both seasons. It was also observed that standing occured more often in Saanens than the Toggenburgs in the dry season. During the wet period, Saanens ruminated significantly longer than the Toggenburgs. The health status of the animals was determined by analyzing the respiratory frequency, heart rate, rectal temperature, hemoglobin, erythrocytes and leucocytes of the experimental animals. All the clinical and physiological parameters were within the normal physiological range of healthy goats. It was concluded that differences in the grazing behaviour of Saanens and Toggenburgs in the modified tropical environment of Kenya, do exist.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2011

The effect of flooding and soil salinity on the growth of yam (Dioscorea batatas) were studied on the experimantal site temporally established in the south-eastern part of Saemangeum Reclaimed Tidal Land (near Gwanghwal myun, Gimjae-gun, Jellabukdo, Korea). Yam seedlings planted by using aerial bulblet as alternative of sliced tubers, were grown for 20-days and transplanted in black-vinyl mulched ridges (about 20 cm in height) at 70cm interval by $20{\times}60cm$ spacing in the $4^{th}$ of May, 2010. Soil salinity was maintained at lower than 1.2 ds $m^{-1}$ during the growing period and did not result to salt injury in all plants. However, flooding injury very seriously led to plant death and plant mortality rates at $67{\pm}21$ and $82{\pm}9%$ of yam plants in the compost and no compost treatment, respectively, died by heavy flooding during the rainy summer season. The main reasons of the flooding injury included the decreased rainfall acceptable capacity (RAC) after the rising of water table and a slowdown of water infiltration rate after the formation of an impermeable soil crust in the furrow bottom with continuous and heavy downpour during the rainy summer season. The effect of compost treatment was not statistically observed because of the severe spatial difference caused by wet injury, although yam tuber yield was higher at 30 kg $10^{-1}$ in the compost treatment than in the no-compost treatment at 20 kg $10^{-1}$. However, the size of tuber ranged at 1.23 to 1.60 cm in diameter and 3.7 to 5.0 cm in length in all both treatment, which means they are still reproducible for the next cropping season. Conclusively, proper counter-flooding measure and soil salinity control critically important for successful yam production in Saemangeum Reclaimed Tidal Land.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.213-225
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• 2010

The objective of the current study was to determine factors influencing concentrations of protein-related blood metabolites in indigenous Nguni and crossbred cattle in the semi-arid communal rangelands in South Africa. The body condition scores (BCS), packed cell volume (PCV) and serum concentrations of protein-related metabolites were determined seasonally in 100 cattle raised on communal rangelands from August 2007 to May 2008. Nguni cattle had lower (p<0.05) albumin-globulin ratio, albumin, urea and creatinine, and higher (p<0.05) globulin concentrations than the local crossbreds. Local crossbreds had higher (p<0.05) alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase concentrations and lower (p<0.05) aspartate aminotransferase concentrations in the postrainy season than Nguni cattle. The creatinine concentrations of Nguni and crossbred cattle were lowest in the sour rangeland during the hot-wet season. The albumin concentrations of Nguni and crossbred cattle were higher (p<0.05) whilst PCV, albumin-globulin ratio and creatine kinase concentration were lower (p<0.05) in the sour rangeland than in the sweet rangeland. Total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase concentrations of Nguni and crossbred cattle were lower (p<0.05) in the hot-wet and late cool-dry seasons than in other seasons across rangeland types. Urea concentrations in both breeds were highest in the sweet rangeland in the hot-dry season compared to other seasons. It was concluded that Nguni cattle had lower concentrations of protein metabolites than local crossbreds and protein deficiencies were most prominent in the sweet rangeland during the cool-dry seasons.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.158-165
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• 2014

The enormous quantity of 'Bayer-Process by-products' (BP by-products) discharged by industries producing alumina from bauxite represents an environmental and economical problem. As it is mainly composed of $Fe_2O_3$, $Al_2O_3$, $SiO_2$, CaO and $Na_2O$, it is thought that using BP by-products as a construction material is an effective way to consume such a large quantity of alkaline waste. In this study, This study evaluates the effect of alkali-activated binder based on recycling BP by-products on soil improvement through the evaluation of slope stability and seepage flow numerical analysis. The results of analysis of ground slope safety at dry season and wet season meet standard (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, 2006) Especially, when wet season, the ground used soil improving material meet standard, while the ground used soil-nailing method doesn't. Also, permeability coefficient of improved soil is smaller than that of natural soil and saturation depth of reinforced ground surface with improve soil is lower than that of natural soil.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.398-401
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• 2006

Two landfills of this study containing municipal wastes without any bottom liner and leachate treatment system have different landfill age, waste volume and most importantly different hydrogeologic settings. The one (Cheonan) is situated in an open flat area while the other (Wonju) is located in a valley. In the interior of the landfills, typical anaerobic conditions revealed by low DO and ${NO_3}^-$ concentrations, negative ORP values, high $NH_3$, alkalinity and $Cl^-$ concentrations were observed. Generally higher levels of contaminants were detected in the dry season while those were greatly lowered in the wet season. Significantly large decrease of Cl concentration in the wet season indicates that the dilution or mixing is one of dominant attenuation mechanisms of leachate. But detailed variation behaviors in the two landfills are largely different and they were most dependent on permeability of surface and subsurface layers. The intermediately permeable surface of 1.he landfills receives part of direct rainfall infiltration but most rainwater is lost to fast runoff. The practically impermeable surface of clayey silt (paddy field) at immediately adjacent to the Cheonan landfill boundary prevented direct rainwater infiltration and hence redox condition of the groundwaters were largely affected by that of the upper landfill and the less permeable materials beneath the paddy fields prohibited dispersion of the landfill leachate into downgradient area. In the Wonju landfill, there exist three different permeability divisions, the landfill region, the sandy open field and the paddy field. Roles of the landfill and paddy regions are very similar to those at the Cheonan. The very permeable sandy field receiving a large amount of rainwater infiltration plays a key role in controlling redox condition of the downgradient area and contaminant migration.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.20-27
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• 2005

The seasonal variation of water quality was studied in the Hwabongcheon. It runs though a small catchment where shallow groundwater was contaminated with $NO_3-N$ by intensive livestock facilities. A direct inflow of animal waste and incoming of contaminated groundwater affected its water quality. In the dry season, an important factor of water quality in the Hwabongcheon was direct inflow of animal waste. In the wet season, concentrations of $NO_3-N$ in the Hwabongcheon were elevated in spite of being diluted by precipitation. It could be explained by the effect of increased incoming of contaminated groundwater and showed by oxygen and hydrogen isotope values. $NO_3-N$ concentration in the Cheongmicheon was lower than that in the Hwabongcheon, so it increased next a junction. This effect was intense in wet season because $NO_3-N$ concentration in the Hwabongcheon was high.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2010

Oegogae wetland is sub-alpine wetland which is formed in piedmont area in Jirisan National Park. Apparently Oegogae wetland seems to be well-protected wetland. Most alpine wetlands are located in the summit area, but Oegogae wetland is located in piedmont area which is transitional zone between the steep slope and relatively flat valley bottom. Oegogae wetland is active in terms of sedimentation and exceeds 1m in depth. Penetration tests show that composing material is soft such as peat and organic-rich sediment. Basal rock of the basin is gneiss and gneissic schist in general, which is good for the formation of wetland because those rocks are easy to form low permeability layer. Baseflow from the wetland takes control of the most of stream flow during the wet season and this is especially true during the dry season. Precipitation during the wet season increases water content and base flow from the wetland.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.275-275
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• 2021

A fixed Z-R relationship approach, such as the Marshall-Palmer relationship, for an entire year and for different seasons can be problematic in cases where the relationship varies spatially and temporally throughout a region. From this perspective, this study explores the use of long-term radar reflectivity for South Korea to obtain a nationwide calibrated Z-R relationship and the associated uncertainties within a Bayesian regression framework. This study also investigates seasonal differences in the Z-R relationship and their roles in reducing systematic error. Distinct differences in the Z-R parameters in space are identified, and more importantly, an inverse relationship between the parameters is clearly identified with distinct regimes based on the seasons. A spatially structured pattern in the parameters exists, particularly parameter α for the wet season and parameter β for the dry season. A pronounced region of high values during the wet and dry seasons may be partially associated with storm movements in that season. Finally, the radar rainfall estimates through the calibrated Z-R relationship are compared with the existing Z-R relationships for estimating stratiform rainfall and convective rainfall. Overall, the radar rainfall fields based on the proposed modeling procedure are similar to the observed rainfall fields, whereas the radar rainfall fields obtained from the existing Marshall-Palmer Z-R relationship show a systematic underestimation. The obtained Z-R relationships are validated by testing the predictions on unseen radar-gauge pairs in the year 2018, in the context of cross-validation. The cross-validation results are largely similar to those in the calibration process, suggesting that the derived Z-R relationships fit the radar-gauge pairs reasonably well.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.356-365
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• 2024

The study was conducted in the Terie River between January and April 2022. The objectives of the study were to assess the fish species composition, determine the length-weight relationship and condition factor and assess the water quality of the river using international water quality guideline for aquatic life. Gillnets with different mesh sizes, 4, 6, 8 and 10 cm were used to collect fish specimens in both dry and wet seasons. Immediately after capture, the total length (TL) and total weight (TW) of each individual were measured in centimeters and grams, respectively, and their relationship was determined using the power function. The physicochemical water quality parameters were analyzed using standard procedures and wagtech portable water quality Kits and Secchi Disk apparatus. A total of 667 fish specimens were collected from the Terie River, 410 and 257 in dry and wet seasons respectively. A total of six fish species, Oreochromis niloticus, Labeobarbus intermedius, Labeobarbus nedgia, Labeobarbus beso, Clarias gariepinus, and Ramius loti were recorded. For length-weight relationship and condition factor analysis, more abundant fish species (O. niloticus and L. intermedius) which were found in both seasons were selected. The length and weight relationship of L. intermedius were TW = 0.0073TL^3.04 in dry and TW = 0.0337TL^2.59 in we season indicated isometric and negative allometric growth respectively. While O. niloticus showed negative allometric growth, TW = 0.096TL^2.44 and TW = 0.0335 TL^2.76 in dry and wet seasons, respectively. The mean Fulton condition factor (FCF) of L. intermidus were 0.85 ± 0.03 and 0.94 ± 0.25 in dry and wet seasons, respectively. The FCF of O. niloticus was 1.70 ± 0.13 and 1.73 ± 0.12 in dry and wet seasons respectively. Except for ammonia, the physicochemical water quality parameters were with the permissible limit for aquatic life and are suitable for fishes Terie River. The river has commercially important fish specimens that could be used for food security and livelihood improvement. However, there is very limited fishing activity in the river due to less awareness on the value of fishes. Therefore, sustainable fishery development should be done in the river.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1142-1146
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• 2009

A rainfall simulation and forecasting technique that can generate daily rainfall sequences conditional on multi-model ensemble GCMs is developed and applied to data in Korea for the major rainy season. The GCM forecasts are provided by APEC climate center. A Weather State Based Downscaling Model (WSDM) is used to map teleconnections from ocean-atmosphere data or key state variables from numerical integrations of Ocean-Atmosphere General Circulation Models to simulate daily sequences at multiple rain gauges. The method presented is general and is applied to the wet season which is JJA(June-July-August) data in Korea. The sequences of weather states identified by the EM algorithm are shown to correspond to dominant synoptic-scale features of rainfall generating mechanisms. Application of the methodology to seasonal rainfall forecasts using empirical teleconnections and GCM derived climate forecast are discussed.