• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.356-364
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• 2020

The reproductive performance of lactating sows was investigated by using different feeding methods including conventional feeding (CF, 3 times/d) or free feeding (FF), and different dietary energy level including low energy (LE: 3,300) or high energy (HE: 3,400 kcal/kg) during the hot season. A total of twenty-eight crossbred (Yorkshire × Landrace) sows were distributed into four treatments as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Sows in the FF group showed lower body weight and backfat loss (p < 0.05) compared with the CF group. Backfat loss during lactation was lower (p < 0.05) in sows fed HE diet than in that fed LE diet. There were no significant differences in litter survival rate and weaning to estrus interval, but the litter weight at weaning was improved (p < 0.05) in FF and HE sows. Hence, it is concluded that using the free-feeding system or increased dietary energy density leads to improved sow performance during hot ambient temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.175-191
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the eating behavior and life habits of kindergarten children 5 to 7 years old in Chuncheon area. This study was conducted in December, 1996. Anthropometric indices(height, weight, skinfold thickness, mid-arm circumference) were measured and body mass index(BMI), Rohrer index, arm fat area were calculated to estimate children’s body fatness. Also the eating behavior and life habits were determined tv using questionnaire method. The results were as follows: Body fat rate of the children was almost normal according to Rohrer index and BMI. There was significant difference in birth weight between male and female. The problems of the eating behavior were frequent skipping breakfast and eating-out. The rate of the children who took snacks 2 times a day was 46.9％. Most children tended to take sweet snacks such as ice-cream, chocolates, cookies, and they tended to prefer meats and fishes to vegetables. The rate of breast feeding was 28.3％ and the rate of weaning foods prepared at home was 61.1%. Many children preferred indoor activities such as watching TV, toy furniture play, building block to outdoor activities such as roller-skating, cycling, jogging in their spare time. The rate of the children who took exercise regularly was 15％. Children tended to eat kimbap, fried chicken, ramyeon more frequently in various instant foods. The intake rates of fruit juice and barly tea were relatively high and children's favorite fruits were watermelon and mandarin orange. From this results, skipping breakfast, frequent eating-out and the monotony of food preference appears to cause imbalance in nutrient intakes of the children and to have bad influence on children’s health. Accodgingiy, the comprehensive nutrition education and proper modification program should be needed for the children and their parents to correct the eating behavior and life habits. The reasonable exercise programs are needed to motivate outdoor activities of the children, and the importance of breast feeding and weaning foods should be emphasized to lactating women and pregnant women.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.778-789
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• 2021

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of dietary glucose oxidase (GOx) supplementation on the reproductive performance, litter performance, total tract digestibility, and blood profile of lactating sows fed corn- wheat-based diet. A total of twenty multiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) were allocated into one of four treatments with five replicates per treatment. The dietary treatments were as follows: CON (Basal diet), GO1 (basal diet + 200 U GOx/kg), GO2 (basal diet + 300 U GOx/kg), GO3 (basal diet + 400 U Gox/kg). Dietary GOx supplementation did not affect lactating sow's reproduction performance as well as body weight, backfat thickness, and body condition score during pre and post farrowing, and at weaning (p > 0.05). However, after farrowing to weaning period lactating sow's fed GOx supplement has linearly (p = 0.0196) decreased the bodyweight loss. While, there were no effects (p > 0.05) observed on sows backfat thickness loss, average daily feed intake, and estrus interval among treatment groups. Dietary supplementation of GOx has linearly improved the body weight gain (p = 0.049) and average daily gain (p = 0.040) of suckling piglets. The total tract digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen was linearly increased with the graded level of GOx supplement. Also, a linear effect was observed on the glucose and superoxide dismutase of blood profile with the dietary inclusion of GOx. In summary, our finding indicates that the dietary inclusion of GOx supplement with corn- wheat-based diet had a beneficial effect on the nutrient digestibility and blood profile of lactating sows and improved the growth performance of suckling piglets.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1360-1366
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• 2022

Objective: The present study analyzed the influence of co-transferring embryos with high and low cloning efficiencies produced via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) on pregnancy outcomes in dogs. Methods: Cloned dogs were produced by SCNT using donor cells derived from a Tibetan Mastiff (TM) and Toy Poodle (TP). The in vivo developmental capacity of cloned embryos was evaluated. The pregnancy and parturition rates were determined following single transfer of 284 fused oocytes into 21 surrogates and co-transfer of 47 fused oocytes into four surrogates. Results: When cloned embryos produced using a single type of donor cell were transferred into surrogates, the pregnancy and live birth rates were significantly higher following transfer of embryos produced using TP donor cells than following transfer of embryos produced using TM donor cells. Next, pregnancy and live birth rates were compared following single and co-transfer of these cloned embryos. The pregnancy and live birth rates were similar upon co-transfer of embryos and single transfer of embryos produced using TP donor cells but were significantly lower upon single transfer of embryos produced using TM donor cells. Furthermore, the parturition rate for TM dogs and the percentage of these dogs that remained alive until weaning was significantly higher upon co-transfer than upon single transfer of embryos. However, there was no difference between the two embryo transfer methods for TP dogs. The mean birth weight of cloned TM dogs was significantly higher upon single transfer than upon co-transfer of embryos. However, the body weight of TM dogs did not significantly differ between the two embryo transfer methods after day 5. Conclusion: For cloned embryos with a lower developmental competence, the parturition rate and percentage of dogs that remain alive until weaning are increased when they are co-transferred with cloned embryos with a greater developmental competence.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.1011-1014
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• 2008

A total of 335 sows at a commercial operation (Hitch Pork Producers Inc, Guymon, OK) was used to determine dietary effects of yeast culture supplementation ($XPC^{TM}$, Diamond V Mills) on litter performance. Sows were grouped by parity (parity 1 to 12). Pigs within a group were then allotted to treatments. Treatments consisted of: CON (no added yeast culture) and YC (12 and 15 g/d XPC during gestation and lactation, respectively). Sows were housed individually and fed their assigned gestation and lactation diets from d 35 of gestation to d 21 of lactation. Sows were fed 2.0 kg/d during gestation and ad libitum during lactation. Voluntary feed intake was measured daily during lactation. At farrowing, numbers of pigs born total and alive were measured. Weights of litters were measured at birth and weaning on d 21 of lactation. Litter weight gain of the YC treatment was 6.9% greater (p<0.01) than that of the CON. However, voluntary feed intake of sows and litter size did not differ between treatments. This study indicates that dietary yeast culture supplementation benefits sow productivity by improving litter weight gain. At present, it is not confirmed if improved litter weight gain was due to milk production, which remains to be investigated.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.102-108
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the epidemiological prevalence of diseases from birth to weaning in 66 dairy calves which were delivered from three stock farm in Chonbuk area. We examined body weight gain, incidence rate of diseases and population mortality rate in relation to age, season, environmental temperature and rearing management conditions for one year. The results of this experiment were as follows: Birth weight of dairy calves born of primiparae was lower than those of multiparae. But no significant difference in body weight gain was observable between dairy calves born of primiparae and those of multiparae. Body weight gain of diseased calves was lower than normal calves. Of 66 delivered calves, 34 calves(51.5%) were affected with gastronitestinal and/or respiratory diseases. The prevalence of the diseases were gastrointestinal disease(28.7%), respiratory disease(18.2%), and gastronitestinal and respiratory disease(4.6%). The gastronitestinal disease was occurred contrinually regardless of the season. Whereas all of the respiratory disease were occurred in winter and a change of season(December to April). 68.4% of the gastronitestinal disease, and all of the respiratory disease were occurred at atmospheric temperatures below 1$0^{\circ}C$. 89.5% of the gastronitestinal disease were occurred within 3 weeks old, whereas 50% of the respiratory disease were occurred intensively between 3 weeks and 4 weeks old. Of 66 delivered dairy claves, 2 calves were died(3%) with respriratory disease.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.191-199
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• 2021

Salmon oil (SO) could be used as a great source of ω-3 fatty acids in pig diet. The purpose of the study was to investigate the SO effect on production performance of sows and their offspring. 48 lactating sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) from Dankook University experimental farm were used in this study. Sows were conceived using either guided natural mating or by artificial insemination. Pregnancy diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasonography on day 25 after mating. Sows and their offspring were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 treatments. Treatments included: 1), control (CON); 2), control + SO 0.5% (CS). The inclusion of SO did not affect (p > 0.05) the litter size throughout the experiment. No difference (p > 0.05) was observed on the average daily feed intake (ADFI), chest circumference, estrus interval and sow backfat thickness between CON and SO treatments. Dietary SO supplemented diet reduced (p < 0.05) body weight loss during lactation compared with control treatment. Pigs fed SO supplemented diet did not affect (p > 0.05) the fecal scores during lactation compared with those fed control treatments. Sows fed SO supplemented diet led to a higher (p < 0.05) initial weight, weaning weight and average daily gain of piglets than those fed control diets. No difference (p > 0.05) was observed on piglet survival and fecal scores throughout the experiment. Inclusion of SO could reduce the body weight loss of sows and improves piglet growth during lactation, indicating SO has beneficial effects for pigs.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.313-321
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• 2023

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influences of Curcuma aromatica or inositol monophosphate supplementation on body weight of sows at different stages, feed intake, backfat thickness of sows at different stages, body weight of piglets at different stages, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration in sow blood and milk. Eighteen crossbred (Landrace × Yorkshire) sows (249.9 ± 3.2 kg) and their litters were used in a 28-day feeding trial to observe the effects of Curcuma aromatica or inositol monophosphate as dietary supplements on performance and IgG concentration of blood and milk in lactating sows and piglets. The dietary treatments comprised a control corn-soybean-based basal diet (CON); control diet + Curcuma aromatica at 0.5% (CA), and control diet + inositol monophosphate at 0.10% (IMP). Sow body weight at different stages, average daily feed intake, and sow backfat thickness at different stages were not affected in all three treatment groups. The body weight of piglets at weaning and average daily gain of piglets born to sows from the IMP group showed significant improvement compared to piglets of sows from the CA treatment group. Treatment had no effect on the IgG levels in blood and milk. In conclusion, supplementation of 0.5% CA or 0.10% IMP in sows has no effect on growth performance and IgG in sows and piglets compared with the control diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to compare both the performance of litters derived from two sire genetic origins (SGO), Vienna Blue (VB) and Burgundy Fawn (BF), along successive seasons of birth (SB; winter, spring, summer and autumn), and doe reproductive performance in an organic production system. A total of fifty-eight does consisting of a mixture of crosses of several medium-large size breeds at different parity order (P, 1 = nulliparous; 2 = primiparous; ${\geq}3$ = multiparous) and twelve males (6 VB and 6 BF) were housed indoors at environmental conditions that followed seasonality. An extensive reproductive rhythm was used and kits were weaned at $46{\pm}6$ d of age. Doe reproductive performance and the data of 105 litters (55 from VB and 50 from BF SGO) were recorded throughout the SB. No statistically significant differences related to SGO effect were observed. As regards parity order, multiparous does showed higher live weights (LW) (p<0.05), total born (p<0.01), total born alive (p<0.05) per delivery, and litter weight of born alive (p<0.05), but lower milk output at 21st d than primiparous does (p<0.05). The extensive reproductive rhythm mainly increased litter performance at birth in multiparous does but was not sufficient to permit a complete recovery of body reserves lost during lactation. Autumn SB negatively affected doe LW variation between deliveries. The number of pups born and born alive per delivery (p<0.05) and litter size at 21 d of age and at weaning (p<0.01) were lower during hot SB. Due to the lower litter size of pups born in summer and autumn, their individual weight at 21st d of age and daily individual growth rate 0 to 21 d were higher than those of pups born in winter (p<0.001). Litter performance at 21st d of age and individual pup pre-weaning growth rate were poorer for those born in spring than in other seasons due to the harmful effects of increased environmental temperatures. SB affected most of the performance traits of does and young rabbits reared under the organic farming system. The rabbits seemed better suited to organic rearing conditions during winter than in other seasons. The worst results overall were obtained in the spring SB, whereas the hot SB negatively affected both doe energy balance and prolificacy. In conclusion, the pups of the 2 SGO showed good pre-weaning performance and seemed suited to the organic rabbit production system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.226-233
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• 2010

Different dietary cereal sources and fat types in the lactation diet were evaluated to investigate their effects on reproductive performance, milk composition, blood metabolites and hormones in multiparous sows. Twenty-four sows were randomly assigned to one of four treatments according to a 2${\times}$2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each treatment had 6 replicates comprising 1 sow. Two cereal (corn or wheat) and two fat (tallow or soybean oil) sources were used to prepare iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets. Sows fed corn-based diets lost less body weight (p = 0.003) and backfat thickness (p = 0.034), consumed more feed (p = 0.032) and had shorter wean-to-estrus interval (p = 0.016) than sows fed wheat-based diets. Fewer piglets and lower body weight of piglets (p<0.05) at weaning were noted in sows fed wheat-based diets than in sows fed corn-based diets. However, no significant effects (p>0.05) of dietary fat source and its interaction with dietary cereal source on sow body condition and reproductive performance were observed during lactation. Feeding of a corn-based diet improved (p<0.05) sow milk total solid, protein and fat, increased blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.032) and triglyceride (p = 0.018), and decreased blood creatinine (p = 0.011) concentration at weaning when compared with sows fed wheatbased diets. Sows fed corn-based diets had higher concentration of insulin (p = 0.048) and LH (p<0.05) at weaning than sows fed wheatbased diets. The results indicate that feeding corn-based diets to lactating sows improved sow body condition and reproductive performance compared with wheat-based diets regardless of fat sources.