• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.342-349
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• 2016

Andong belongs to the Nakdong River Basin, Nakdong River is flowing through the city, including Andong dam and Imha dam. The runoff due to provincial transfer and impervious area has been increasing by urbanization increases and nonpoint source loads. In this study, we evaluate the runoff and nonpoint pollution loads in accordance with the development targeted at selected urban water cycle leading to Andong city. Andong city leading to the water cycle plan to evaluate the directly runoff and BOD, T-N and T-P nonpoint pollutant loads using the CN into account the temporal and spatial changes. Evaluation, direct runoff per year is 10.41 % if the green roof and a water permeable pavement replacement, water cycle parks and streets compositions, City impermeable layer improvements to be business including four kinds of scenario is applied to both the development and the BOD non-point pollutant loads 20.56%, T-N 9.55% and T-P pollution and nonpoint loads was investigated to be reduced 14.29%. Four kinds of low lapse rate of the development scenario of the highest thing urban impervious surface was investigated by improving business development prior year annual direct runoff is 6.25 %, BOD nonpoint pollution loads are 11.84%, T-N nonpoint pollution loads are 4.46 % and T-P was investigated by reducing pollutant loads to be 10.20%.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.109-115
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• 2014

This paper investigated the optimal conditions for coffee extraction and dilution by comparing differences in soluble compounds and sensory characteristics of coffee subjected to cold-water extraction according to water quantity and dilution ratio. For sample preparation, we extracted coffee for 3 to 10 hours by adding 400 mL, 600 mL, 1,000 mL and 1,800 mL of cold water ($20^{\circ}C$) to 100 g of ground coffee, resulting in 200 mL, 400 mL, 800 mL and 1,600 mL portions of extracted coffee, respectively. Following this, the 200 mL, 400 mL and 800 mL portions of extracted coffee were further diluted with 1,400 mL, 1,200 mL and 800 mL of cold water, resulting in ratios of coffee to cold water of 1:7, 1:3 and 1:1, respectively. The 1,600 mL of portion of extracted coffee was not diluted and used as a sample. Undiluted coffee showed the highest values for pH, acidity, reducing sugar, total soluble solids and total phenolic compounds among all sample coffees, whereas the highly diluted coffee with a high ratio of 1:7 showed the lowest values. In a descriptive test, odor, sourness, bitterness and body intensity were also the highest in undiluted coffee due to the overly extracted coffee compounds. Undiluted coffee showed the lowest preference in terms of aroma, aftertaste and balanced coffee taste. On the other hand, diluted coffee at a ratio of 1:7 showed the lowest values for odor, sourness, bitterness and body intensity. Diluted coffee at a ratio of 1:3 showed the highest values for sweetness and acidity and was the most preferred in terms of aroma, aftertaste and balance. As a result, our study concluded that the optimal conditions for extraction and dilution of coffee with cold water are a ratio of ground coffee to cold water of 1:6 (w/v), followed by further dilution of the coffee by cold water at a ratio of 1:3.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.276-282
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• 2017

Purpose: This paper presents the effects of soil drought stress during the growing season and pre-harvest period on tree growth and fruit quality of "Yumi" peach, an early season cultivar. Methods: Soil drought stresses were treated with four levels of -30, -50, -60, and -70 kPa during long term (LT) and short term (ST). For LT treatments, soil water was controlled for nine weeks from May 1 to July 5, which was assumed as the full growing season. For ST treatments, soil water was controlled for four weeks from June 10 to July 5, which was assumed as the pre-harvest season. Tree growth and leaf photosynthesis were measured, and fruit characteristics such as fruit weight and diameter, soluble solid and tannin contents, and harvest date were investigated. Results: Soil water deficit treatments caused a significant reduction in tree growth, leaf photosynthesis, and fruit enlargement. LT water stress over -60 kPa during the full growing season caused significant reduction in tree growth, including shoot length, trunk girth, leaf photosynthesis, and fruit enlargement. ST water stress over -60 kPa during the pre-harvest period also induced significant reduction in leaf photosynthesis and fruit enlargement, while tree growth was not reduced. In terms of fruit quality, water stress over -50 kPa significantly reduced fruit weight, increased soluble solid and tannin contents, and delayed harvest time in both LT and ST treatments. Conclusions: As a result, it is assumed that LT water stress over -60 kPa can reduce both tree growth and fruit enlargement, whereas ST water stress over -50 kPa can reduce fruit enlargement without reducing tree growth. From an agricultural perspective, moderate water deficit like -50 kPa treatments could have positive effects, such increased fruit soluble solid contents along with minimal reduction in fruit size.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.517-525
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• 2009

The water quality of Lake Shihwa had been rapidly deteriorating since 1994 due to wastewater input from the watersheds, limited water circulation and the lack of a wastewater treatment policy. In 2000, the government decided to open the tidal embankment and make a comprehensive management plan to improve the water quality, especially inflowing stream water around Shihwa and Banwol industrial complex. However, the water quality and microbial community have not as yet been fully evaluated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influent water quality around the industrial area based on chemical and biological analysis, and collected surface water sample from the Siheung Stream, up-stream to down-stream through the industrial complex, Samples were collected in July 2009. The results show that the downstream site near the industrial complex had higher concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Fe, Mg, and Zn) and organic matter than upstream sites. A combination of DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) gels, lists of K-WQI (Korean Water Quality Index), cluster analysis, MDS (Multi-Dimensional Scaling) and PCA (Principal Component Analysis) has demonstrated clear clustering between Siheung stream 3 and 4 and with a high similarity and detected metal reducing bacteria (Shewanella spp.) and biodegrading bacteria (Acinetobacter spp.). These results suggest that use of both chemical and microbiological marker would be useful to fully evaluate the water quality.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.101-108
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• 2014

This study was conducted in order to compare the biological activities of water extracts and sugar immersion extracts of green pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and shiitake (Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler) by measuring total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities and inhibitory effects on ${\alpha}$-amylase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase. The contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids were higher in water extracts than in sugar immersion extracts. The anti-oxidative activities of water and sugar immersion extracts were measured using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging activity assay and reducing power assay. All extracts scavenged radicals in a concentration-dependent manner, and water extracts showed stronger radical scavenging activity and reducing power than sugar immersion extract. However, they all exhibited lower activities than ascorbic acid. Compared to the anti-diabetic drug acarbose, which was used as a positive control, the two types of extracts exhibited low ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities, although the activity of sugar immersion extracts were 2-fold higher than that of water extracts. ${\alpha}$-Amylase inhibitory action was not observed for any of the extracts. Finally, by cytotoxicity test, we confirmed that sugar immersion extracts were safer than water extracts. These results indicate that water extracts and sugar immersion extracts of green pepper, purslane and shiitake have different advantages in terms of their antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.123-129
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• 1993

Chitosan is known to be one of the natural chelating agents. It is derived from chitin which is a cellulose-like biopolymer distributed widely in nature, especially in shellfish, insects, fungi, and yeast. There are two forms of chitosans, water soluble and insoluble, The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether water soluble chitosan can be applied to reduce the bioabailability of radios-trontium in foods. We compared the effect of water soluble and insoluble chitosans on the absorption of ingested radiostrontium ($^{85}Sr$). Three percent water soluble and insoluble chitosan solutions were given orally, and immediately after $^{85}SrCl_2$ ($0.2{\mu}Ci$) was administered to rats using a orogastric tube. In one group water soluble chitosan solution was given for additional 4 days. And in control group no chitosan was given. Each group consisted of 6 rats. The whole-body retention of $^{85}Sr$, determined by in vivo counting method, was lower in water soluble chitosan group than that of water insoluble chitosan group and that of control. Urinary excretion of $^{85}Sr$ in chitosan-treated rats was higher than that of control. And 5 day ingested group of water soluble chitosan showed least whole body retention of $^{85}Sr$. In conclusion water soluble chitosan was more effective in reducing bioavailability of ingested radiostrontium in the gastrointestinal tract than insoluble chitosan.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.349-355
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• 2008

The causes of salt accumulation in soils of plastic film houses nearby Sumjin river estuary in Mokdo-ri($127^{\circ}46'E\;35^{\circ}1'N$), Hadong, Gyeongnam, Korea were investigated in 2006. With chemical properties soils and water analyzed and fertilization status monitored, the study showed that mean salt concentration of soil was much higher at EC $4.3\;dS\;m^{-1}$ than the Korean average (EC $2.9\;dS\;m^{-1}$) in 2000s for plastic film house's soil with exchangeable Na $0.8\;cmol^+\;kg^{-1}$ and water-soluble Cl $232\;mg\;kg^{-1}$, and then might result to salt damage in sensitive crop plants. Salt concentration of ground water used as main irrigation water source contained very high EC with corresponding value of $2.6\;dS\;m^{-1}$. Particularly, increase of EC value was directly proportional with the increased pumping of ground water used as a water-covering system in order to protect the temperature inside plastic film houses from the early winter season. High Na and Cl portion of ions in water might had contributed to the specific ion damage in the crops. Secondly, heavy inputs of chemicals and composts significantly increased the accumulated salts in soil. Conclusively, salt accumulation might had been accelerated by use of salted-groundwater irrigation and heavy fertilization rate. To minimize this problem, ensuring good quality of irrigation water is essential as well as reducing fertilization level.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.524-537
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• 2017

Post-Environmental impact investigation(Post-EII) plays an important role in investigating and reducing the environmental impacts of construction operations in South Korea. To date, it has been estimated that the results for Post-EII showed the low reliability; however, understanding those reliability has rarely been studied. We investigated the effect on water qualities by construction operations of the quarry mine, training center, and golf club in South Korea. In addition, the results of water quality analysis in this study were compared and analyzed with those in Post-EII. Treated wastewater in a quarry mine showed high concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand(BOD), suspended solid(SS), total nitrogen(T-N), and total phosphorus(T-P). Compared with the water quality results between this study and Post-EII, the concentrations of BOD, SS, T-N, and T-P in the treated wastewater were higher than the interquartile range(IQR) as well as the range of the results from minimum to maximum in Post-EII(p<0.05). The concentrations of BOD, SS, T-N, and T-P in treated wastewater were high under constructions in a training center. The concentrations of BOD and SS exceeded the consultation standard for the treated wastewater. These concentrations showed the significant difference with the IQR and the range from minimum to maximum of the water quality results in Post-EII(p<0.05). Therefore, the management and monitoring for water quality should be conducted in the treated wastewater by of construction operations. In addition, the alternative to enhance the reliability for the water quality results should be sought in Post-EII.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.283-288
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• 2014

The underground water quality of petroleum products storage cavern is influenced by that of dumping and landfill sites adjacent to cavern. From the chemical analysis of underground water sampled from landfill site, insignificant amounts of As, Cu and Pb were detected in a half of test samples while Cd, Hg, $Cr^{6+}$, $CN^-$, TCE, PCE and Phenol were not detected in all samples. All measurements of $COD^{Mn}$ were below $8.0mg/{\ell}$ that can be negligible for the contamination by organic matters. The total bacteria counted from 1st and 2nd microbiological analysis were $94.84{\times}10^4cells/m{\ell}$ and $146.26{\times}10^{-4}cells/m{\ell}$, respectively, and all counts of the sulfate reducing bacteria were less than $2cells/m{\ell}$. It can be suggested that the water quality adjacent to storage cavern can also be studied to improve the reliability of hydrogeologic stability of storage cavern.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.1907-1914
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• 2010

A novel catalytic kinetic method is proposed for the determination of Se(IV), Se(VI) and total inorganic selenium in water based on the catalytic effect of Se(IV) on the reduction of bromate by p-nitrophenylhydrazine at pH 3.0. The generated bromine, $Br_2$ or $Cl_2$ plus $Br_2$ in 0.1 M NaCl (or NaBr) environment efficiently decolorized Calmagite and the reaction was monitored spectrophotometrically at 523 nm as a function of time. In this indicator reaction, bromide acted as an activator for the catalysis of selenium (IV) and a reducing agent for selenium (VI) at pH 3.0, which allowed the determination of total selenium. The fixed time method was adopted for the determination and speciation of inorganic selenium. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration graph are linear in the range 1 - 35 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$ of Se(IV) for the fixed time method at $25^{\circ}C$. The detection limit based on statistical $3S_{blank}$/m-criterion was 0.215 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$ for the fixed time method (7 min). All of the variables that affect the sensitivity at 523 nm were investigated, and the optimum conditions were established. The interference effect of various cations and anions on the Se (IV) determination was also studied. The selectivity of the selenium determination was greatly improved with the use of the strongly cation exchange resin such as Amberlite IR120 plus. The proposed kinetic method was validated statistically and through recovery studies in natural water samples. The RSDs for ten replicate measurements of 5, 15 and 25 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$ of Se(IV) and Se(VI) was changed between 2.1 - 4.85%. Analyses of a certified standard reference material (NIST SRM 1643e) for selenium using the fixed-time method showed that the proposed kinetic method has good accuracy. Se(IV), Se(VI) and total inorganic selenium in environmental water samples have been successfully determined by this method after selective reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV).