• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.27-35
• /
• 1970

1) In whole anesthetized rabbits and spinal rabbits, the potentiating effect of syrosingopine and reserpine on pressor action of norepinephrine (NE) was compared. 2) The doses of syrosingopine and reserpine were 8, 40, $200\;{\mu}g$ and 1 mg per kg of body weight. The pressor responses to NE(0.1, 0.5, 0.25, 1.2, 6.0, 30.0, $150.0\;{\mu}g/kg$) were examine at 4, 10 and 24 hours after administration of the drugs. 3) In whole rabbits, potentiation by syrosingopine of pressor effect of NE was observed after administration of above the dose of $40\;{\mu}g/kg$, potentiation by reserpine was above $8\;{\mu}g/kg$. The maximal potentiation was achieved 10 hours after administration of $200\;{\mu}g/kg$ of each agent. 4) In spinal rabbits, syrosingopine $(200\;{\mu}g/kg)$ produced slight potentiation of pressor effect of NE. The same dose of reserpine produced more pronounced potentiation. 5) In the whole rabbits carbachol inhibited the potentiation observed 4 hours after administration of $40\;{\mu}g/kg$ of reserpine and syrosingopine. 6) In spinal rabbits, the potentiation observed 10 hours after $200\;{\mu}g/kg$ of reserpine and syrosingopine was inhibited by administration of carbachol. 7) The onset of potentiation of the pressor effect of NE was within 15 min after administration of syrosingopine and reserpine (1 mg/kg, each). 8) The above data suggest that the development of NE supersensitivity by syrosingopine and reserpine in rabbits has more intimate relationship with the decrease of central catecholamine contents than with that of peripheral ones. The depression of central sympathetic tone produced by these agents seems to play an important role in development of supersensitivity.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.40 no.10
• /
• pp.769-781
• /
• 2007

Factor analysis has been usually employed in reducing quantity of data and summarizing information on a system or phenomenon. In this analysis methodology, variables are grouped into several factors by consideration of statistic characteristics, and the results are used for dropping variables which have lower weight than others. In this study, factor analysis was applied for extracting primary factors influencing multi-dam system operation in the Han River basin, where there are two multi-purpose dams such as Soyanggang Dam and Chungju Dam, and water has been supplied by integrating two dams in water use season. In order to fulfill factor analysis, first the variables related to two dams operation were gathered and divided into five groups (Soyanggang Dam: inflow, hydropower product, storage management, storage, and operation results of the past; Chungju Dam: inflow, hydropower product, water demand, storage, and operation results of the past). And then, considering statistic properties, in the gathered variables, some variables were chosen and grouped into five factors; hydrological condition, dam operation of the past, dam operation at normal season, water demand, and downstream dam operation. In order to check the appropriateness and applicability of factors, a multiple regression equation was newly constructed using factors as description variables, and those factors were compared with terms of objective function used in operation water resources optimally in a river basin. Reviewing the results through two check processes, it was revealed that the suggested approach provided satisfactory results. And, it was expected for extracted primary factors to be useful for making dam operation schedule considering the future situation and previous results.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.86-91
• /
• 2006

There are 3 different hypotheses on how statins may affect bones, through promoting bone formation, inhibiting bone resorption or through anti-inflammatory effect. In the 3 cross-sectional studies above, one showed increase BMD at hip and spine, one showed increase BMD only at mid-forearm and one showed that the risk reduction in fractures is not explained by the changes in BMD however, all 3 studies showed a decrease in risk of fracture associated with statins. In the 2 prospective cohort studies, one showed the use of statins was not associated with BMD at any skeletal site or decreasing the risk of fracture, and the other showed statins except pravastatin decreased in risk of vertebrate fracture but not affecting lumbar spine BMD. All of case-control studies indicated reduction in fracture risk but did not provide any data regarding BMD. 2 of the randomized, controlled studies showed no significant reduction in fracture risk as well as statins' effects on BMD. Finally, one longitudinal study showed statin use reduced fracture risk and increased BMD. Among the conflicting results shown above, even when statin use was shown to increase BMD, it does not seem to account for the reduction in fracture risk. There may be different ways that statins affect bone other than those hypotheses proposed above. Many studies seem to agree that pravastatin does not have any effect on bone. Some studies suggested that the reason statins did not achieve clinically significant increases in BMD in some studies, is due to the low affinity of statins on bone; statins are designed to act in the liver therefore their effective concentration in extrahepatic tissue is low. The limitations to those studies discussed above. Many studies did not account for the change of lifestyle while subjects' were on statins. Increases in weight bearing exercise and changes in diet might affect BMD and thus reduce risk of fractures. Mental alertness and vision acuity might prevent falls from occurring; many statin-users in the studies were young so the risk of fractures from falls would be decreased. Almost all of the studies failed exclude patients with neurological problems. During study periods, many subjects may have been started on drugs for diseases that usually occur with aging which could cause drowsiness and lead to falls. The sample sizes used in some of the trials were small and the duration of treatment and follow up might not have been long enough to see clinically relevant results.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.154-172
• /
• 1999

In order to analyse the prevalence rate of hypertension and the actual conditions of control, we selected five districts out of eleven eups and myuns in Chinan Country. We administered structured questionaries to 309 adults above the age of 40, computerized the data using SPSS - PC+. More than 40.1% of adults over 40 in Chinan County have health disorders ranging from high blood pressure to hypertension including alert high blood pressure at 36.2%, relatively high. Among general characteristics, differences in the rate of hypertension were influenced by age, occupation and places of residence. Over 71 who are engaged in agriculture, who don't have jobs, who reside in Sungsu, Jungchun, Chinan-eup all have higher hypertension rates than other groups. Accordingly, the control of hypertension should be focused on these people. As a result of the control of blood pressure, the survey showed 93.0% of the subjects were checked mainly at hospitals clinics, health centers subhealth centers and community health posts more than once a year, relatively high level of blood pressure management. However, the difference between their blood pressure measurements at ordinary times and the level of blood pressure at the time of research was quite considerable. Only 47.3% of the subjects diagnosed with high blood pressure and 70.3% of the subjects with normal blood pressure recognized their blood pressure accurately 52.7% of the subjects diagnosed with high blood pressure showed errors in understanding their blood pressure at normal times. Because these errors can cause problems in the control of blood pressure, proper management should be executed through a systematic examination. As a result of the high blood pressure control condition, the average period of hypertension was 74.5( ${\pm}92.8$) months, 92.3% of the subjects were diagnosed with high blood pressure at hospitals clinics, health centers subhealth centers community health posts, but only 29.5% were examined after a general check up on high blood pressure was completed. 70.5% were diagnosed with high blood pressure only after measuring their blood pressure. 14.1% of the subjects were hospitalized because of falls influenced by high blood pressure. 33.3% attended hospitals and health centers regularily for medical treatment and this shows how low the rate of the control of blood pressure. Most people did not undergo medical treatment, because they had no painful symptoms (46.7%), they didn't need to take the medicine(28.9%), or they forget to take the medicine(20.0%). These problems in the control of hypertension were discovered in the process of diagnosing high blood pressure at health medical institutions. Many people did not recognize the need for consistent control of blood pressure. That is, although the diagnosis for high blood pressures performed at hospitals clinics, health centers subhealth centers and community health posts, was 92.3%, more than 70.5% of the subjects were not examined completely with regard to blood pressure. Accordingly, heath medical institutions must diagnose high blood pressure not only by only measuring blood pressure but also by using systematic process of examination. As for the people diagnosed with high blood pressure, one should perform consistent medical approaches and help them to recognize the importance of the continuous control of blood pressure through subject-oriented education. Problems the subjects experienced were the following numbness in the limbs easily paralyzed stitches in their shoulders which felt painful, stiff necks, occiputs felt heavy, headaches when they got up in the morning, felt dizzy when standing and moving their heads and poor eyesight. The rate of knowledge related to high blood pressure was 78.7 points, comparatively low. Whether they had normal blood pressure or hypertension made no difference. These results are not desirable. Adult-oriented education forgot the prevention and management of high blood pressure should be implemented. Hypertensive-oriented education should be especially reinforced. Because there was a difference in the level of knowledge according to age, academic career, occupation or place of residence, education related to hypertension should be intensified and focused on those over the age of 71 those who did not attend school, those who do not have jobs and are engaged in agriculture and residents living in Bugui, Jungchun regions. The degree of healthy life practice in hypertensives is poor, particularly weight control, as opposed to people who have normal blood pressure. It makes no difference in smoking, the amount of daily smoking, drinking, the control of salt because each result means that they are not practicing healthy life or modifying their life-style. The development and programs to improve a healthy life should be executed.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.261-269
• /
• 1995

A practical control diet was prepared and compared with raw fish ($80\%$ frozen horse mackerel + $20\%$ commercial binder meal) and moist pellet ($50\%$ frozen horse mackerel + $50\%$commercial binder meal) diets to develop a practical diet formulation for Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Korean rockfish averaging 68.5g were fed with the three experimental diets for 11 months. Final average body weight was approximately 330g and showed no significant difference between fish groups (P>0.05). Feed efficiency of fish from control diet was significantly lower than those of fish from raw fish and moist pellet diets (P<0.05). Protein and lipid retention efficiency of fish ranged $26.9-28.8\%$ and $86.5-110.2\%$, respectively, without any significant difference between the different diets. At the end of the experiment, chemical composition for the various parts of fish body and flesh quality of the raw fish were examined. The data showed that there was no significant difference between fish from the different diet groups for moisture, protein and lipid contents of whole body, liver, and dorsal muscle. Also, thirty three panelists did not find any difference in color, smell, texture, and taste of the raw fish flesh. These results suggest that Korean rockfish can be cultured with a laboratory practical feed without any negative effects on growth, nutrient utilization, chemical composition of fish, and quality of raw fish. Therefore, the next step in developing practical feed is to modify the control diet for improving fish performance and reducing feed cost.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.40-47
• /
• 2006

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of attenuation correction (AC) and scatter correction (SC) on the quantification of PET count rates. Materials and Methods: To assess the effects of AC and SC $^{18}F$-FDG PET images of phantom and cat brain were acquired using microPET R4 scanner. Thirty-minute transmission images using $^{68}Ge$ source and emission images after injection of FDG were acquired. PET images were reconstructed using 2D OSEM. AC and SC were applied. Regional count rates were measured using ROIs drawn on cerebral cortex including frontal, parietal, and latral temporal lobes and deep gray matter including head of caudate nucleus, putamen and thalamus for pre- and post-AC and SC images. The count rates were then normalized with the injected dose per body weight. To assess the effects of AC, count ratio of "deep gray matter/cerebral cortex" was calculated. To assess the effects of SC, ROIs were also drawn on the gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM), and contrast between them ((GM-WM)/GM was measured. Results: After the AC, count ratio of "deep gray matter/cerebral cortex" was increased by $17{\pm}7%$. After the SC, contrast was also increased by $12{\pm}3%$. Conclusion: Relative count of deep gray matter and contrast between gray and white matters were increased after AC and SC, suggesting that the AC would be critical for the quantitative analysis of cat brain PET data.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.57 no.4
• /
• pp.343-352
• /
• 2012

This experiment was carried out to report some data such as survival rate, tetraploid production efficiency, and agronomic characteristics of offspring from the induced tetraploid by the colchicine treatment in rye. The colchicine was soaked with 0.05%, 12 hours in dark condition and at two growth stages (green seed and 2nd leaf stage) in diploid ryes. Flow cytometry (FC) was proved to be efficient and rapid tool for screening ploidy levels in rye, showing around 40 to 60 in DNA amount (DAP1) corresponding to diploid and 80 to 110 tetraploid. There were 18.5% of survival rate at green seed treatment and 78% at 2nd leaf stage in average of two rye cultivars, Gogu and Jogreen, but in reverse 50.9% and 1.1% in the ratio of tetraploid to total tillers among the plants survived, respectively, resulting in 9.42% of tetraploid production rate in green seed treatment and 0.86% at 2nd leaf stage, respectively. In green seed treatment, there were 33% of survival rate in Gogu, 4% in Jogreen in 1st year, but 56% in Gogu, 21% in Jogreen and 49% in Charmgreen, respectively. The rate of tetraploid to total spikes among survived was 53.7% in Gogu, 32.4% in Jogreen, and 50.9% in average in 1st year, and 64.1% in Gogu, 51.5% in Jogreen, 60% in Charmgreen, and 60.5% in average in 2nd year. In green seed treatment, tetraploid production rate (survival rate ${\times}$ tetraploid ratio ${\times}$ 100) was 17.7% in Gogu and 1.3% in Jogreen and 9.42% in average in 1st year, and 35.9% in Gogu, 10.8% in Jogreen, 29.4% in Charmgreen, and 25.4% in average of three diploid rye cultivars. By the colchicine treatment with 0.05% for 12 hours in Gogu and Jogreen, 35 tetraploid plants were obtained and they produced 2,673 seeds with 148 spikes. There were 3.3-4.4 in the number of spikes per plant, 15.6-18.3 in grain number per spike, and 37.6 g in Gogu and 46.8 g in Jogreen in the 1,000-grain weight.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.54 no.4
• /
• pp.452-457
• /
• 2009

The objective of this study was to provide fundamental data on breeding cultivar and cultural technique to identify quality characterization according to damage degrees in rice when are damaged at low temperature. For induction of cold damage, we treated the irrigation water at $17^{\circ}C$ from the panicle formation stage to the heading date. The rice products were harvested by grades according to the sterility ratio and investigated 5 items of quality analysis including ripened grain ratio, brown/rough rice ratio, 1000 grain weight of brown rice, protein content, and amylose content. The quality analysis were characterized by each items according to the sterility ratio. As a result, the ripened grain ratio was y=1.0444x-7.6597($R^2=0.9874^{**}$), protein content was y=-0.046x+10.875 ($R^2=0.6973^*$), and head rice ratio was y=-0.2306x+104.32 ($R^2=0.634^*$), but the amylose content, brown/rough rice ratio and the milled/brown rice ratio were not significant. The rice plants, which injured by the low temperature, had bad influence in the yield and quality. Consequently, the breeding of rice cultivar and development of cultural technique are required to improve its cold tolerance.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.65 no.4
• /
• pp.346-352
• /
• 2020

Currently, many studies are being conducted to cope with climate changes due to global warming and abnormal weather. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of weather on the growth, yield components, and quality of soybeans using weather data from 2017 and 2018. The average temperature in 2018 was higher than that in 2017 from R1 to R5 of the growth stage for all cultivars. On the other hand, precipitation in 2018 was reduced compared to that in 2017 for Daewon and Daepung-2ho. It was observed that the flowering date in 2018 was earlier than that in 2017 for Daewon and Daepung-2ho, but the flowering date for Pungsannamul in 2018 was similar to that in 2017. Simulating soil water content with the estimation model (AFKAE0.5) determined that there were fewer drought dates in 2017 than those in 2018, and drought lasted from R1 to early R5 of the growth stage in 2018. Soybean growth in 2017 was better than that in 2018, and seed yield and 100-seed weight of soybean were higher in 2017 than those in 2018 for all cultivars. The seed size in 2017 was larger than that in 2018 for all cultivars. Oil content in 2017 was higher than that in 2018; in particular, the difference between both years was observed for Daewon and Daepung-2ho. Protein content was higher in 2018 than that in 2017; however, there were different levels for each cultivar. Thus, these results indicate that the yield component and quality of soybeans are affected by high temperature and drought.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.269-276
• /
• 2010

Total mercury and methylmercury concentrations were determined in 15 commonly consumed aquatic food species using total mercury analyzer and gas chromatography with electron capture detector. The mean total mercury and methylmercury concentrations (mg/kg) were 0.088 and 0.034 in mackerel, 0.061 and 0.016 in hair tail, 0.030 and 0.005 in yellow croaker, 0.032 and 0.008 in Alaska pollock, 0.059 and 0.023 in eastern catfish, 0.110 and 0.045 in snakehead, 0.030 and 0.011 in Japanese common squid, 0.026 and 0.009 in common octopus, 0.035 and 0.008 in swimming crab, 0.009 and not detected (ND) in oyster, 0.011 and ND in shortneck clam, 0.008 and ND in mussel, 0.018 and ND in sea mustard, 0.007 and ND in nori, and 0.019 and ND in sea tangle, respectively. The total weekly dietary intakes of total mercury and methylmercury were estimated, respectively, using food consumption data from diet surveys and the concentrations of total mercury and methylmercury from this study. They were $0.178\;{\mu}g/kg$ body weight (b.w.)/week (3.57% of provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI)) and $0.052\;{\mu}g/kg$ b.w./week (3.34% of PTWI) respectively, and all were within their respective PTWI set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Therefore, considering that the main contributor to mercury intake in the diet is aquatic foods and that the 15 aquatic food species examined in this study are highly consumed, it is concluded that the mercury levels in the foods measured in this study do not present a concern for consumer health.