• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.604-610
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• 2012

The nutritional composition and in vitro anti-oxidant activities of blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) leaf extract were investigated to examine their physiological characteristics. Calcium was the most abundant mineral. The principal free sugars were glucose, sucrose, maltose, and fructose. The amino acids were mainly composed of glutamic acid and aspartic acid. The fatty acids consisted mainly of 40.94% saturated fatty acid and 54.35% unsaturated fatty acid. In addition, the 112.64 mg% of vitamin C was analyzed as a natural anti-oxidant. Based on the bioactivity-guided isolation principle, the resulting ethanolic extracts from the blueberry leaf were divided into several fractions of n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the greatest total phenolic content. The total phenolics and flavonoid were 50.51 mg of GAE /g and 13.09 mg%, respectively. The ABTS-radical-scavenging activity of the ethyl acetate fraction was 97.53% at a concentration of 500 ${\mu}g/mL$. The ferric-reducing anti-oxidant power of the ethyl acetate fraction increased in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction of the blueberry leaf extract has good in vitro anti-oxidant activities and excellent nourishment, and can thus be useful food resources.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2018

In this study, we aimed to increase the utilization of non-commercializable peach fruits collected during harvesting and distribution and to promote the transition of a high value-added industry. After producing pastes from the flesh of different peach varieties, we used these pastes as ingredients in the production of Kochujang. We then performed a comparative analysis on the quality characteristics of the peach-added Kochujang and commercially available Kochujang products. Peach-added Kochujang exhibited a lower pH and reduced sugar, salinity, reducing sugar, ash, and calorie content than those of commercially available Kochujang products. However, the Kochujang had slightly higher pH and moisture content than commercially available products due to high organic acid and moisture contents of peach flesh. In terms of content of inorganic elements, commercial Kochujang products exhibited higher sodium and magnesium content, whereas peach-added Kochujang had higher potassium content. In particular, the lower sodium and higher potassium content of peach-added Kochujang indicates that this product could be used as a functional food to prevent various diseases caused by excessive sodium intake among Koreans. After comparing the products in terms of phenol and flavonoid content, we concluded that ethanol extracts of peach-added Kochujang showed higher phenol content than those of the commercially available Kochujang products. In contrast, the distilled water extracts of peach Kochujang showed higher DPPH free radical scavenging activity than that of commercially available Kochujang products.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.584-589
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• 2001

Isopropryl 2-(1-3-dithiethane-2-ylidene)-2 [N-(4-methyl-thiazole-2-yl) carbamoyl] acetate (YH439) is currently under phase ll clinical trials by the Yuhan Research Center for use as a hepatoprotective agent. Unfortunately, the oral bioavailbility of YH439, which is sparingly soluble in water (i.e., $0.3{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/ml{\;}or{\;}0.91{$\mu}M$ at room temperature), reportedly, is negligibleregardless of the dose administered to rats in the 10-300 mg/kg range. The bioavailability of the compound increased up to 24%, when administered in the form of a micellar solution ($700{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/ml$or 2.1 mM for YH439) at a dose of 10 mg/kg, suggesting that its limited solubility is associated with its negligible bioavailability. In order to obtain additional informmation concerning the bioavailability of YH439, the mechanism(s) involved in gastrointestinal (Gl) absorption were investigated in the present study. For this purpose, the transport of YH430 across a Caco-2 cell monolayer was measured in a $Transwell^{\circledR}$. A permeability of $4.07{\times}10^{-5}{\;}cm/s$ was obtained for the absorptive (i.e., apical to basolateral direction) transport of $0.42{\mu}M$ YH439, implicating that the in vivo Cl absorption is nearly complete. The absorptive transport exhibited a slight concentration-dependency with an intrinsic clearance ($CL_{i}$) of $0.38{\mu}L/{\textrm{cm}^2}/sec$, which accounted for 28.1% of the total intrinsic clearance (i.e., $CL_i$ plus the intrinsic clearance for the linear component) of the transport. Thus, saturation of the absorption process appears to be a minor factor in limiting the bioavailability of the compound. The apparent permeability of YH439 from the basolateral to the apical direction (i.e., efflux, $6.67{\times}10^{-5}{\;}cm/s$) was comparable to that for absorptive transport, but, interestingly, a more distinct concentration-dependency was observed for this transport. However, the efflux does not appear to influence the bioavailability of the compound, as evidenced by the sufficiently high permeability in the absorption direction. Rather, a reportedly extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism appears to be a principal factor in limiting the bioavailability. In this respect, reducing the first-pass metabolism by some means would lead to a higher bioavailability of the compound. Thus, elevation of the absorption rate of YH439 becomes a necessity. From a practical point of view, increasing the concentration of YH439 in the Cl fluid appears to be a feasible way to increase the absorption rate, because the compound is primarily absorbed via a linear mechanism. In summary, the solubilization of YH439, as previously demonstrated for a micellar solution of the compound, appears to be a practical way to increase the oral bioavailability of YH439.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 1998

In order to investigate microbiological control of malodors, particularly including ammonia, the effect of three thermophilic ammonium tolerant bacteria strains. TAT112. TAT117 and TAT119, were tested during composting of pig manure in the laboratory scale composters. The total weight, volatile solids and BOD of the pig manure compost were decreased during composting process in all treatments. The temperature in all treatments rose in first 3 days dramatically, but that in control without inoculation reached its maximum most lately among the treatments. The nitrogen content of drain water accumulated inside and outside composter, and trapped in 6N $H_2SO_4$ was lower in TAT112 inoculated composter than in control. However, it was not lower in the treatment of TAT117 and TAT119 inoculated. Ammonia concentration in the exhaust gas monitored everyday during composting also demonstrated that it was lowest at TAT112 inoculated among all treatments. It was appeared to have an effect on reducing ammonia emission at the treatment of TAT112 inoculated than the control.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.72-78
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• 1986

The studies were performed to investigate the optimum conditions for tannic processing of silk by use Chinese Gallotannin and synthesized tannic acid, which are aimed at weighting, dyeing and physical properties of tannin treated silk. 1. It was reasonable that the concentration of tannin solution is 30 grams per liter of Chinese Gallotannin, 15 grams per liter of tannic acid for the efficient weighting of processed silk. The temperature and time for tannin treatment was optimum at 80$^{\circ}C$, 60 minutes and the acidity of tannin solution at pH 2 to 3. 2. In dyeing the tannintreated silk by Acid dye Orange II, the temperature and time was reasonable at 60$^{\circ}C$, 90 minutes to control the desorption of tannin components weighted onto silk. 3. The colour differences ($\Delta$E) of dyed silk fabric by soaping could be remarkably narrowed by tannin treatment, resulting in improving the washing fastness of tannin treated silk by two grades more than that of untreated one. 4. The light fastness of tannin treated silk could be drastically improved by reducing the dye-loss of dyed silk fabric which was coused from the Ultra-violet ray irrdiation. 5. The rubbing fastness and water repellency of tannin treated silk was at the same level with that of untreated one. However, the Drape coefficient of tannin treated silk was decreased more than that of untreated one, which is closely related with fabric softness and dressing appearence.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.387-393
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• 2011

We analyzed the particle size distributions of three commercially available Devarda's alloy (DA) products, tested the nitrate recoveries of each particle size category, and examined the amounts of DA required for 100% recovery by varying $NO_3$-N concentration from 0.5 to 10 mg. We observed that use of DA coarser than 200 mesh resulted in poor analytical recovery (<80%). While the tested alloys were considered to be fine enough (>90% of the particles were less than 100 mesh), the recovery dramatically declined from 80% to 10% in a high concentration range (4 to 10 mg N). Satisfactory recovery was obtained by increasing the amount of finer DA (less than 300 or 450 mesh). However, there was no quantitative relationship between the amount of fine DA and nitrate recovered. Generally, the amount of nitrate reduced per unit DA decreased as the recovery efficiency declined. These results suggest that a sufficient amount of DA must be determined based on particle size distribution, and that treatment of at least two levels of DA and comparison of the subsequent change in nitrate recovery is required for soils containing high levels of nitrate. In addition, further studies are encouraged to account for the observed stoichiometric dis-equivalence of recovered nitrate N per unit mass of DA.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.343-355
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• 2021

Agricultural reservoirs seek human convenience by supplying agricultural water and providing flood damage effects and rest areas at the same time, but preventing them from aging reservoirs and earthquakes is important. The safety of levees is influenced by field material properties such as soil parameter values of the granular materials that make up the levees, but since precision safety diagnosis or general literature values are diverted, the final safety factors are limited to material properties alone. Since safety factors are determined by physical characteristic values and embankment shapes and have a significant impact on safety factors, accurate contemplation is required when examining reinforced cross sections. Therefore, this study analyzed the case of reasonable and economical reinforcement intersections when designing '◯◯reservoir' in Goheung-geun, Jeollanam-do using the GEP-SLOPE program to enable rational economic design of reinforcement intersections through repeated reviews. As a result of reducing and analyzing the first, second, and third seismic reinforcement of the levees, it was confirmed that the safety ratio was secured even with a significantly smaller amount of reinforcement than the first, second, and lower slopes by obtaining design standards of 1.20. In addition, when determining all seismic reinforcement cross-sectional shapes, it was confirmed that the shape that reinforces only the lower side rather than the upper side of the slope and the entire slope was economical with minimized cross-sectional reinforcement.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.527-534
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• 2019

Japanese sumac (Rhus javanica) is one of the common herbaceous plants growing over the country. This study was conducted to investigate the extraction characteristics and physiological activities inluding nitrite scavenging ability of the water extracts from leaf, fruit and bark of Japanease sumac. Extraction yield was 6.62~13.84%, free amino acids were detected as 24 kinds with 37.9 mg/100g in leaf extract, 23 kinds with 27.0 mg/100g in fruit extract and 27 kinds with 39.0 mg/100g in bark extract, respectively, and seven kinds essential amino acids were detected. Total contents of flavonoids equivalent to naringin were 587.2 mg/100g in bark extract, 557.3 mg/100g in fruit extract and 379.9 mg/100g in leaf extract, respectively. Total contents of phenolics equivalent to gallic acid were 111.2 mg/100g in leaf extract, 108.4 mg/100g in fruit extract and 80.4 mg/100g in bark extract, respectively. The nitrite scavenging ability of extracts was order of 61.93% in bark extract>57.38% in fruit extract>55.49% in leaf extract, and was 78.1~100% of those of BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) equivalents at pH 1.2. The electron donating ability was order of 47.38% in fruit extract>43.06% in leaf extract>38.55% in bark extract, and was compared to 65.6%, 58.8% and 53.6% of those of BHT equivalents, respectively. The reduction power was evaluated to 37% higher in leaf extract, 43% higher in fruit extract and 46% higher in bark extract than those of BHT equivalents. The metal chelating ability of extracts was considerably low and was order of 27.3% in bark extract>20.6% in leaf extract>11.2% in fruit extract.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.513-519
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• 2019

Typically, contaminated sediments cause clogging of the drain pipe, which increases the residual water pressure in the drain pipe; this study constructed a system for improving drainage efficiency of tunnels by reducing physical and chemical obstructions through ultrasonic energy generated by a PVDF film. The developed hybrid drainage system utilized a PVDF material film fused with an existing drainage tunnel and maintenance system resulting in the ability to initialize the reverse piezoelectric effect, which was evaluated through an on site application. In order to investigate the maintenance performance of the tunnel drainage system, contaminated sediments were simulated in a drainage pipe to test the effect of ultrasonic conditions on drainage efficiency in the laboratory. As a result of applying the developed portable equipment, the ultrasonic energy was generated for about 20 minutes resulting in a reduction of 74.62% of the contaminated sediments and improving drainage efficiency. From the tunnel, acoustic pressure measurements were taken to calculate the response rate while taking into account the laboratory results. In addition, PVDF film was attached to the transverse and longitudinal side of the drainage pipes where contaminated sediments occur most often in the field tunnel. these calculations show contaminant removal was 90% effective.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.592-599
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• 2019

This study is to stabilize insoluble and unstable active ingredient which is Idebenone (INCI name: hydroxydecyl ubiquinone) in a multi-lamellar vesicle (MLV) and to stabilize it in the skin care cosmetics. Idebenone is good effective raw material in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the medical field and a powerful antioxidant in dermatology. It is well known as a substance that inhibits the formation of melanin and cleans the skin pigment. However, it did not dissolve in any solvent and it was difficult to apply in cosmetic applications. Niosome vesicle was able to develop a nano-particle by making a multi-layer of idebenone encapsulated with a nonionic surfactant, hydrogenated lecithin and glycine soja (soybean) sterols and passing it through a high pressure microfluidizer. Idebenone niosome vesicle (INV) has been developed to have the ability to dissolve transparently in water and to promote transdermal penetration. The appearance of the INV was a yellowish liquid having specific odor, and the particle size distribution of INV was about 10~80 nm. The pH was 5~8 (mean=6.8). This capsulation with idebenone was stored in a $45^{\circ}C$ incubator for 3 months and its stability was observed and quantitatively measured by HPLC. As a result, the stability of the sample encapsulated in the niosome vesicle (97.5%) was about 66.3% higher than that of the non-capsule sample of 32.5%. Idebenone 1% INV was used for the efficacy test and clinical trial evaluation as follows. The anti-oxidative activity of INV was 38.2%, which was superior to that of 12.8% tocopherol (control). The melanin-reducing effect of B16 melanoma cells was better than INV (17.4%) and Albutin (control) (9.6%). Pro-collagen synthesis rate was 128.2% for INV and 89.3% for tocopherol (control). The skin moisturizing effect was 15.5% better than the placebo sample. The elasticity effect was 9.7% better than the placebo sample. As an application field, INV containing 1% of idebenone is expected to be able to develop various functional cosmetic formulations such as skin toner, ampoule essence, cream, eye cream and sunblock cream. In addition, it is expected that this encapsulated material will be widely applicable to emulsifying agents for skin use in the pharmaceutical industry as well as the cosmetics industry.