• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.427-438
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• 2018

Static stability is a decisive factor in the design of domes. Stability-related external factors, such as load and supports, are incorporated into structural vulnerability theory by the definition of a relative rate of joint well-formedness ($r_r$). Hence, the instability mechanism of domes can be revealed. To improve stability, an optimization model against instability, which takes the maximization of the lowest $r_r$ ($r_{r,min}$) as the objective and the discrete member sections as the variables, is established with constraints on the design requirements and steel consumption. Optimizations are performed on two real-life Kiewitt-6 model domes with a span of 23.4 m and rise of 11.7 m, which are initially constructed for shaking table collapse test. Well-formedness analyses and stability calculation (via arc-length method) of the models throughout the optimization history demonstrate that this proposed method can effectively enhance $r_{r,min}$ and optimize the static stability of shell-like structures. Additionally, seismic performance of the optimum models subjected to the same earthquake as in the shaking table test is checked. The supplemental simulations prove that the optimum models are superior to the original models under earthquake load as well.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1291-1299
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• 2012

UML is a semantically rich language, but it is difficult to ensure consistency of the diagrams you have written. Therefore, in this paper, we propose cross checking rules to improve consistency between UML diagrams, especially between UML static diagram and dynamic diagram. We use metamodels in order to more clearly reflect interactions of UML elements in the checking rules and use OCL(Object Constraint Language) to accurately represent the checking rules. By comparing with the well-formedness rules of UML specification, we focus on consistency of UML diagrams. And we derive metamodels of static diagram and dynamic diagram, analysis the relationships of UML diagrams and finally, we test the usability of derived rules through a case study.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.135-147
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• 2012

Software architecture, as a blueprint for the system, should provide a robust foundation for design, implementation, and maintenance, for communication and documentation, and for reasoning about important system properties. Software architecture plays a central role during the whole software life-cycle. There are so diverse definitions of the software architecture, however, and there is no common agreement about what software architecture is. Examining 27 'published' definitions of software architecture, we synthesize an extensive model on the essential elements of software architecture, which consists of components, interaction among components, well-formed structure, reasons, and various perspectives. Further, we explore the possibility of unifying diverse software architecture definitions into a software architecture life-cycle model.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 1994.02a
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• pp.63-72
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• 1994

Dependency Grammar has been used by Iinguists as the basis of the syntactic components of their grammar formalisms. It has also been used in natural langauge parsing. In China, attempts have been made to use this grammar formalism to parse Chinese sentences using corpus based techniques. This paper reviews the properties of Dependency Grammar as embodied in four axioms for the well-formedness conditions for dependency structures. It is shown that allowing mul tiple governors as done by some followers of this formalism is unnecessary. The practice of augmenting Dependency Grammar with functional labels is discussed in the light of building functional structures when the sentence is parsed. This will also facilitate semantic interpretion.retion.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.6
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• pp.103-117
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• 1999

This paper suggests that the onset-coda asymmetry found in languages like Korean and others should be dealt with in terms of one acoustic feature rather than other articulatory features, claiming that the acoustic feature involved here is [noise], i.e., 'aperiodic waveform energy'. It determines the structural well-formedness of the languages in question whether a coda ends in [noise] or not, regardless of the intensity, the frequency, and the time duration of the [noise]. Fricatives, affricates, aspirated stops, tense stops, and released stops are all disallowed in the coda position due to the acoustic feature [noise] they, commonly end with if they were, posited in the coda. The proposal implies that the three seemingly separate prohibitions of consonants in the coda position -- i) no fricatives/affricates, ii) no aspirated/tense stops, and iii) no released stops -- are directly correlated with each other. Incorporation of the one acoustic feature [noise] in the feature theory enables us to see that the aspects of onset-coda asymmetry are derived from one single source: ban, of [noise] in the coda.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.921-929
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• 2001

OCL was used in the UML Semantics document to specify the well-formedness rules of the UML metarmodel. UML was extended to apply it to system developments of several fields, for example real-time UML and web applications with UML. In particular the dependability is important in designing and building hard real-time system. Thus OCL is needed to express real-time UML formally and so it must extended. In this paper, we extend OCL to define event-driven real-time OCL to the development of Nrcl simulator.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.1191-1210
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• 2010

This article claims that English liquid consonants are characterized by the presence of complex place nodes, regardless of dialectal varieties. The primary difference between rhotic and laterals can be pursued in a phonological sense. The level of subbranching nodes is in charge of the disparities among two types of liquids: the branching immediately below the Coronal node with laterals, while branching at the secondary sublevel with rhotics. In this context, the processes of rhotic deletion and lateral vocalization can be understood as those motivated to get rid of complex place nodes. That is, those processes take place as part of phonological attrition. Next, the onset/coda asymmetry regarding liquids stems from the dispreference of vocoid at the onset position, which is readily accounted for by the series of constraints on the well-formedness on the onset, namely Harmonic Onset. The rationale of gradualness and harmonic improvement proposed by Harmonic Serialism is useful to separate the attested outputs from unattested ones across the whole gamut of English varieties. All in all, the primary benefits of our analysis can be found in the consistence in the explanation for the operations running through the sounds regarded as belonging to liquid consonants, comprising the whole range of rhotic and lateral consonants.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.165-182
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• 2001

In this paper, we describe a design and implementation of the Wireless Markup Language(WML) compiler to deploy wireless Internet services effectively. The WML compiler translates textual WML decks into binary ones in order to reduce the traffic on wireless links that have relatively low bandwidth to wireline links and mitigate the processing overhead of WML decks on, wireless terminals that have relatively low processing power to fixed workstations. In addition, it takes over the overhead of eXtensible Markup Language(XML) well-formedness and validation processes. The WML compiler consists of the lexical analyzer and parser modules. The granunar for the WML parser module is LALR(1) context-free grammar that is designed based on XML 1.0 and WML 1.2 DTD(Document Type Definition) with the consideration of the Wireless Application Protocol Binary XML grammar. The grammar description is converted into a C program to parse that grammar by using parser generator. Even though the tags in WML will be extended or WML DTD will be upgraded, this approach has the advantage of flexibility because the program is generated by modifying just the changed parts. We have verified the functionality of the WML compiler by using a WML decompiler in the public domain and by using the Nokia WAP Toolkit as a WAP client. To measurethe compressibility gain of the WML compiler, we have tested a large number of textual WML decks and obtained a maximum 85 %. As the effect of compression is reduced when the portion of general textual strings increases relative to one of the tags and attributes in a WML deck, an extended encoding method might be needed for specific applications such as compiling of the WML decks to which the Hyper Text Markup Language document is translated dynamically.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.83-92
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• 2011

Typographical errors by the author's mistyping occur frequently in a document being prepared with word processors contrary to usual publications. Preparing this online document, the most common orthographical errors are spelling errors resulting from incorrectly typing intent keys to near keys on keyboard. Typical spelling checkers detect and correct these errors by using morphological analyzer. In other words, the morphological analysis module of a speller tries to check well-formedness of input words, and then all words rejected by the analyzer are regarded as misspelled words. However, if morphological analyzer accepts even mistyped words, it treats them as correctly spelled words. In this paper, I propose a simple method capable of detecting and correcting errors that the previous methods can not detect. Proposed method is based on the characteristics that typographical errors are generally not repeated and so tend to have very low frequency. If words generated by operations of deletion, exchange, and transposition for each phoneme of a low frequency word are in the list of high frequency words, some of them are considered as correctly spelled words. Some heuristic rules are also presented to reduce the number of candidates. Proposed method is able to detect not syntactic errors but some semantic errors, and useful to scoring candidates.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.96-106
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• 2002

this paper, we propose a flexible, reusable, and extensible HL7 encoding and decoding framework using a Message Object Model (MOM) and Message Definition Repository (MDR). The MOM provides an abstract HL7 message form represented by a group of objects and their relationships. It reflects logical relationships among the standard HL7 message elements such as segments, fields, and components, while enforcing the key structural constraints imposed by the standard. Since the MOM completely eliminates the dependency of the HL7 encoder and decoder on platform-specific data formats, it makes it possible to build the encoder and decoder as reusable standalone software components, enabling the interconnection of arbitrary heterogeneous hospital information systems(HISs) with little effort. Moreover, the MDR, an external database of key definitions for HL7 messages, helps make the encoder and decoder as resilient as possible to future modifications of the standard HL7 message formats. It is also used by the encoder and decoder to perform a well formedness check for their respective inputs (i. e., HL7 message objects expressed in the MOM and encoded HL7 message strings). Although we implemented a prototype version of the encoder and decoder using JAVA, they can be easily packaged and delivered as standalone components using the standard component frameworks like ActiveX, JAVABEAN, or CORBA component.