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A Study on the Fire Risk of Car Interior Materials (자동차 내장재의 화재위험성에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Hae-Pyeong;Kim, Young-Tak
    • Fire Science and Engineering
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.82-88
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    • 2010
  • In this study, we have performed several tests for composite plastic materials to be applied on interior materials of a vehicle to identify their combustion characteristics using cone calorimeter, smoke density chamber and toxicity index chamber. We have prepared a total of 12 samples for 4 major parts of a vehicle wherein each major part has 3 different materials. The results of cone calorimeter test showed ignition time of PVC sheet and PVC leather were 2s. The 8 samples showed under less than 10s of ignition time. The sample comprising Nylon and PE had the biggest maximum heat release rate of 635 $kW/m^2$. The sample comprising Rubber showed the smallest maximum heat release rate but with the biggest total heat release. The results of smoke density chamber test showed the sample that is made up with Rubber had the biggest specific optical smoke density. The sample comprising PVC leather and PUR showed the biggest VOF4 which enables the initial smoke production. The results of toxicity index test showed that all samples contained carbon dioxide content exceeding its lethal concentration. The sample comprising PVC showed high content of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide. The PVC sheet showed the biggest toxicity index calculated by using lethal concentration and test results. Toxicity index of all sample wes over 1.

Evaluation of Side-ditch Erosion Factors and Judgment of Side-ditch Stability in Forest Road (임도(林道) 옆도랑의 침식요인(浸蝕要因) 평가(評價)와 안정성(安定性) 판별(判別)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Lee, Hae-Joo;Ji, Byoung-Yun;Jung, Do-Hyun;Kim, Jong-Yoon;Cha, Du-Song
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.89 no.3
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    • pp.397-404
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    • 2000
  • This study was carried out to investigate the influence of the road structure and site conditions on side-ditch stability of forest road. For experimental purposes, the forest road in the Kwangrung Experimental Forest, Korea Forestry Research Institute, was chosen as a study site. A total of 556 plots wes set up as every longitudinal gradient changing points by belt-transect method. Data of 10 road structural characteristics and side-ditch stability were collected from each plot and analysed by Quantification II. The main factors in order of partial correlation coefficient were longitudinal gradient, road position, inclination of cut-slope, constituent material of cut-slopes, distance of surface flow, cross-sectional shape of road, pavement material, vegetation of cut-slopes and length of cut-slope. The erosion of side-ditch of forest road occurred in the following cases; more than 8% of the longitudinal gradient, road position of hill under side and foot hill, more than $50^{\circ}$ of inclination of cut-slope, constituent material of cut-slopes of hard soil and gravel soil, more than 80m of distance of surface flow, pavement material with earth or gravel, more than medium covered of vegetation of cut-slopes, and the straight and convex form of road-bed.

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Studies on the yellow-margined buprestid, Scintillatrix djingischani OBENBERGER)(II) -The larval instar and the growth of larva- (갓노랑비단벌레 (Scintillatrix djingischani OBENBERGER)에 관한 연구(제3보) -유충의 령기와 경과에 대하여-)

  • Yun J. K.
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.5_6
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    • pp.27-32
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    • 1968
  • The larval instar of Scintillatrix djingischani OBENBERGER WES determined by measuring the head width of the larvae, some of which were bred in the room and the other collected in orchards during four years(1963-1966). Their growth ratio and variation were also studied. 1) The variation curve of the head width of the Iarvae distinctly appeared to be seven (7) curves, which seemed to have lived to be over seven(7) instars after six(6) times of molting. 2) In general, tile larvae live out to be 6-7 instar. Those pupated at 6th instar seem to over winter in tissue from November as matured. And those pupated in late Spring or early Summer after over wintering in canbium seem to be at 7th instar. 3) The standard deviation of the head width tends to grow larger except at 1st and 7th instar, while the coefficient of variation tends to decrease according as the number of instar increases. The growth ratio was found to decrease according as the number of instar increase except at 1 at and 2 nd instar. 4) To the growth of tee larval head width of this insect, Games and Campbell's formula was more applicable than Dyar's. 5) From the activties of larvae it is presumed that those bred in the year over winter in phelloderm or canbium at the 2 nd-3 rd instar, and the matured (2 year old) emerge the next year after over wintering in cambium or tissue at the 5th or 6th instar.

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Antioxidant and Nitrite Scavenging Ability of Fermented Soybean Foods (Chungkukjang, Doenjang) (청국장과 된장의 항산화 효능 및 아질산염 소거능 비교)

  • Oh, Hyun-Ju;Kim, Chang-Soon
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.36 no.12
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    • pp.1503-1510
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    • 2007
  • This study was carried out to investigate antioxidant substances (phenolic compounds and brown pigment), antioxidative effect and nitrite scavenging ability (NSA) of solvent extracts (hexane: HE, methanol; ME, water: WE) from fermented soybean foods, Chungkukjang and Doenjang. The antioxidant activities were determined by the measurements of peroxide value (POV) on the linoleic acid system, electron donating ability (EDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity. The contents of phenolic compounds and total brown pigments in Doenjang were $28.5{\pm}0.3mg/100g$ and optical density (OD) $1.98{\pm}0.03$, respectively, whereas their contents in Chungkukjang were significantly lower with $5.8{\pm}0.3mg/100g$ and OD $0.95{\pm}0.02$. The brown pigment contents of hydrophilic extracts increased more than that of lipophilic extracts through the fermentation and ripening processes. The ME of Doenjang exhibited higher inhibitory effects against the peroxidation of a linoleic acid system than that of Chungkukjang. The EDA and NSA of MEs were higher than those of WEs. Among the MEs, Doenjang showed the highest levels of EDA and NSA. On the other hand, the SOD-like activities of WE were higher than those of ME at the same concentrations and their activities of Doenjang were significantly higher than that of Chungkukjang. In conclusion, the antioxidative effects and NSA of Doenjang was significantly higher than those of Chungkukjang. It seemed that phenolic compounds and brown pigments formed during fermentation and ripening partly affect the antioxidative activities of fermented soybean foods.

VENGEANCE, VIOLENCE, VAMPIRES: Dark Humour in the Films of Park Chan-wook

  • Hughes, Jessica
    • Cross-Cultural Studies
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    • v.28
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    • pp.17-36
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    • 2012
  • This essay places the South Korean film Thirst (2009) within Park Chan-wook's oeuvre as a filmmaker notorious for graphic depictions of violence and revenge. Park's use of dark humour in his films, which is emphasized in Thirst perhaps more than ever, allows for a more self-aware depiction of violence, where both the viewer and the protagonist are awakened to the futility of revenge. This ultimately paints his characters as fascinatingly crazy - simultaneously heroes, villains, and victims. Film theorist Wes D. Gehring's three themes of dark humour ('man as beast,' 'the absurdity of the world,' and 'the omnipresence of death') become most obvious in Park's most recent film, which pays closer attention to character development through narrative detail. Rather than portraying the characters as sentimental, dark humour depicts their misfortunes in an alternative way, allowing for consideration of such taboo subjects as religion, adultery, and death/suicide. These issues are further tackled through Thirst's portrayal of its vampire protagonist, which ultimately de-mystifies the traditional vampire figure. While this character has more often been associated with romance, exoticism and the mystical powers of the supernatural, Thirst takes relatively little from the demons of Nosferatu (Murnau, 1922) and various other Dracula adaptations, nor the romantic figures of Interview with the Vampire (Jordan, 1994), and Twilight (Hardwicke, 2008). Instead, it is part of a much smaller group of contemporary vampire films, which are rather informed by a postmodern reconfiguration of the monster. Thus, this paper examines Thirst as an important contribution to the global and hybrid nature of those films in which postmodern vampires are sympathetic and de-mystified, exhibiting symptoms stemming from a natural illness or misfortune. Park's undertaking of a vampire film allows for a complex balance between narrative and visuals through his focus on the Western implications of this myth within Korean cinema. This combination of international references and traditional Korean culture marks it as highly conscious of New Korean Cinema's focus on globalization. With Thirst, Park successfully unites familiar images of the vampire hunting and feeding, with more stylistically distinct, grotesque images of violence and revenge. In this sense, dark humour highlights the less charming aspects of the vampire struggling to survive, most effective in scenes depicting the protagonist feeding from his friend's IV in the hospital, and sitting in the sunlight, slowly turning to ash, in the final minutes of the film. The international appeal of Park's style, combining conventions of the horror/thriller genre with his own mixture of dark humour and non-linear narrative, is epitomized in Thirst, which underscores South Korea's growing global interest with its overt international framework. Furthermore, he portrayal of the vampire as a sympathetic figure allows for a shift away from the conventional focus on myth and the exotic, toward a renewed construction of the vampire in terms of its contribution to generic hybridization and cultural adaptation.

Suggestion of Deterioration Curve for New-type Coating on Atmospheric Environment by Acceleration Corrosion Test (부식촉진 실험을 통한 대기환경에서 신설 도장계의 노화곡선 제안)

  • Jeong, Young-Soo;Kim, Min-Jeong;Jeon, Seok-Hyeon;Ahn, Jin-Hee;Kim, In-Tae
    • Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.75-83
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    • 2019
  • In this study, to propose the deterioration curves of urethane, ceramic, polysiloxane and fluorocarbon coating for the steel bridge, an accelerated corrosion tests were carried out. The each coating system wes applied on the top of the specimens, and circular initial defects were introduced with different diameters with 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 mm. An accelerated corrosion test condition was used to simulate severe corrosive environment depending on ISO 20340. The deterioration curve of each coating type was evaluated based on deteriorated area from the circular defects. In order to evaluate the coating service life of installed steel bridge using deterioration curve, the acceleration coefficient was calculated at correlation between ISO 20340 and corrosivity categories by ISO 9223 based on field corrosion rate. From test results, the propagation rate of coating deterioration area was different to diameter of circular defects. In case of urethane coating, the coating service lifes of 3% deterioration area was evaluated in 31.8, 15.8, 9.9 and 3.9 years with C2, C3, C4 and C5 category.

Morphological Characters of Tongil and Japonica Type of Rice Grains (통일형과 일반형 쌀의 형태적특성연구)

  • Lee, Bong-Yong;Kim, Yong-Bae;Ushio, Matuskura;Shinjiro, Chikubu
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.34 no.4
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    • pp.384-389
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    • 1989
  • Thirteen varieties of Tongil type and ten of Japonica type which were produced in Korea, in 1985, were campa red in namely, width, thickness, length and weight of rice grains. Thousand-grain weight of paddy, brown rice and milled rice were not significantly different between Tongil type and Japonica type, but difference of paddy-brown rice and brown rice-milled rice had significant (p<2,859** and 4.316***, respectively), and the ratio of difference of paddy-brown rice was higher Tongil type than Japonica type. Width, thickness and length of paddy, brown rice and milled rice was significant (width : p<5.189***, 5.289** and 5.466***, thickness: p<3.371** 4.074*** and 5.988***, length: p<3.016**, 4.419*** and 5.492*** in paddy, brown rice and milled rice, respectively) between the Tongil type and Japonica type, and then the width and thickness of Japonica type were thicker than Tongil type, but length of Japonica type was shorter than Tongil type width/thickness ratio of paddy wes significant (p<2.396*) between the Tongil type and Japonica type, but its brown rice and milled rice was not. And length/width and length/ thickness ratio of paddy, brown rice and milled rice were significant (length/width : p<5.525***, 5.495*** and 5.863***, length/thickness: p<4.734***, 6,863*** and 8.425*** in paddy, brown rice and milled rice) between the Tongil type and Japonica type, and then its ratio were higher Tongil type than Japonica type.

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Performance of Early Laying Period of Large-Type Korean Native Ducks (토종오리 대형종 산란초기 능력)

  • Kim, Hak-Kyu;Choo, Hyo-Jun;Kim, Chong-Dae;Heo, Kang-Nyeong;Lee, Myeong-Ji;Son, Bo-Ram;Kang, Bo-Seok;Suh, Ok-Suk;Choi, Hee-Cheol;Hong, Eui-Chul
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.40 no.1
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    • pp.17-23
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    • 2013
  • This work was carried out to investigate the performance of early laying period of large-type Korean native ducks. One hundred sixty eight ducks were used in this work and divided into A and B strains (6 replications/strain, 14 birds/replication). The days at first egg of A and B strains were the age of 154.5 and 154.7 days, egg weights were 69.1 g and 65.5 g, and body weights were 3,187 g and 3,105 g at the period of laying the first egg, respectively. The days at sexual maturity of A and B strains were the age of 175.8 and 171.5 days, egg weights were 75.2 g and 74.9 g, and body weights were 3,245 g and 3,225 g at the period of laying the first egg, respectively. There were no significant differences on the day of first egg, the day of sexual maturity, egg weight and body weight at first egg and the sexual maturity, average body weight, and daily feed intake between A and B strains (P>0.05). The day of the sexual maturity of B strain was earlier than that of A strain (P<0.05). However, weekly body weight was the highest at the age of 28 weeks (P<0.05), and weekly feed intake increased after 26 weeks old (P<0.05). Egg production (%) of B strain was higher than that of A strain at the age of 22~24 weeks (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference on egg production (%) the other weeks. A number of egg laid of B strain was higher than A strain at 22~24 weeks old (P<0.05). Feed conversion ratio of A and B strains were 10.7 and 6.53 at 24~24 weeks old, respectively, so feed conversion ratio of A strain was higher than that of B strain (P<0.05). Weekly feed conversion ratio wes the highest at 20~22 weeks old, and significantly decreased until 24~24 weeks old, but were lowly maintained from the age of 24 weeks to the age of 30 weeks. These results provided the basic data on the record of early laying period of large-type Korean native ducks.

A Study on the Job Activities of the Emergency Nurses (응급실 근무 간호사의 업무분석)

  • 김광주;이향련;김귀분
    • Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.709-728
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    • 1995
  • The job related activities of sixty nine nurses, working in the emergency rooms of three university hospitals, were analyzed for six days according to preestablished checklist of nursing activities ; the frequency of these activities and the amount of time spent in each specific nursing activity. The established checklist was monitored every five minutes for the duration of the duty autu, thus producing 414 items of data. The data were not gathered on consecutive days but over the period of one month from May 6, 1994 to June 5, 1994. The following conclusions are derived from analysis of the data : 1. Twelve categories of nursing activities were obtained : The primary activity was communication related to the patient and all information pertaining to the patient. Other activities included maintaining the patient's record, observation and assessment of the patient, cooperation with other medical personnel, management of equipment and drugs, procedure and treatment, specimen collection, consultation and education for the patient, including drug management and personal hygiene and any other relevant education to the patient's condition. 2. The average frequency of categorized nursing activity can be classified as follows : communication related to patient was the highest at 17.6 times. The next was maintaining the patient's record at 17.3 times. The observation and assessment occurred 16.9 times. Consultation and education for patients and family, 8 times, medication, 5.7 times, and procedures and treatments, 6 times. 3. The average time required for each activity was as follows : 230.1 minutes (or maintaining the patient's record, 204.9 minutes for communication related to the patient, 199.2 minutes for observation and assessment, 71.2 minutes for medication, 66 minutes for consultation and education of the patient and family, and 51.8 minutes for procedures and treatment. 4. The most demanding nursing activity in the emergency room for the nurse was answering questions from the patient's family, maintaining communication between the medical staff, maintaining and reviewing the patient's charts, writing prescriptions and monitoring 1. V. infusion rates. 5. The most time consuming nursing activities for the emergency room nurse include maintaining and following the patient's charts, communication between the medical staff, answering questions from the patient's family, observation of the patient and relaying all of the appropriate patient information to the incoming nurses during a shift change. 6. The F-test was administered to measure the required time for the categorized nursing activities according to day, evening, and night-shift nurses. There were significant differences (p<.05) in specimen collection, observation and assessment, cooperation between medical staffs, personal hygiene, communication related to patient, education and re-search. Posterior multiple comparison test showed that specimen collection, cooperation between medical staffs and personal hygiene were mostly done by the evening-shift nurses. Also most observations and assessments were done by the night-shift nurses. Education and communication to patients were done by day-shift nurses. Thus there were significant difference between shifts for the main nursing activities. So there should considev a reallocation of the duty of nurses on each shift. 7. The F-test also indicated that there wes a similarity in time duration for procedures and treatments and for cooperation between medical staff and nurses in all three hospitals. However, the remaining categories of nursing activities also showed a significant difference between the three hospitals. This indicated that there were differences in each emergency room that influence time for each categorized nursing activities and this should be given more consideration. Recommendations : 1. A seasonal difference should be considered in the activities of nurses in the emergency room and a comparative analysis should be carried out to deter-mine seasonal differentiation. 2. A study on more objectively measurable nursing activities should be administered as well as one determining the subjective responds towards nursing activities in the emergency room.

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A Study on the Efficiency of Clinical Practice for Nursing Education in the Junior College of Nursing in Korea (전문대학 간호과의 임상 실험 효율화를 위한 연구)

  • Lee, Kun-Ja;Kim, Myung-Soon;Yang, Young Hee
    • Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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    • v.3 no.2
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    • pp.77-108
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    • 1989
  • The purpose of this study was to find out the present condition of clinical practice and to develop a scheme on the efficiency of clinical practice for nursing education in junior college of nursing in korea. This study was conducted by 2 sections. Ist section was to find out the present condition of clinical practice to 42 directors of nursing collegd and data were collected July 8 to September 30, 1988. 2nd section wat to develop a scheme on the efficiency of clinical practice for nursing education and subjects were nursing professors 258: and clinical nurses 223 in 42 junior nursing colleges their clinical settings in korea. So total subjects were 481. Data were collected july 8, 1988 to June 30, 1988 and were analysed to get the mean, standand deviation, frequency, percentage, t-test, x-test used by SPSS - pc. Major findings were as follows: 1. The present condition of clinical education in junior college of nursing in Korea. 1) 32 colleges (76.2%) were managed by a-yeas system. 2) 25 colleges (59.5%) were performed by individual practice for each subject. 3) 4 weeks interval between class education and clinical education was a major type among total colleges(36.6%, J5 colleges) 4) 30 colleges (71.4%) provided clinical education for all subjects that should be practiced. Nursing administration wes not practiced in 5 colleges (41.9%) among the remainder(12 colleges). The main cause that all practice subjects were not practiced was the lack or absence of suitable clinical settings(8 colleges. 66.7%) 5) 18 colleges (42.9%) responded that a clinical educator was, subject-charged professor. 6) 12 colleges (29.3%) responded that a clinical instructor was in charge of 6~10 students. 7) The evaluation ration ratio(professor to head nurse) by each evaluator was mostly 50% to 50 % and 60% to 40%, respectively 11 colleges(27.5%) The most common evaluation methods were evaluation by head nures, report, presence, conference (11 colleges, 27.5%) 8) The field carrier of professor was mostly 2 years (79 persons, 20.7%) and mean was 3.2 years. The education carrier of a professor was mostly over than 6 years (261 persons, 66.4%) and mean was 9.2 years. The charge hours per-week of a professor were mostly 16-18 hours (16 persons, 131.8%) 9) 34 colleges (82.9%) approved that clinical practice hour was class hour and 18 colleges (43.9 %) counted that 2 hours of clinical education equaled 1 hour of class education. 2. A study 'on the efficiency of clinical practice for nursing education. L) general characteristics of subjects were as follows: kung-sang province (145 persons, 30.5%), 30-34 years (190 persons, 39.8%), graduated degree (245 persons, 51.5%), 6-10 years of carrier (199 persons, 41.4%) were the majority. 2) suitable clinical setting was responded the systematic ward with responsible clinical educator by 210 persons(43.8%) The response by working field of subjects showed a significant difference (p< 0.01) 3) 259 subjects (54.0%) responded that the desirable qualfication of clinical instructor was 3-5 years of clinical experience with master degree or higher. 4) The mean score of desirable quality degree of clinical instructor was 3.43 professors, score (3.54) was significantly higher than clinical nurses' (3.28) (p<0.01) 412 subjects (86.0%) responded that the insufficient guality of instructor was improved by continuing to seek more new information in reference. 5) 196 subjects (41.4%) responded that desirable qualification of head nurse was more than 2 years of head position among 5 years of clinical experience. The response by working' field of subjects showed a significant difference (p<0.05) 6) The mean score of desirable quality degree of head nurse was 3.18 Clinical nurses' score(3.38) was significantly higher than professors' (3.01) (p<0.01) 419 subjects (87.8%) responded that the insufficient of head nurse was improved by continuing relationship with instructor and being responsible from planing of clinical education. 7) The mean score of performance level of the desirable clinical education guide incollege was 2.91 Professors' score (2.96) was significantly higher than clinical nurses' (2.84) (p<0.01) 340 subjects (71.1%) responded that the possible resolution for poor performance was the more specified syllabus of clinical education and the satisfiable orientation for students. 8) The mean score of performance level of the desirable clinical education guide in hospital was 3.03 9) 141 subjects (29.6%) responded that the desirable clinical evaluator was the group of professor, head nurse, staff nurse. Response by working field of subjects was a significant difference (p< 0.05) 10) The mean score of performance level of the evaluation content needed in clinical education was 3.50 Clinical nurses' score (3.56) was significantly higher than professors' (3.45) (p<0.01) 11) 433 subjects (90.2%) responded that6 desirable evaluation method for clinical education was the presence. 12) The mean score of performance level about how personal difference among clinical educators was minimized was 2.89 and response by working field of subjects was not significant. The cause of poor performance was too much workload at clinical settings and too many students st colleges by 386 subjects (81.1%).

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