• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.318-325
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of selenium supplementation of iron accumulation of rats fed diets containing high levels or iron. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley weaning rats were fed with diets containing various levels of iron(adequate : 35ppm, 2-fold : 70ppm, 4-fold : 140ppm) and selenium(adequat : 0.05ppm and high : 0.05ppm) for 12 weeks. Feed intakes of 2-fold and 4-fold iron groups were higher than that of adequate iron group. There was no difference body weight gain across iron and selenium containing diet groups. Hemoglobin level was increasd with iron increment and decreased with selenium supplementation. Iron contents in serum and tissues were increased as iron intake was increased. Liver iron content was decreased with selenium supplementation. Selenium content in liver was decreased with iron increment and increased with selenium supplementation. In the case of iron balance, iron excretion through urine and feces was significantly increased as iron intake was increased. However, apparent absorbability and retention rate of iron were not significantly affected by dietary iron or selenium.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.956-965
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• 1999

Genetic selection and sophisticated management technology have produced modern sows which excel in litter size and milk production. Recent research has identified nutritional innovations which may enhance productivity of the high producing sow. Selected research in three areas which have the potential to enhance reproductive performance are summarized in this report. First, preliminary evidence indicates that organic chromium may enhance litter size and conception rate. Secondly, high producing sows, particularly primiparous sows, required higher protein/lysine in late gestation and or lactation to optimize weaning weight and subsequent litter size. Valine and isoleucine, but not leucine, have been shown to enhance milk production. Phased feeding programs with diet cost partitioned toward gilts and away form parity 3 to 8 sows have been suggested as a means of improving reproductive performance in young sows. Lastly, recent research with sufficient sow numbers to document the effect of dietary fiber on reproductive performance has shown that sows fed fiber farrowed and weaned more pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.475-479
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• 1998

Data on body weights were analyzed in the four genetic groups from all possible crosses of two subspecies of mice to estimate average direct genetic effects (ADGE), average maternal genetic effects (AMGE) and heterotic effect (HE). The genetic groups used were $CF_{{\sharp}1}$ laboratory mouse (Mus musculus domesticus), Yonakuni wild mouse (Yk, Mus musculus molossinus yonakuni) and two reciprocal $F_1$ crosses of them, CY and YC. First symbol in the reciprocal $F_1$ represent subspecies of dam. Body weight at 1 (Wk1), 3 (Wk3), 6 (Wk6) and 10 weeks of age (Wk10) were analyzed from 258 mice of the four genetic groups. The model used to evaluate body weights included main effects of genetic group and sex, and interaction effect between genetic group and sex. The ADGE and the AMGE were estimated as deviations of Yk from $CF_{{\sharp}1}$. The HE was estimated from the differences between the reciprocal $F_1$ and the midparent mean. Results of this study showed that all effects, except sex and interaction between genetic group and sex at Wk1 and Wk3, were highly significant source variation (p < 0.01). The ADGE were positive and highly significant (p < 0.01) at all ages studied for both sexes, while the AMGE were highly significant at Wk3, Wk6 and Wk10. The ADGE were larger in contributing effect on body weight differences than the AMGE. The positive value of the HE were observed at all ages for males, while for females the positive effects occured from birth through weaning.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.201-206
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• 2002

This study was conducted to estimate heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations among body weight and 10 different body measurements on the basis of the data from Korean cows at Korean Cattle Improvement Areas from 1979 to 1995. Results obtained are as follows. 1. Heritabilities of body weights at birth, weaning, 12 months and 27 months of age estimated were 0.208${\pm}$0.038, 0.457${\pm}$0.073, 0.476${\pm}$0.082 and 0.227${\pm}$0.040, respectively. Heritabilities of body measurements at 12 and 27 months of age estimated were 0.326 and 0.242 for withers height, 0.486 and 0.110 for body length and 0.462 and 0.170 for chest girth2. Genetic and phenotypic correlations among body weight and ten body measurements at 12 months of age were positive ranging from 0.223 to 0.999. Genetic and phenotypic correlations among body weight and ten body measurements at 27 months of age were positive ranging from 0.290 to 0.883.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.15-29
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• 1973

Albio rats right after weaning, weighing $50{\sim}55g$, were divided into the control, high-carbohydrate-, high-lipid-, and high-protein-fed groups. and were fed for 12 weeks with the respective diets to observe the increase in body weights as well as changes in the chemical constituentes and enzyme activities in the liver tissue, with the following results. (1) There was little difference in the rate of increase in the body weights among the groups, showing normal growth, except the high-protein-fed group which showed decrease in rate of body weight increase from the 7th week after feeding. (2) The liver weight was either increased after 12 weeks of feeding with the high-carbohydrate and high-Lipid diets, or showed no difference with the high-protein diet, as compared to the control weight. (3) The liver cytosol protein content was increased when fed with the high-protein diet, but decreased when fed with the high-carbohydrate and high lipid diets, as compared to the control content. (4) The triglyceride and cholesterol contents in the liver were decreased in the high-protein-fed group, but increased markedly in the high-carbohydrate- and high-lipid-fed groups as compared to the control values. (5) The hepatic glucokinase, G6PD, LDH, and fatty acid synthetase activities were increased in the high-carbohydrate and high-lipid-fed groups, and GOT and CPT activities were increased in the high-protein-fed group. From the above results. it was known that the high-carbohydrate and high-lipid diets stimulated the hepatic lipid metabolism, giving rise to lipogenesis, but the high- protein diet could prevent the lipogeuesis leading to the body weight increase.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.313-322
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• 1982

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of long- term Ginseng administration on metabolism of rats during growing period. A group of pregnant rats was divided into 2 groups, the one was given 18% casein diet and the other, 18% casein diet with ginseng powder 500 mg/kg body was during the gestation and lactation. After weaning, 84 male offsprings were taken at random from the 2 groups. The rats from each group were divided subsequently into 2 groups. Ginseng and control group. The rats were sacrificed at three different times -7, 11, 17 weeks of age. The body weight and amount of food intake were measared during the feeding period. After sacrificing, the weight of some organs, liver glycogen. serum total lipid values, urinary nitrogen and creatinine were examined. The results were analysed by t-test and F-test Results obtained are summarized as follows : 1) Addition of Ginseng did not significantly affect the body weight of rats. 2) The weight of liver, testis, epididymal fat pad were not significantly different between ginseng group and control group during the experimental period. 3) Urinary nitrogen and creatinine did not have significance among all the experimental groups. 4) Amount of liver glycogen was not statistically significant in the ginseng group and control group. 5) The serum total lipid values of rats Iron ginseng group was not statistically different from that of the control group. It can be concluded that Ginseng, 500 mg ginseng powder /kg body wt, does not affect the metabolism of rats under the conditions of this study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1239-1241
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• 2003

Korean cattle breeders have shown interest in genetic improvement of milking ability because poor milking ability and short suckling period of Korean cattle is a hindrance to growth of calves. In this study, daily milk yields by period in Korean cattle were analyzed with an animal model. The milk yields were actually measured at sequential intervals from 1 to 4 months after calving: daily milk yields from delivery to 1 month (DMY1), from 1 to 2 months (DMY2), from 2 to 3 months (DMY3), and from 3 to 4 months (DMY4). Genetic variance estimates gradually increased by the periods while environmental variance estimates gradually decreased. This resulted in a dramatic increase in the heritability by periods: 0.02 for DMY1, 0.11 for DMY2, 0.16 for DMY3, and 0.42 for DMY4. In multi-trait analyses with daily milk yield and body weight of calf, genetic correlation estimates between milk yield and body weight were quite small (-0.08 to 0.02 for birth weight and -0.10 to 0.00 for weaning weight). The trends of the heritability estimated in this study showed that the genetic effects were more influential when the milking period was longer, suggesting genetic evaluations with daily milk yield collected at a longer period.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1379-1382
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• 2005

High prolificacy in Garole sheep is due to existence of FecB mutation in an autosomal gene, bone morphogenetic protein receptor. The mutation enhances ovulation rate and in turn litter size in Garole sheep. Garole sires were crossed with non-prolific Malpura ewes with the aim to introduce prolificacy into Garole${\times}$Malpura (G${\times}$M) crosses through FecB introgression programme. In the present study, the effect of carrying booroola allele on litter size and live body weight was analyzed. The average litter size at birth was found to be 1.87 and 1.48 in the Garole and the G${\times}$M crosses, respectively. At weaning, 6-month, 9-month and 12-month of age, body weights were not affected by the presence of booroola allele (p>0.05); however, a significant effect (p<0.05) was found on body weight at birth in G${\times}$M crosses. In Garole sheep, no significant effect of FecB was observed on live weights in any age group. The interaction between the genetic group and the FecB genotype was also found to be non-significant.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.819-830
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• 2008

The object of this study was to investigate different levels of extruded rice product(Nutri-RS®) supplementation as an alternative to lactose on growth performance, diarrhea score, fecal E.coli and volatile fatty acid(VFA) in weaning pigs. Treatments were 1) Control(basal), L3(basal+3% extruded rice product), L6(basal+6% extruded rice product). The control diet in Phase I and Phase II contained 16 and 9% of lactose, respectively. For the feeding trial, a total of 81 crossbred pigs, averaging 7.56±1.18 kg body weight, were allotted to three treatments in three replicates with nine pigs per pen by RCBD. The experimental period was total 5 weeks. During the whole experimental period, there were no significant differences in growth performance, diarrhea score, fecal volatile fatty acid concentration among all treatments. Although there were no significant differences, pigs fed diet of L6 tended to show higher BW and ADG, ADFI, and fecal volatile fatty acid concentration compared to other treatments. Treatment L6 showed the lowest fecal E. coli count among all treatments(P<0.05). These results suggested that inclusion of extruded rice product has similar performance a with 6% of lactose in diet for weaning pigs and reduce approximately 9% production cost of weaning pig's diet. Therefore, extruded rice product could be utilized as an alternative feed ingredient to lactose in weaning pig’s diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.987-992
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• 2015

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of palm kernel expellers on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood profiles of weaned pigs. A total of 88 weaned pigs ($6.94{\pm}0.76kg$ body weight [BW]; 28 d old) were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments (4 pigs/pen; 11 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design (sex as a block). The dietary treatments were a typical nursery diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON added with 20% of palm kernel expellers (PKE). Pigs were fed for 6 wk using a 3-phase feeding program with declining diet complexity and with phases of 1, 2, and 3 wk, respectively. Blood was collected from randomly selected 2 pigs in each pen before weaning and on d 7 after weaning. Pigs were fed respective dietary treatments containing 0.2% chromic oxide from d 29 to 35 after weaning. Fecal samples were collected from randomly selected 2 pigs in each pen daily for the last 3 days after the 4-d adjustment period. Measurements were growth performances, digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and energy, white and red blood cell counts, packed cell volume, and incidence of diarrhea. The PKE increased average daily gain (ADG) (246 vs 215 g/d; p = 0.06) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (470 vs 343 g/d; p<0.05) and decreased gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) (0.522 vs 0.628 g/g; p<0.05) during phase 2 compared with CON, but did not affect growth performance during phase 1 and 3. During overall experimental period, PKE increased ADG (383 vs 362 g/d; p = 0.05) and ADFI (549 vs 496 g/d; p<0.05) compared with CON, but did not affect G:F. However, no differences were found on digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy between CON and PKE. The PKE reduced frequency of diarrhea (15% vs 25%; p = 0.08) for the first 2 wk after weaning compared with CON. Similarly, PKE decreased white blood cells (8.19 vs $9.56{\times}10^3/{\mu}L$; p = 0.07), red blood cells (2.92 vs $3.25{\times}10^6/{\mu}L$; p = 0.09), and packed cell volume (11.1% vs 12.6%; p = 0.06) on d 7 after weaning compared with CON. In conclusion, addition of 20% palm kernel expellers to nursery diet based on corn and soybean meal had no negative effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood profiles of weaned pigs.