In this study, we synthesized a series of dendritic polystyrene-b-linear poly (t-butyl acrylate) copolymers with well-defined molecular architectures. The hydroxyl group located at the focal point of the second generation dendron bearing polystyrene ($M_n$ = 1000 g/mol) peripheries was converted into amine group via the following stepwise reactions: 1) tosylatoin, 2) azidation, and 3) reduction. On the other hand, the linear poly (t-butyl acrylate)s were prepared by an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of t-butyl acrylate where benzyl 2-bromopropanoate and Cu(I)Br/PMDETA were used as initiator and catalyst, respectively. To convert the end group of prepared poly (t-butyl acrylate) s into carboxylic acid, a debenzylation was performed using Pd/C catalyst under $H_2$ atmosphere. In the final step, dendritic-linear block copolymers were obtained through a simple amide coupling reaction mediated by 4-(dimethylamino) pyridine(DMAP) and N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide(DIPC). The resulting diblock copolymers were shown to have well-defined molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions as supported by $^1H$-NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography(GPC).
Park, Hyung Seok;Lee, Jun Young;Ko, Kang Yeol;Ryu, Jehong;Lim, Jae Hwan
Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
/
v.24
no.4
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pp.129-134
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2020
Purpose: This study compared the results of proximal and distal chevron osteotomy in patients with severe hallux valgus. Several recent studies have shown that the indications for distal metatarsal osteotomy with a distal soft-tissue procedure could be extended to include severe hallux valgus. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed 127 severe hallux valgus surgeries. Of these, 76 patients (76 feet) were excluded for lack of adequate follow-up and additional procedures (Akin procedure), leaving 51 patients (51 feet) in the study. The mean age of the patients was 58 years (21~83 years), and the mean follow-up duration was 18 months (12~32 months). The patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 underwent distal chevron osteotomy, and group 2 underwent proximal chevron osteotomy performed sequentially by a single surgeon. The patients were interviewed for the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score before and one year after surgery. The anteroposterior weight-bearing radiography of the foot was taken before and one year after surgery. Results: There were no significant differences in pain and function after one year in either group. Both groups experienced significant pain reduction and an increase in the AOFAS score. Significant improvement of the hallux valgus and intermetatarsal angle corrections was observed in both groups, and the sesamoid position was similar in each group. More improvement in radiographic correction of intermetatarsal angle was noted in group 2. Both procedures gave similar good clinical and radiological outcomes. Conclusion: This study suggests that a distal chevron osteotomy with a distal soft-tissue procedure is as effective and reliable a means of correcting severe hallux valgus as a proximal chevron osteotomy with a distal soft-tissue procedure.
The purpose of this paper is to examine the narrative-building method and the post-historical descriptive aspects of the movie Paradise in Service, which deals with the modern history of Taiwan. Although Paradise in Service tells the history of a certain time period, it focuses on the anguish and agony felt by people who lived during that age rather than on the meaning of historical events or interpretation of the past in terms of official historical discourse. That is, as it avoids looking at the present by composing a narrative in the descriptive historical context and from bearing weight from the viewpoint of realism, it gains the possibility of establishing a new field of discourse through a post-historical discussion using descriptive historical texts. However, the movie tries to create fantasy through a special type of licensed prostitution as a means of post-historical description. In other words, when this movie tries to reproduce the microscopic history of common people in trouble because of a historical tragedy, it considers only men and excludes "weak" women. Thus, although Paradise in Service has meaning in that it gives an example of how movies can disrupt official historical discourse and group memory and rewrite history by focusing on individuals, it is limited by its male-centrism.
Seo, Hyeok;Park, Kyung-Ho;Kim, Chan-Jung;Kim, Ho-Chul;Kim, Daehyeon
Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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v.18
no.1
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pp.67-77
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2019
The grouting method is utilized to reinforce and waterproof poor grounds, enhance the bearing capacity of structures damaged resulting from settlement due to elevation and vibration or differential settlement, and for cutoff. The purpose of this research is to enhance the compressive strength of grout materials by using aramid fiber and develop a high-strength ground improvement method by using blast furnace slag powder. In this regard, this study has conducted a uniaxial compression test after checking the high charge (higher than 50%) of the ratio of blast furnace slag powder and cement at 100:0, 70:30 and 40:60%, adding the aramid mixture based on 0, 0.5 and 1.0% of the cement and furnace slag powder weight and creating sand gels based on surface oiling rate of 0.7 and 1.2%. For the environmental review evaluation, a heavy metal exudation test and a pH test measurement have been conducted. The experiment results showed that 1% increase of aramid fiber led to 1.3 times greater uniaxial compression intensity. As for the hexavalent chrome, a 30% increase in blast furnace slag powder led to approximately 50% decrease in heavy metal exudation. However, the pH test revealed that a 30% increase in blast furnace slag powder resulted in approximately 0.5 increase in pH. Further research on the pH part is needed in the future.
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate 1) the difference in static lower extremity alignment (SLEA) according to a history of lateral ankle sprain (LAS), 2) to identify SLEA factors affecting LAS, and 3) to present the cut-off value and 4) the usefulness and limitations of the SLEA measurement. Method: This case-control study recruited 88 men (age: 27.78±4.69 yrs) and 39 women (age: 24.62±4.20 yrs) subjects with and without LAS. SLEA measurement protocol included Q angle, tibiofemoral angle, genu recurvatum, rear foot (RF) angle, tibal varum and torsion, navicular drop, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (DF ROM). Independent t-test, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used for statistical analysis. Results: Men with a history of LAS had significantly smaller Q angles both in standing and in supine position, while women with a history of LAS had significantly greater DF ROM in non-weight bearing (NWB; p < 0.05). Logistic regression model suggests tibial varum (OR = 0.779, p = 0.021) and WB DF ROM (OR = 1.067, p = 0.045) were associated with LAS in men. In case of women, there were no significant SLEA factors for LAS, however, ROC curve analysis revealed standing RF angle (AUC = 0.647, p = 0.028) and NWB DF ROM (AUC = 0.648, p = 0.026) could be affecting factors for LAS. Conclusion: There are differences in SLEA according to the history of LAS, furthermore, the identified items were different by sex. In case of men, tibial varum and WB DF ROM affect LAS occurrence. Standing RF angle and NWB DF ROM of women could be a predictor for LAS. However, since the sensitivity and specificity in most of the SLEA measurements are low, kinematic in dynamic tasks should be considered together for a more accurate evaluation of LAS risk.
Cho, Jaeho;Cho, Byung-Ki;Jeong, Bi O;Chung, Jin-Wha;Bae, Su-Young;The Academic Committee of Korean Foot and Ankle Society,
Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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v.26
no.2
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pp.95-102
/
2022
Purpose: This study was based on the Korean Foot and Ankle Society (KFAS) member survey and aimed to report the current trends in the management of syndesmotic injuries over the last few decades. Materials and Methods: A web-based questionnaire containing 36 questions was sent to all KFAS members in September 2021. The questions were mainly related to the preferred techniques and clinical experiences in the treatment of patients with syndesmotic injuries. Answers with a prevalence ≥50% of respondents were considered a tendency. Results: Seventy-six (13.8%) of the 550 members responded to the survey. The results showed that the most preferred method to diagnose a syndesmotic injury was magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Intraoperatively, the external rotation stress test and the Cotton test were most frequently used to confirm syndesmotic diastasis. The reduction was usually done by a reduction clamp. One 3.5-mm screw was used most frequently over three cortices at 2~4 cm above the ankle joint. The preferred ankle position during fixation was 0° dorsiflexion. Removal of the syndesmotic screw was routinely done by most surgeons, mainly because of the limitation of movement and risk of screw breakage. Factors that affect suture button selection included non-rigid fixation which enables adequate fixation, early weight-bearing, and an infrequent need to remove the hardware. Inadequate reduction was considered the main factor that affects poor prognosis. Conclusion: This study proposes updated information about the current trends in the management of syndesmotic injuries in Korea. Consensuses in both the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to patients with syndesmotic injury were identified in this survey study. This study may raise the awareness of the various possible approaches toward the injury and should be used to further establish a standard protocol for the management of syndesmotic injuries.
Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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v.27
no.1
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pp.1-8
/
2023
At construction sites, interest in the production of precast materials is increasing due to off-site conditions due to changes in construction site conditions due to increased labor costs and the Act on the Punishment of Serious Accidents. In particular, the precast prestressed hollow slab has a hollow shape in the cross section, so structural performance is secured by reducing weight and controlling deflection through stranded wires. With the application of structural standards, the urgency of securing fire resistance performance is emerging. In this study, a fire-resistance cross section was developed by reducing the concrete filling rate in the cross section and improving the upper and lower flange shapes by optimizing the hollow shape in the cross section of the slab to have the same or better structural performance and economic efficiency compared to the existing hollow slab. The PC hollow slab to which this was applied was subjected to a two-hour fire resistance test using the cross-sectional thickness as a variable, and as a result of the test, fire resistance performance (load bearing capacity, heat shielding property, flame retardance property) was secured. Based on the experimental results, it is determined that fire resistance modeling can be established through numerical analysis simulation, and prediction of fire resistance analysis is possible according to the change of the cross-sectional shape in the future.
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is an oncofetal antigen primarily detected in the peripheral blood of cancer patients, particularly in those with colorectal cancer. CEA is considered a valuable target for antigen-specific immunotherapy. In this study, we induced the anti-tumor immunity for CEA through the administration of a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine. However, there was a limitation in inducing tumor regression in the DC vaccinated mice. To enhance the efficacy of anti-tumor immunity in MC38/CEA2 tumor-bearing mice, we evaluated the effects of DC vaccine in combination with cyclophosphamide (CYP). Administration of CYP 100 mg/kg in mice resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth in the 2-day tumor model, whereas a lower inhibition of tumor growth was seen in the 10-day tumor model. Therefore, the 10-day tumor model was selected for testing chemo-immunotherapy. The combined CYP and DC vaccine not only increased tumor antigen-specific immune responses but also induced synergistic anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, the adverse effects of CYP such as weight loss and immunosuppression by regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells showed a significant reduction in the combined chemo-immunotherapy treatment compared with CYP alone. Our data suggest that chemoimmunotherapy with the DC vaccine may offer a new therapeutic strategy to induce a potent anti-tumor effect and reduce the adverse effects of chemotherapy.
Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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v.11
no.3
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pp.184-191
/
2023
With increasing corrosion in RC (Reinforced Concrete) structures, cracks occurred due to corrosion products and bearing load resistance decreased. In this study, corrosion was induced through an accelerated corrosion test (ICM: Impressed Current Method) with 140 hours of duration, and changes in USV (Ultra-Sonic Velocity), flexural failure load, and corrosion weight were evaluated before and after corrosion test. Three levels of cover depth (20 mm, 30 mm, and 40 mm) were considered, and the initial cracking period increased and the rust around steel decreased with increasing cover depth. In addition, the USV linearly decreased with decreasing cover depth and increasing amount of corrosion. In the flexural loading test, the bending capacity decreased by more than 10% due to corrosion, but a clear correlation could not be obtained since the corrosion ratio was small, so that the effect of slip was greater than that of reduced cross-sectional area of steel due to corrosion. As cover depth increased, the produced corrosion amount and USV changed with a clear linear relationship, and the cracking period due to corrosion could be estimated by the gradient of the measured corrosion current.
This study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the born density of food and nutrition major and non-major university students in Seoul area. Data for food habits, dietary and health-related behavior were obtained by self administered questionnaires. BQI(bone quality index) of the subjects were measured by Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS). The results are summarized as follows: The average height, weight, BMI and osteopenia percentage of the major and non-major male and female student were l74.49cm, 67.05kg, 21.96 and 22.0%; l74.34cm, 65.98kg, 21.69 and 11.8%; l60.76cm, 54.48kg, 21.07 and 40.0%; l61.30cm, 54.22kg, 20.84 and 40.2%, respectively. The BQI of the major and non-major subjects were 108.07 and 110.47 in male student group, and 89.13, 88.18 in female student group, respectively. The T-score and Z-score of bone density of the subjects were not significantly different. Weight and BMI were positively related with BQI in male and female group but the relationship with BMI tended to be stronger in non-major female group than other groups. BQI was positively affected by exercise time, favorite food, and intake of seafood and tea in major and non-major male student group. One-side eating habit and intake of instant foods were negatively related with BQI in both male groups. In major and non-major female student group, exercise time, meal regularity, favorite food, amount of meal, intake of tofu were related with BQI positively and intake of tea and/or meats negatively. The result of this study revealed that desirable food habits, dietary behavior and health-related lifestyle may have a beneficial effect on bone density. They need practically and systematically organized nutrition education on optimum body weight, good eating habits, weight bearing exercise and intakes of good quality nutrient for higher bone density level.
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