• 영어영문학
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• 제57권6호
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• pp.1043-1065
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• 2011

This study investigates i-umlaut which occurred in the period of pre Old English (OE) in two aspects: what motivates i-umlaut in OE and how the phenomenon can be analyzed within the framework of OT. Unlike root-controlled vowel harmony, i-umlaut in OE is triggered by the suffixal i or j in the unstressed syllable whereby a stressed root vowel becomes fronted or raised. In this study, it is proposed that i-umlaut in OE is driven by the weak trigger i or j to improve its poor perception: I-umlaut improves the poor perceptibility of the weak trigger by extending its feature-either [-back] or [-low]-onto the vowel in the stressed syllable. This study provides an OT-theoretic analysis utilizing the licensing account to vowel harmony proposed by Walker (2004, 2005). The licensing constraints, IDENT-IO(F) and the locally conjoined constraints are proposed and their interaction correctly captures the pattern of i-umlaut in OE. Also, it is shown that the licensing account proposed in this paper is superior to the previous analyses as well as the nonlicensing approaches in that it can provide a perceptual motivation couched in i-umlaut in OE.

• Journal of the Korean Physical Society
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• 제80권
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• pp.117-122
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• 2022

The Belle II detector at the SuperKEKB e⁺e^- collider in Japan is designed for precise measurements of weak interaction parameters and new physics beyond the Standard Model; therefore, it requires very high instantaneous luminosity. To handle such high luminosity, the level-1 trigger system in the Belle II experiment is designed to efficiently trigger events of interest with the highest efficiency. Among many sub-detectors, track reconstruction of charged particles is performed using information collected from the central drift chamber. Therefore, the central drift chamber-based trigger plays a central role in distinguishing specific types of physics based on fast track reconstruction. To improve the longitudinal position resolution of a track vertex and for the fine-tuning of trigger signal timing, the time of the collision, which we call event time, is necessary. We developed an event time finding algorithm using the wire hit time information obtained from the central drift chamber and validated our algorithm through Monte Carlo simulation.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.304-308
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• 2010

Purpose: Many causes for triggering or locking of the fingers have been discussed in other literatures. The most common one is known stenosing tenosynovitis, which causes, a mismatch between the volume of the flexor tendon sheath and its contents. However, repeated trauma to the hand is uncommon cause of trigger finger. Therefore, we present a case of a rare condition of stenosing tenosynovitis which developed from a repeated relatively weak superficial flexor tendon injury. Methods: The patient was a 62-year-old woman who showed a painless, fixed and round mass on her right hand with no particular cause. Active and passive range of motion of the metacarpophalangeal joint of long finger was limited in flexion and extension. Ultrasonographic finding showed injured flexor digitorum superficialis tendon had fibrillar architecture with swelling between hyperechoic synovial membrane and hypoechoic surrounding area. Surgical exploration revealed that a bunched portion of the flexor digitorum superficialis and A1 pulley cause triggering during operation after adhesiolysis of scar tissue. Results: After releasing the A1 pulley, the range of motion of the metacarpophalangeal joint of long finger showed no limitation and histological examination of the subcutaneous tissue revealed fibrous fatty degeneration. In this case, releasing the A1 pulley with adhesiolysis of the subcutaneous scar tissue was successful and we obtained good functional outcome. Conclusion: We examined a patient in whom a repetitive impact forces to the palm caused longitudinal tear of the flexor tendon, leading to trigger finger. We experienced a rare case of stenosing tenosynovitis and trigger finger caused after close injury to flexor digitorum superficialis and its degenerative changes that caused mass like effect. To the best of authors' knowledge, our case of close injury to the flexor digitorum superficialis and unique morphologic change before rupture of tendon is rarely to be reported.

• 한국수학사학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.47-57
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• 2014

This paper aims to evaluate works of Frege and G$\ddot{o}$del, who play the trigger role in development of logic, by Knowledge Change Model. It identifies where their positions are in the model respectively. For this purpose I suggest types of knowledge change and their criteria for the evaluation. Knowledge change are classified into five types according to the degree of its change: improvement, weak glorious revolution, glorious revolution, strong glorious revolution, and total revolution. Criteria to evaluate the change are its contents, influence, pervasive effects, and so forth. The Knowledge Change Model consists of the types and the criteria. I argue that in the model Frege belongs to the total revolution and G$\ddot{o}$del to the weak glorious revolution. If we accept that the revolution in logic initiated by Frege was completed by G$\ddot{o}$del, it is a natural conclusion.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.149-155
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• 2014

실내에서의 위치 인식 기술에 대한 연구가 매우 활발하며 음향 신호를 이용한 TDOA 기술이 많이 사용되고 있다. 그러나 TDOA 기술의 단점은 신호의 전송 과정에서 다중 경로에 의한 신호의 왜곡에 매우 취약하다는 것이다. 특히 스마트폰의 위치를 인식하는 경우에는 스마트폰에서 음향신호의 왜곡이 심하며, 무선랜이나 블루투스를 이용하여 시간 기준 신호를 전송하는 경우에는 무선 신호의 지터가 발생하여 위치 측정기에서 시간 기준 신호로 사용하기가 어렵다. 본 논문에서는 위치 측정을 위한 음향 신호를 전송하기 전에 위치 측정기에서 신호의 수신을 준비할 수 있도록 음향 트리거 신호를 전송하는 방법을 제안하고, 다중경로 영향의 감소 효과를 실험을 통해 검증하였다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제10권7호
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• pp.1229-1236
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• 2006

오늘날 원격강의와 고객서비스를 위한 응용시스템은 그룹 중심의 멀티캐스트 서비스에 대한 지원이 필수적이다. 이를 위해서 인터넷은 IP 멀티캐스트를 표준 프로토콜로 수용하고 있다 IP 멀티캐스트는 네트워크 복제 모델를 사용함으로서 호스트와 네트워크의 리소스를 효율적으로사용하는 반면 멸티캐스트 서비스를 지원하도록 인터넷의 구조를 확장해야 하고 공개된 IP주소를 그룹식별자로서 사용하기 때문에 보안에 취약하다. 이의 해결을 위해서 본 논문에서는 응용계층에서 트리거를 사용한 멀티캐스트 모델을 제안한다. 트리거 기반 멀티캐스트 모텔은 송신과 수신기능의 분리를 통해서 인터넷 서비스의 확장성과 보안성 그리고 서비스 품질을 보장하고 응용시스템의 신뢰성을 높여줄 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 초청강연 및 논문집
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• pp.848-857
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• 2008

In September 2007, the collapses of slopes and landslides are happened at Jeonlanamdo due to heavy rains accompanied with Typoon "Nari". The study area is the tunnel portal slope in new road construction site. This slope consists of pyroclastic rocks and has lots of faults. Particularly, the residual soils of the slope is deteriorated with yellowish mudstone layer as a results of chemical and physical weathering. This has a variety of swelling clay minerals and might be moved easily down at the gentle terrain. The inner factor of $\bigcirc\bigcirc$tunnel portal slope's collapse is the geological weak zone, the convergent topography, the inferiority of drainage and the heavy rain act on the failure as direct trigger.

• 음성과학
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.105-116
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• 2004

The fundamental frequency of a vowel is known to be affected by the identity of the preceding consonant. The general agreement is that strong consonants trigger higher F0 than weak consonants. However, there has been a disagreement on the shape of this segmentally affected F0 contours. Some studies report that shapes of contours are differentiated based on the consonant type, but others regard this observation as misleading. This research attempts to resolve this controversy by investigating shapes and slopes of F0 contours of Korean word level speech data produced by four male speakers. Instead of entirely relying on traditional human intuition and judgment, I employed an automatic F0 contour analysis technique known as tilt parameterisation (Taylor 2000). After necessary manipulation of an F0 contour of each data token, various parameters are collapsed into a single tilt value which directly indicates the shape of the contour. The result, in terms of statistical inference, shows that it is not viable to conclude that the type of consonant is significantly related to the shape of F0 contour. A supplementary measurement is also made to see if the slope of each contour bears meaningful information. Unlike shapes themselves, slopes are suspected to be practically more practical for consonantal differentiation, although confirmation is required through further refined experiments.

• 천문학회보
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.55.2-55.2
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• 2019

The firehose instability is driven by a pressure anisotropy in a magnetized plasma when the temperature along the magnetic field is higher than the perpendicular temperature. Such condition occurs commonly in astrophysical and space environments, for instance, when there are beams aligned with the background magnetic field. Recently, it was argued that, in weak quasi-perpendicular shocks in the high-β intracluster medium (ICM), shock-reflected electrons propagating upstream cause the temperature anisotropy. This electron temperature anisotropy can trigger the electron firehose instability (EFI), which excites oblique waves in the shock foot. Scattering of electrons by these waves enables multiple cycles of shock drift acceleration (SDA) in the preshock region, leading to the electron injection to diffusive shock acceleration (DSA). In the study, the kinetic properties of the EFI are examined by the linear stability analysis based on the kinetic Vlasov-Maxwell theory and then further investigated by 2D Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations, especially focusing on those in high-β (β~100) plasmas. We then discuss the basic properties of the firehose instability, and the implication of our work on electron acceleration in ICM shock.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.1446-1451
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• 2016

Clostridium difficile toxin A causes acute gut inflammation in animals and humans. It is known to downregulate the tight junctions between colonic epithelial cells, allowing luminal contents to access body tissues and trigger acute immune responses. However, it is not yet known whether this loss of the barrier function is a critical factor in the progression of toxin A-induced pseudomembranous colitis. We previously showed that NADH:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) KO (knockout) mice spontaneously display weak gut inflammation and a marked loss of colonic epithelial tight junctions. Moreover, NQO1 KO mice exhibited highly increased inflammatory responses compared with NQO1 WT (wild-type) control mice when subjected to DSS-induced experimental colitis. Here, we tested whether toxin A could also trigger more severe inflammatory responses in NQO1 KO mice compared with NQO1 WT mice. Indeed, our results show that C. difficile toxin A-mediated enteritis is significantly enhanced in NQO1 KO mice compared with NQO1 WT mice. The levels of fluid secretion, villus disruption, and epithelial cell apoptosis were also higher in toxin A-treated NQO1 KO mice compared with WT mice. The previous and present results collectively show that NQO1 is involved in the formation of tight junctions in the small intestine, and that defects in NQO1 enhance C. difficile toxin A-induced acute inflammatory responses, presumably via the loss of epithelial cell tight junctions.