• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.12-18
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• 1983

An ecological survey of early childhood nutrition was conducted from January 23 to February 18, to study the feeding method and weaning practice in Whaseong-gun, Kyonggi-do. This study covered a total of 283 children. Seventy three percent of the subjects had been breast-fed; 10% had been bottle-fed; others had been combination-fed before the introduction of supplementary foods. Only 26.9% of the subjects began to be fed supplementary food before the age of 6 months. The supplementary food used most frequently by the majority of children at the beginning of weaning was plain cooked rice; rarely special preparation, or different from the food eaten by the family. As for age of termination of breast feeding, 42.7% of the subjects were before 12 months; 32.8% were between 13 and 18 months of age; 24.5% were more than 19 months old. As for methods of stopping breast feeding, 44.5% of the subjects were naturally terminated while 38.5% were forced to terminate by the application of sticking plaster or medicines to the mother's nipples. The results indicate a need for nutrition and hygiene intervention to improve the weaning practice of rural area through the community nutrition education.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.143-152
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• 1996

The surveys of food intakes were carried out on 49 healthy infants aged 4-9 months at the first interview and repeated 3 more times at the interval of 2 months by using food diary recorded by their mothers. Of the subjects 12 were breast-fed, 28, formula-fed, and 9, mixed type-fed. Foods introduced first as the weaning food were commercial weaning foods, fruit juices, yoghurt, egg and rice. Supplemental food was introduced at the age of 4 months in 57% of the infants, but it amounted to a significant proportion of overall food consumption from the age of 6 months. The levels of nutrients except energy, iron and niacin were similar or in excess of RDA, and breast-fed infants tended to have lower intakes of energy and protein compared to infants formula-fed or mixed type-fed. Average intakes of vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C and calcium were above RDA, but iron intake did not meet RDA of infants of all ages. In conclusion, the average status of nutrient intakes of infants was fairly good, however, food consumption besides milk was less in breast-fed infants than in formula-fed infants, and iron status seemed to be poor, Although it is well-known that breast-milk compared to formulas is more beneficial for infants, mothers feeding breast-milk to their infants should be educated for the importance of supplemental food and its practice to support good nutrition.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.215-220
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• 2009

목 적: 최근 모유수유의 장점이 알려지며 모유수유 아들이 늘고 있다. 이유기 영유아의 가장 흔한 영양장애인 IDA (Iron deficiency anemia)가 모유수유아와 다른 형태의 수유아에서 어떻게 나타나고 있는지 알아보고 IDA와 대조군의 이유식 진행 상황 및 이유지식 등에 대해 알아보았다. 방 법: 2006년 3월부터 2009년 1월까지 인하대병원에 내원한 6~24개월의 영유아 중 IDA를 진단받은 70명과 IDA가 없는 140명의 보호자에게 수유 형태, 이유식 진행 상황 및 이유지식을 묻는 설문을 시행하였다. IDA군의 자료와 함께 IDA가 없는 군을 대조군으로 하여 분석하였다. 결 과: IDA군은 IDA가 없는 군에 비해 이유식을 늦게 시작하며 IDA군에의 모유수유아 비율이 대조군에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.01). 모유수유군은 다른 형태의 수유군에 비해 의미 있게 늦은 6.4개월에 이유식을 시작하는 것으로 나타났다. 이유식을 완성하기 까지 58.1%가 1개월 정도 걸렸으며 4개월 이상 걸린 경우도 19.8%나 되었다. 이유 지식 정도에서 두 군은 의미 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다(p=0.32). 결 론: 생후 6개월경에 체내 저장철이 떨어지며 철의 요구량이 급증하게 된다. 일반적으로 영유아가 이유식에 익숙해지기까지 시간이 걸리고, 초기 이유식 내에는 철분 함량이 적으므로 이 시기 철분 필요량을 충분히 공급할 수 없을 것으로 생각한다. IDA 또는 철결핍을 예방하기 위해 이유식을 좀 더 일찍 권장 해 6개월에는 체내 필요량만큼의 철분이 공급될 수 있게 해야할 것으로 보인다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.159-166
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• 2009

목 적 : IDA는 이유기 영유아에게서 흔한 영양장애이다. 본 연구는 이유기 영유아의 이유식 진행 상황 및 이유지식 등에 관해 알아보았다. 방 법 : 2006년 3월부터 2007년 7월까지 10개 대학병원에 내원한 6-36개월의 영유아 가운데, IDA로 진단된 129명 및 IDA가 없는 166명을 비교군으로 하여 분석하였다. 대상아의 부모에게서 이유식 진행 상황 및 이유지식을 묻는 문제가 포함된 설문지를 작성하도록 하였다. 결 과 : IDA군의 혈역학적 지표는 IDA가 없는 비교군과 유의한 차이를 보였다(P<0.05). 생후 6개월까지 모유만 먹인 경우는 각각 85%, 34%로 유의한 차이가 있었다(P<0.05). 이유식 시작시기는 각각 6.3개월, 6.4개월로 유의한 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 처음으로 시작한 음식은 두 군 모두 미음, 죽, 과즙이 80% 이상을 차지하였고, 두 군 간에 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). IDA군에서 첫 1개월 내에 여러 가지 이유식을 골고루 잘 먹게 된 경우는 40 %였고, 비교군에서는 38%였다. 두 군 모두 모유 영양아에서 철분강화 음식의 필요성을 묻는 문제의 정답률이 가장 낮았다. IDA로 진단된 환아에서 ferritin이 10 ng/mL 미만인 경우는 42%였고, mean corpuscular volume (MCV)이 72 fL 미만인 경우는 92%이었다. 결 론 : IDA를 조기에 발견하고 예방하기 위해 이유기 영유아에 있어 철저한 식이력 조사와, 고위험군에 대한 선별 검사가 필요하다. 또 철분이 함유된 이유식을 골고루 섭취하기까지의 적응 기간을 고려하여, 4-5개월에 이유식을 시작하는 것이 보다 안전한 방법으로 생각된다. 마지막으로, 현재의 이유식 지도에 있어 모유 영양아에서 철분 강화 식이의 필요성에 대하여 보호자에게 인식시킬 필요가 있다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.613-618
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Iron deficiency in early life is associated with developmental problems, which may persist until later in life. The question of whether iron repletion after developmental iron deficiency could restore iron homeostasis is not well characterized. In the present study, we investigated the changes of iron transporters after iron depletion during the gestational-neonatal period and iron repletion during the post-weaning period. MATERIALS/METHODS: Pregnant rats were provided iron-deficient (< 6 ppm Fe) or control (36 ppm Fe) diets from gestational day 2. At weaning, pups from iron-deficient dams were fed either iron-deficient (ID group) or control (IDR group) diets for 4 week. Pups from control dams were continued to be fed with the control diet throughout the study period (CON). RESULTS: Compared to the CON, ID rats had significantly lower hemoglobin and hematocrits in the blood and significantly lower tissue iron in the liver and spleen. Hepatic hepcidin and BMP6 mRNA levels were also strongly down-regulated in the ID group. Developmental iron deficiency significantly increased iron transporters divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and ferroportin (FPN) in the duodenum, but decreased DMT1 in the liver. Dietary iron repletion restored the levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit to a normal range, but the tissue iron levels and hepatic hepcidin mRNA levels were significantly lower than those in the CON group. Both FPN and DMT1 protein levels in the liver and in the duodenum were not different between the IDR and the CON. By contrast, DMT1 in the spleen was significantly lower in the IDR, compared to the CON. The splenic FPN was also decreased in the IDR more than in the CON, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that iron transporter proteins in the duodenum, liver and spleen are differentially regulated during developmental iron deficiency. Also, post-weaning iron repletion efficiently restores iron transporters in the duodenum and the liver but not in the spleen, which suggests that early-life iron deficiency may cause long term abnormalities in iron recycling from the spleen.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.539-551
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• 2006

This study was to investigate the nutrient intakes from infant formula and supplemental foods of 129 infants(boys 69, girls 60) fed formula, aged from 5 to 12 months. Subjects were divided into $5{\sim}6\;months,\;7{\sim}8\;months,\;9{\sim}10\;months,\;and\;11{\sim}12\;months$ by ages. Dietary assessment was carried out by using 24-hour-recall method. The average intakes and feeding frequency of infant formula were $702m{\ell}$, 4.4 times in boys and $815m{\ell}$, 4.8 times in girls, respectively. Supplemental foods were introduced at the age of $4{\sim}6\;months$ in 86% of the infants. Foods introduced first as the supplemental food were rice gruel soup, commercial weaning foods, fruit juice. Energy intakes were similar to RDA. Daily intakes of calcium at all age groups were higher than the RDA, therefore, calciun overnutrition were elucidated. Average intakes of protein, phosphorus, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1,\;vitamin\;B_2$, niacin, vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C were above RDA, folate did not meet RDA of infants at all ages. In conclusion, the average status of nutrient intakes of infants was fairly good, however, nutrient intakes from supplemental foods were lower in girls than in boys of $10{\sim}12$months, and folate status seemed to be poor. Therefore, mothers feeding infant formula to their infants should be educated for the importance of supplemental foods and its practice to support good nutrition.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.167-177
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• 1982

This study was undertaken to observe relationships between patterns of feeding, supplementary-feeding and various maternal, family, and socioeconomic charactereistics in Hae Cheog Apartment area in Cheongdam-dong, Kangnamku, Seoul on July 2 to 12 in 1982. The results were based on a questionnaire from 179 mothers who have the last-born child under two years old. Results were as follows: 1) In socio-demographic characteristics, most of mothers were 25 to 30 years old and 52.0% of index children were under 6 months old. About 56.0% of families were the salaries and 47.0% of them earn over 500,000 won a month. 40.8% of mothers were college graduates and 81.6% of mothers had no occupation. 2) 89.4% of mothers received prenatal care in pregnancy of the index children and mothers who have delivered the child in medical institute were 88.3%. Mothers who recieved education of breast care and feeding technique through prenatal care were 22.4%, 31.8% respectively. 3) In the feeding method, 44.1% of mothers took the breast feeding, 24.0% of them chose the artificial feeding, and 20.7% of them chose the mixed feeding. Mothers who changed the-method from breast feeding to artificial feeding were 10.6% and only 0.6% of mothers changed from artificial feeding to breast feeding. 4) According to the questionnaire, 37 mothers have already finished lactation (no relation with. the beginning of weaning food). In breast feeding, one mother has lactated for $4{\sim}6$ months, one has lactated for $7{\sim}9$ months, four have lactated for $10{\sim}12$ months, and seven have. continued the lactation over 12 months. In artificial and mixed feeding, as the same phenomenon, most of mothers have lactated for more than 12 months. 5) The reasons for feeding method were as follows: In breast feeding, 64.6% of them took the method because they thought the breast milk nutrious, in artificial feeding, 34.9% of them chose it because they had occupation and in the mixed feeding, 67.6% of mothers took the method because of lack of their breast milk. In the case of changing the method from breast feeding to artificial feeding, 42.1% of them answered that they had to change the method because of lack of breast milk. 6) In most of cases, the 4th month was the proper period to begin the weaning food and 32.5% of breast feeding children and 27.6% of artificial feeding children began the weaning food in 4th month. After 4th month, there was no difference between breast feeding and artificial feeding in the beginning of weaning food. 7) In the matter of menstruation, 29.8% of mothers who had breast feeding started their menstruations in 3 months and the rest of them delayed until 12 months. 40% of mothers who had artificial feeding began to menstruate after 2 months and all the rest started within 5 months. 8) The birth interval between the index child and next new child (would-be-born): In breast feeding, the interval of $18{\sim}24$ months had a majority as 50.0%, and in the artificial feeding, the interval of over 24 months marked 66.7% of them. It was analyzed that the birth interval of artificial feeding was wider than that of breast feeding. 9) In the desirable number of children, the mothers who had breast feeding wanted two sons and two daughters as proper children. Those who want two children in disregard of the sex (son or daughter) were 89.3% of breast feeding, and 80.0% of artificial feeding respectively. Mothers who had breast feeding wanted two children rather than one child. 10) In the family planning practice, the rate of practice were 41.9% in breast feeding, and 58.1% in artificial feeding respectively. In the case of breast feeding, the using rate of family planning practice in men was higher than in women.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in Korean child-rearing practices between the generations of young mothers and grandmothers. Method: The participants were 98 mothers who were 20 to 39 years old and had raised one-year-old child and 103 grandmothers who were over 60 years old and had raised their children in a small city. Data were collected through self-report questionnaire based on the Korean traditional child-rearing practice from Yoo(1986). The data were analyzed using the SPSS Win 10.0 program. Results: Of 37 items in the categories of feeding and weaning, health management and taboo matters, play, and baby celebrations, the grandmothers practiced 13 items (35%) more frequently than the young mothers. However, no generation differences were found in 21 items (57%), and 3 items were practiced more frequently by the young mothers. For the young mothers, there were 15 items (41%) which were practiced over 70%, 7 items (19%) which were practiced less than 30%. Conclusion: It seems that some Korean traditional child-rearing practices were transferred to modern child-rearing practices. Therefore pediatric nurses need to pay attention to traditional child-rearing practices for the best health, growth and development of children.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.757-766
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• 1994

The survey was conducted to investigate several factors affecting the disease outcome with 116 infants aged 10 to 24 months residing in Kunsan city, Cheonbuk province . General characteristics, weaning practice , nutrient intake and the actual state for affecting disease were studied. Among many factors, mother's educational status was found to be the most influencing factor for affecting the disease outcome analyzed by oneway ANOVA. The exposure index disease, cold and diarrrhea, against mother's education were analyzed to find out the major factors for disease outcome. The education group up to middle school graduates, mother's job , nutrients supplements, feeding method, sex of baby were the factors, for the high school graduates, job , nutrients supplements were the causes, and the group graduated from the college the above grade mother's health state was the most important factor for the baby exposing to the disease. The disease outcome decreased when the bottle feeding was replaced by breast feeding, sufficient nutrients supplementation was recommended , and health care for mother during pregnancy was strongly advised.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.207-211
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• 2000

Backgroud: Conventional cardiac transplantation with each atrial anastomosis designed by Shumway and associates has been used widely in cardiac transplantation because of its simplicity and efficiency. There have been many reports about the postoperative atrioventricular value regurgitation resulting from the alteration in atrial geometry after cardiac transplantation by Shumway's technique. New surgical technique of direct anastomosis of superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, right pulmonary vein and left pulmonary vein was introduced to overcome the those problems. We performed this study to test the feasibility of this new surgical technique prior to application to clinical practice. Material and Method: Conventional cardiac transplantation was performed on 12 mongrel dogs(Group I) and cardiac transplantation with new surgical mthod of direct anastomosis of SVC, IVC, left and right pulmonary veins was performed on 11 mongrel dogs(Group II). After weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass, we compared the postoperative rhythm, hemodynamic data, and echocardiographic findings between two groups. Result : The cardiopulmonary bypass time and graft ischemic time were 119.0$\pm$4.4 minutes, 162.0$\pm$4.5 minutes respectively in group I, and 140.0$\pm$7.1 minutes, 180.5$\pm$5.4 minutes respectively in group II. The cardiopulmonary time and graft ischemic time in group II were longer than those of group I (p<0.05). There were 3 cases of failure to weaning from cardipulmonary bypass onein group I and two in group II, and this difference was not significant statistically. Sinus rhythm was regained postoperatively in 58% (group I) and 82%(group II), without statistical significant between 2 groups. Postoperative echolcardiography showed 2 cases of tricuspid value regurgitation and 1 case of mitral regurgitation in group I, and no regurgitation of atrioventricular value in group II. Conclusion: Although these was no statistically significant difference between 2 groups, there was tendency of less arrhythmia and less atrioventricular valvular regurgitation in group II. We suggested that the new surgical technique could be a useful strategy in heart transplantation, especially in the case of size mismatching between donor and recipient.