• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.513-523
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• 2010

본 연구는 서울지역의 여자고등학생 196명을 대상으로 주중과 주말의 식품 및 영양소 섭취 실태에 따른 차이를 알아보기 위해 실시하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 끼니별 결식률은 아침 결식률이 가장 높았으며 주중과 주말 결식률을 비교해 보면 아침과 점심의 결식률이 주중에 비하여 주말에 유의적으로 높게 나타난 반면 저녁 결식률은 주중이 주말에 비하여 유의하게 낮았다. 2) 1일 평균 식품섭취량은 총 식품이 1,327.6 g, 식물성식품 800.5 g, 동물성 식품 425.8 g 이었으며, 총 식품섭취량과 식물성 식품섭취량은 주말에 비해 주중에 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 이외 감자류, 두류, 채소류, 버섯류, 해조류, 어패류, 유지류 및 양념류의 섭취량 역시 주말에 비해 주중에 유의적으로 높게 섭취하였으나, 과일류와 음료섭취는 주중보다는 주말에 유의적으로 높았다. 3) 1일 총 식품섭취가짓수는 하루 평균 20.5 가지를 섭취하였고, 주중에 23.3 가지, 주말에 15.1 가지로 주말에 비해 주중에 식품섭취가짓수가 유의적으로 많았다. 다소비식품은 쌀, 우유, 돼지고기, 배추김치, 닭고기 순으로 조사되었고, 상위 2위까지는 주중과 주말에 따른 차이가 없었다. 그러나 주중에 비해 주말에 피자, 콜라, 라면과 같은 인스턴트식품이나 패스트푸드가 상위 10위 내 포함되었다. 4) 영양소섭취량은 1일 평균 에너지가 2,244.9 kcal, 단백질 89.0 g, 지방 72.6 g, 탄수화물 311.2 g을 섭취하는 것으로 조사되었다. 지방은 주중보다 주말에 유의적으로 높게 섭취하였고, 탄수화물, 섬유소, 인, 철, 나트륨, 칼륨, 비타민 A, 나이아신, 엽산 및 비타민 C 섭취는 주말에 비해 주중에 유의적으로 높게 섭취하는 것으로 나타났다. 에너지섭취량에 대한 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방의 섭취비는 1일 평균 55.4% : 15.8% : 28.8% 이였고, 주중은 56.8% : 15.8% : 27.4%, 주말은 53.6% : 15.8% : 30.7% 이였다. 주중과 주말 모두 탄수화물에 대한 섭취비는 60% 이하 수준이었고, 지방은 27% 이상의 높은 수준이었으며, 탄수화물은 주중에, 지방은 주말에 유의적으로 높게 섭취하는 것으로 나타났다. 5) 한국인 영양섭취기준에 따른 섭취비율을 보면 에너지는 1일 평균, 주중 및 주말 모두 필요추정량의 82~89%를 섭취하였으며, 식이섬유, 칼슘, 칼륨, 비타민 C, 리보플라빈 및 엽산의 섭취량은 한국인 영양섭취기준 중 권장섭취량 및 적정섭취량의 75% 이하 수준이었다. 주말보다는 주중의 섭취비가 다소 높았으며, 식이섬유, 인, 철, 칼륨, 아연, 비타민 A, 비타민 C, 나이아신 및 엽산은 주말에 비해 주중의 섭취비율이 유의적으로 높았다. 6) 식사의 질을 평가할 수 있는 MAR을 보면 1일 평균 0.77이었고, 주중 0.84 주말 0.70으로 주중에 비해 주말에 유의적으로 낮았다. 이상의 연구 결과에서 서울지역 여자 고등학생은 주중에 비해 주말에 불규칙적인 식생활을 하는 것으로 조사되었다. 식생활의 규칙성을 평가할 수 있는 결식률도 주중보다는 주말이 더 높았고, 식사의 다양성을 평가할 수 있는 식품섭취가짓수는 주말보다 주중이 더 많아 주중과 주말의 식행동에 많은 차이가 있었다. 또한 식사의 질을 평가할 수 있는 MAR 역시 주말에는 0.70로 주중의 0.84에 비해 낮은 수준이어서 영양소섭취상태가 주중보다는 주말에 문제가 되는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 식이섬유, 칼슘, 칼륨, 비타민 C, 리보플라빈, 엽산의 섭취 부족을 초래하여 급속한 성장이 이루어지는 청소년기에 성장의 불균형과 체력저하를 초래할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 청소년의 건강에 치명적인 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 이들을 대상으로 올바른 식습관 형성 및 균형 잡힌 영양소섭취의 중요성에 대한 영양교육이 필요하다고 본다.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제61권12호
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• pp.1765-1773
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• 2012

The accuracy of load forecast is very important from the viewpoint of economical power system operation. In general, the weekdays' load demand pattern has the continuous time series characteristics. Therefore, the conventional methods expose stable performance for weekdays. In case of special days or weekends, the load demand pattern has the discontinuous time series characteristics, so forecasting error is relatively high. Especially, weekdays near the thanksgiving day and lunar new year's day have the mixed load profile characteristics of both weekdays and weekends. Therefore, it is difficult to forecast these days by using the existing algorithms. In this study, a new load forecasting method is proposed in order to enhance the accuracy of the forecast result considering the characteristics of weekdays and weekends. The proposed method was tested with these days during last decades, which shows that the suggested method considerably improves the accuracy of the load forecast results.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2014

Objectives: This pilot study assessed secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in smoking and non-smoking nightclubs in Seoul, Korea by measuring the concentration of particulate matter smaller than $2.5{\mu}m$ ($PM_{2.5}$). Methods: This comparative study was conducted in three nightclubs in Seoul. While one non-smoking nightclub was measured on weekdays and weekends, different smoking nightclubs were measured on weekdays and weekends. The concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was observed using a real-time monitor over an average of three hours. The number of people in the clubs was also estimated. Settled dust was collected in a smoking and a non-smoking nightclub and analyzed for NNK concentration. Results: The $PM_{2.5}$ concentration in the smoking nightclubs was higher than those found in the non-smoking nightclub by 26 times on weekdays and three times on weekends. Indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was correlated with the number of people in the smoking nightclubs. Relatively high $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was observed in the non-smoking nightclub on weekends. NNK concentration in the smoking nightclub was 7 times higer than in the non-smoking nightclub. Conclusion: Smoking in nightclubs caused high $PM_{2.5}$ concentration. Although the non-smoking nightclub had a lower $PM_{2.5}$ concentration, $PM_{2.5}$ concentration on weekends was higher due to the smoking room. Complete prohibition of smoking in nightclubs can protect patrons from secondhand smoke exposure.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.277-288
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to assess the energy expenditure and investigate the relationship between related variables of 57 dieticians in Youngdong-area. The average daily number of steps was found to be 9358.0$\pm$2714.3 steps/day on weekdays and 7862.9$\pm$2504.9 steps/day during weekends. Hourly step rates on weekdays and weekends came to 570.6$\pm$249.8 steps/hr and 564.0$\pm$224.8 steps/hr, respectively. Activity coefficient of subjects was higher on weekdays (1.56) than weekends (1.51, p<0.05). Resting energy expenditure estimated by the Harris-Benedict formula, WHO/NAO/FAO formula as well as formulas based on body surface area and DRIs (Dietary Reference Intake for Koreans) were calculated to be 1333.7$\pm$89.5kcal/day, 1351.0$\pm$123.3kcal/day, 1388.5$\pm$100.3kcal/day and 1295.9$\pm$90.8kcal/day, respectively. Using these resting energy expenditures and the activity coefficients, daily energy expenditures were calculated to be from 2039.7kcal/day to 2183.5kcal/day on weekdays and from 2016.1kcal/day to 2159.2kcal/day on weekends. Meanwhile energy intakes of subjects on weekdays and weekends were 1594.7$\pm$698.3kcal and 2152.9$\pm$768.0kcal, respectively. The activity coefficient (1.49) of dieticians who managed less than 500 meals per day was significantly lower than that of dieticians who served more than 500 meals per day. Dieticians of schools located in rural areas had higher activity coefficient (1.59) than those of schools located in urban or island settings. These results suggest that work analysis and development of management strategies are necessary to improve dieticians' productivity.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.21-37
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• 2020

This study focuses on the leisure activities of young, single-person households. Data collection involved selecting and interviewing eight cases. The results are as follows: 1. The leisure activities of young, single people are divided between weekdays and weekends. 2. Important factors affecting these leisure activities are time, money, and cognition. 3. Respondents maintain their work-life balance by focusing on weekdays and weekends, they work and study intensively on weekdays and spend their time and money on leisure and rest on weekends. 4. Young people want a chance to meet and share their experiences with others. This point must be central to planning the Healthy Family Support Center program.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.77-95
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine the factors related to leisure time to understand middle-aged one-person households. Data are from the recent survey of lifetime use in 2014 by Statistics Korea(N=1,138). Middle-aged one-person households aged 40-59 years were categorized into four groups by marital status (unmarried/married/widowed/divorced). Major results were found as follows: First, the total leisure time per day was 238 min in the middle-aged one-person households. The majority of the total leisure time was spent on 'fellowship & leisure activities'(204 min on weekdays, 283 min on weekends). Especially, time spent on real-time TV watching hours was the longest, as long as 89 min on weekday and 150 min on weekends. Second, gender differences were significant in terms of leisure time use in the middle-aged one-person households. Females spent less time on leisure than their male counterparts on both weekdays and weekends. In addition, gender differences related to marital status were significant. Third, on weekdays, the determinants of leisure time use among the middle-aged one-person households were health and type of employment for 'participation & volunteer activities', and gender, age, marital status, and type of employment variables for 'fellowship & leisure activities.' On weekends, time spent on 'participation & volunteer activities' were influenced by marital status, residential area, and type of employment, while time spent on 'fellowship & leisure activities' were significantly related to gender, type of employment, type of job, holiday system, and income.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

Purpose : Obesity is a major public health burden in developed countries and a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Short sleep duration is associated with obesity, as well as diabetes, heart disease and death. In modern society, habitual sleep restrictions seem unavoidable due to social obligations and work schedules along with a tendency toward decreased sleep time. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of differences in sleep time between weekdays and weekends on body mass index (BMI). Methods : This study involved 4,234 Korean adults aged 20 to 64 years based on data obtained from the 7th national health and nutrition examination survey (2016). All subjects were classified into the weekend catch-up sleep group (weekend CUS group). and the non catch-up sleep group (non-CUS group). Results : The longer the average sleep time, the lower was the BMI, and the larger the difference in sleep time between weekdays and weekends, the lower was the BMI. Compared with those with an average sleep time of 8 hours or more, obesity was 1.6-fold higher when the average sleep time was less than 6 hours, and 1.2-fold higher in the case of sleep time of 7 hours or more and less than 8 hours. When the difference in sleep time between weekdays and weekends was 0 or less, more than 0 hours but less than 1 hour, and more than 1 hour and less than 2 hours, the risk of obesity was 1.2-fold, 1.1-fold and 1.1-fold higher, respectively, compared with the risk associated with a sleep time difference of 2 hours or greater between weekdays and weekends. However, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion : Short sleep duration is positively associated with obesity. In addition, weekend catch-up sleep affects BMI.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.482-488
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• 2013

Load forecasting is essential to the economical and the stable power system operations. In general, the forecasting days can be classified into weekdays, weekends, special days and special light-load periods in short-term load forecast. Special light-load periods are the consecutive holidays such as Lunar New Years holidays, Korean Thanksgiving holidays and summer special light-load period. For the weekdays and the weekends forecast, the conventional methods based on the statistics are mainly used and show excellent results for the most part. The forecast algorithms for special days yield good results also but its forecast error is relatively high than the results of the weekdays and the weekends forecast methods. For summer special light-load period, none of the previous studies have been performed ever before so if the conventional methods are applied to this period, forecasting errors of the conventional methods are considerably high. Therefore, short-term load forecast for summer special light-load period have mainly relied on the experience of power system operation experts. In this study, the trends of load profiles during summer special light-load period are classified into three patterns and new forecast algorithms for each pattern are suggested. The proposed method was tested with the last ten years' summer special light-load periods. The simulation results show the excellent average forecast error near 2%.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.692-697
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• 2011

Restaurant managers seeking to maximize revenue should look carefully at how long their tables are occupied and how much the average diner spends. This study examined the effect of the customer's party size on restaurant revenue. The dining periods were divided into 2 types (lunch vs. dinner/weekdays vs. weekends), which were combined to show the average spending per minute (SPM), to determine if the dining periods have measurable effects on the dining duration and average bill. The results show that the dining duration for dinner was much longer than that for lunch and there was no significant difference in dining duration between weekdays and weekends. On the other hand, customers in larger parties at lunch time had a higher SPM than those in smaller parties. A larger customer party size was associated with a longer dining duration for dinner and on weekdays. During all operating periods (lunch, dinner, weekdays, weekends), the party size had a significantly positive effect on the mean spending per minute. For restaurant managers, these findings suggest opportunities to increase revenue and adopt revenue management strategies.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.541-550
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• 2016

This study explored a typology (or time allocation), investigated personal and work characteristic differences among time allocation types, and identified determinants of time allocation types of married working women with a preschool child. The data source for this research was the 2014 Time Use Survey conducted by Statistics Korea. We analyzed 368 time diaries (184 for weekdays and 184 for weekends) using frequency, mean, cluster analysis, chisquare, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Duncan's test, and multinomial logistic analysis. The results of this research are as follows. Time allocation of married working women with a preschool child was classified into three different types of 'work-centered,' 'work-family balanced,' and 'family-centered.' The work-centered type accounted for 14.7% of total respondents, and compared with other types, this type of people spent more time working, and less time doing house-work, caring for family, and having leisure. The work-family balanced type represents more than half of the total, and spend more time working on weekdays and house-working, having leisure on weekends. The family-centered type represents 28.8%, and spends most of the time doing house-work and caring for family on both weekdays and weekends. Occupation, employment status, monthly income, and weekly hours of work were different for each type. Occupation, employment status, perception of lack of time, health condition, and weekly hours of work were identified as determinants for each type.