• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.609-617
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• 2010

The effect of vase water temperature and leaf number on water relations and senescence responses was determined in cut roses. Freshly harvested 'Red Sandra' roses were re-trimmed to 50 cm leaving two or four upper leaves and held in one of three solutions: ambient temperature distilled water ($23^{\circ}C$; AT-DW), low temperature distilled water ($7^{\circ}C$; LT-DW) and low temperature preservative solution (LT-PW). Flowers were kept in an environmental controlled room. Treatment effects evaluated were vase life, flower diameter, and changes in fresh weight and water uptake. Differences in water relations were determined by measuring $CO_2$ assimilation, stomatal conductance, and stem water flux rate (SFR). The water uptake rate was significantly increased in roses in LT-DW and decreased in those in LT-PW. While showing lower solution uptake rate during vase period, roses in LT-PW exhibited greatest fresh weight, longest positive water balance duration and largest flower diameter. Flowers with two leaves attached exhibited a higher fresh weight and improved water balance, thereby extending vase life. $CO_2$ assimilation rate and stomatal conductance were significantly decreased by placing flowers in LT-PW, yet increased by reducing leaf number to two leaves on the flower stems. Compared to the upper stem, the SFR of the basal stem of roses in AT-DW was lower, whereas SFR in basal stems of roses in LT-DW was much higher, suggesting that low-temperature water improved the hydraulic conductance in the stems. In contrast, roses in LT-PW had a stable SFR during the experimental period and displayed a similar pattern in SFR between upper and basal portions of the stems. Consequently, the vase life of cut roses in LT-PW and LT-DW was extended by more than eight and four days, respectively, compared to those in AT-DW.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.306-316
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• 2006

In this study, the effect of the shade level, water flow rate applied to the shades and the temperature of water on the greenhouse cooling was investigated depending on the shade level of 0, 35, 55, 75%, and water flow rate and water temperature by the test on the small wooden frames to find out the low cost cooling method. With increasing of the dry bulb temperature of outside air, the dry bulb temperature in the wooden frames increased. For the frames with the shade and water, inside temperatures of the frames were lower of -0.2$\sim$-1.2$^{\circ}C$ than the temperature of the outside air and higher than the water temperature. For the frames without water, inside temperatures of the frames were higher of 1.7$\sim$4$^{\circ}C$ than the outside and not affected by the shade level very much. The water flow rate and the temperature of the water were not the important factors to decrease the inside temperatures in the frames. The black globe temperature became lower with increasing of shade level. The shade frames with water curtain showed the best cooling effect because of reducing thermal radiation and cooling the plastic film cover. The surface temperatures of the plastic film cover for the water supplied modules became lower with increasing of the shade level. The relative humidity was decreased with the dry bulb temperature in the frame increasing and not affected by the dry bulb temperature of the outside air for the frames with the shade and water.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.16 no.6 s.84
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• pp.805-811
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• 2004

In this paper, effects of mixture proportion and material condition on both fundamental properties, drying and autogenous shrinkage of high performance concrete are discussed. According to the results, for the effect of mixture proportion on the fundamental properties, decrease in W/B and unit water content results in reduction of fluidity, while air content has no variation. Compressive strength exhibits an decreasing tendency with an increase in W/B and unit water content do not remarkable affect the compressive strength. For the effect of materials on the fluidity, the fluidity of low heat portland cement(LPC) is smaller than that of ordinary portland cement(OPC). The use of Polycarbonic acid based superplasticizer(PS) has more favorable effect on enhancing fluidity than Naphtalene based superplasticlzer(NS) and Melamine based superplasticizer(MS). Air content of concrete using LPC is larger than that using OPC. The effects of superplasticizer type on the air content is larger in order of MS, PS and NS. The use of LPC exhibited lower strength development at early age than OPC, whereas after 91days, similar level of compressive strength is achieved regardless of cement type. Compressive strength of concrete is not affected by SP type. For the effect of mixture proportion and materials on drying and autogenous shrinkage, an increase in W/B results in reduction of drying shrinkage and an decrease in water content leads to reduce drying shrinkage. Autogenous shrinkage is not observed until 49 days with the concrete mixture with $35\%$ of W/B and $145 kg/m^3$ of water content. This is due to the combination effects of expansion admixture and shrinkage reducing admixture, which causes an offset of autogenous shrinkage. The use of LPC results in a reduction in autogenous shrinkage compared with OPC. SP type has little influence on the autogenous shrinkage. It is found from the results that mixture proportioning of high performance concrete incorporating fly ash, silica fume, expansion admixture and shrinkage reducing admixture is need to focus on the increase in W/B and the reduction in water content and the use of LPC and MS is also required to use to secure the stability against shrinkage properties.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.2 s.177
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• pp.111-128
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• 2006

Three dimensional crustal structure and source features of earthquake hypocenters on the Korean peninsula were investigated using P and S-wave travel time tomography. The main goal of this research was to find Vp/Vs anomalies at earthquake hypocenters as well as those of crustal structure of basins and deep tectonic settings. This allowed fer the extrapolation of more detailed seismotectonic force from the Korean peninsula. The earthquake hypocenters were found to have high Vp/Vs ratio discrepancies (VRD) at the vertical sections. High V/p/Vs ratios were also found in the sedimentary basins and beneath the Chugaryong Rift Zone (CRZ), which was due to mantle plume that subsequently solidified with many fractures and faults which were saturated with connate water. The hypocenters of most earthquakes were found in the upper crust for Youngwol (YE), Kyongju (KE), Hongsung (HE), Kaesong (KSE), Daekwan (DKE), and Daehung (DHE) earthquakes, but near the subcrust or the Moho Discontinuity for Mt. Songni (SE), Sariwon (SRE) and Mt. Jiri (JE) earthquakes. Especially, we found hot springs of the Daekwan, Daehung and Unsan regions coincide with high VRD. Also, this cannot rule out the possibility that there are some partial meltings in the subcrust of this region. High VRD might indicate that many faults and fractures with connate water were dehydrated when earthquakes took place, reducing shear modulus in the hypocenter areas. This is can be explained by due to the fact that a point source which is represented by the moment tensor that may involve changes in volume, shear fracture, and rigidity. High Vp/Vs ratio discrepancies (VRD) were also found beneath Mt. Backdu beneath 40 km, indicating that magma chamber existed beneath Mt. Backdu is reducing shear modulus of S-wave velocity.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.645-655
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• 2008

The Cr(VI) concentrations at the shallow aquifer well (MPH-0-1) of the Moonpyung groundwater monitoring station were in the range of 0.5 to 3.1 mg/L exceeding 10 to 62 times the guideline for drinking-water quality, indicating continuous contamination. However, Cr was not detected at the deep bedrock well and the other subsidiary monitoring wells except for MPH-1 and 6. Cross-correlation analyses were conducted for rainfall and groundwater level time series, resulting in the mean time of recharge after precipitation events to be 5.6 days. For rainy season, the water level was raised and the Cr(VI) concentration was several times lower than that during dry season at well MPH-0-1 well. Correlation of the Cr(VI) concentration with the groundwater-level showed that the Cr(VI) reduction was closely related with the groundwater-level rise in the well. However, the groundwater level rise during high water season induced the lateral migration of the Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater at well MPH-4. We enriched and isolated a chromium reducing bacteria, Enterobacter aerogenes, from the Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater in the wells MPH-0-1 and MPH-1. The bacteria may play an important role for immobilizing Cr(VI) in the Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater. Therefore, the migration of the contaminant (Cr(VI) must has been restricted because of the natural attenuation by microbial reduction of Cr(VI) in the groundwater. This research suggests that the bioremediation of the Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater by the indigenous bacteria may be feasible in the Cr(VI) contaminated groundwater.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.750-759
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• 2010

The bioactive materials (phenolic compounds, flavonoids, minerals, decursin and decursinol angelate) and biological activities (DPPH [$\alpha,\alpha$'-diphenyl-$\beta$-picrylhydrazyl] free radical scavenging capability, reducing power, and tyrosinase activity) in the extracts of leaf, stem mixture (AGLS), and root (AGR) from Angelica gigas Nakai were examined by using water, hot water and ethanol solvent. The highest extract yield (21.89%) was found in the water extract of AGR. The highest concentrations of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the ethanol extracts of AGLS and AGR were 14.99% and 14.79%. Major minerals of AGLS and AGR were K, Mg, Fe, Na and Ca. Decursin and decursinol angelate were the major ingredients of Angelica gigas, detected at 18.71 and 18.89 min of retention time by HPLC analysis, respectively. The highest concentrations of decursin and decursinol angelate in the Angelica gigas ethanol extract were found in root ($41.7\;{\mu}g/g$) and leaf ($34.04\;{\mu}g/g$). The highest free radical scavenging activity was found in the hot water extracts of AGLS and AGR, and its activity was stronger in all extracts of AGLS than AGR. The highest reducing power was found in the ethanol extracts of AGLS and AGR and this was dependent on the sample concentration. The hot water extracts of AGLS and AGR revealed the highest inhibition activity on tyrosinase. Overall, these results may provide the basic data needed to understand the biological activities of bioactive materials derived from Angelica gigas.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.366-373
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• 2011

Recent studies suggested that Cheonnyuncho is a significant source of bioactive phenolic compounds, comparable to phytochemicals, including green tea and onion. In this study, the hot-water and 80% ethanolic extracts of Cheonnyuncho were assessed as to their total phenol content, total flavonoids content, antioxidant activity (DPPH radical-scavenging activity and reducing power), and anti-obesity activity. The results showed that the total phenol contents of the hot water extract and the 80% ethanolic extract were $16.52{\pm}3.87$ and $13.44{\pm}0.85$ mg GAE/g, respectively. The total flavonoids content was detected only in the 80% ethanolic extract, however, with a 778.08 ${\mu}g$ catechin equivalents/g content. The DPPH radical-scavenging activity and reducing power of the 80% ethanolic extract from Cheonnyuncho was significantly higher than those of the water extract (p < 0.05). During the adipocyte differentiation, the 80% ethanolic extract of Cheonnyuncho more significantly inhibited lipid accumulation and ROS production than the 3T3-L1 cells that were treated with hot water extract. Furthermore, the 80% ethanolic extract of Cheonnyuncho suppressed the mRNA abundance of the adipogenic transcription factor, $PPAR{\gamma}$ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$), and its target gene, aP2 (adipocyte protein 2). These results indicate that Cheonnyuncho extracts can inhibit adipogenesis through a mechanism that involves direct down regulation of $PPAR{\gamma}$ gene expression or via modulation of ROS production associated with radical-scavenging activities.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.227-238
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to develop a process technology to produce high hardness drinking water which meet drinking water standard, remaining useful minerals like magnesium and calcium in the seawater desalination process while removing the sulfate ions and chloride ions. Seawater have been separated the concentrated seawater and desalted seawater by passing on Reverse Osmosis membrane (RO). Using Nano-filtration membrane (NF), We were prepared primary mineral concentrated water that sodium chloride were not removed. By the operation of electro-dialysis (ED) having ion exchange membrane, we were prepared concentrated mineral water (Mineral enriched desalted water) which the sodium chloride is removed. We have produced the high hardness water to meet the drinking water quality standards by diluting the mineral enriched desalted water with deionized water by RO. Reverse osmosis membranes (RO) can separate dissolved material and freshwater from seawater (deep seawater). The desalination water throughout the second reverse osmosis membrane was completely removed dissolved substances, which dissolved components was removed more than 99.9%, its the hardness concentration was 1 mg/L or less and its chloride concentration was 2.3 mg/L. Since the nano-filtration membrane pore size is $10^{-9}$ m, 50% of magnesium ions and calcium ions can not pass through the nano-filtration membrane, while more than 95% of sodium ions and chloride ions can pass through NF membrane. Nano-filtration membrane could be separated salt components like sodium ion and chloride ions and hardness ingredients like magnesium ions and calcium ions, but their separation was not perfect. Electric dialysis membrane system can be separated single charged ions (like sodium and chloride ions) and double charged ions (like magnesium and calcium ions) depending on its electrical conductivity. Above electrical conductivity 20mS/cm, hardness components (like magnesium and calcium ions) did not removed, on the other hand salt ingredients like sodium and chloride ions was removed continuously. Thus, we were able to concentrate hardness components (like magnesium and calcium ions) using nano-filtration membrane, also could be separated salts ingredients from the hardness concentration water using electrical dialysis membrane system. Finally, we were able to produce a highly concentrated mineral water removed chloride ions, which hardness concentration was 12,600 mg/L and chloride concentration was 2,446 mg/L. By diluting 10 times these high mineral water with secondary RO (Reverse Osmosis) desalination water, we could produce high mineral water suitable for drinking water standards, which chloride concentration was 244 mg/L at the same time hardness concentration 1,260 mg/L. Using the linked process with reverse osmosis (RO)/nano filteration (NF)/electric dialysis (ED), it could be concentrated hardness components like magnesium ions and calcium ions while at the same time removing salt ingredients like chloride ions and sodium ion without heating seawater. Thus, using only membrane as RO, NF and ED without heating seawater, it was possible to produce drinking water containing high hardness suitable for drinking water standard while reducing the energy required to evaporation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.277-282
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• 2007

For more accurate and practical design of the residual treatment train at water treatment plants(WTPs), a computational program based on the commercial spreadsheet, Microsoft Excel, was developed. The computational program for the design of a residual treatment train(DRTT) works in three steps which estimate the residual production to be treated, analyze the mass balance, and determine the size of each unit process. Of particular interest in the DRTT program, is provision for a filter backwash recycle system consisting of surge tank and sedimentation basin for more efficient recycling of backwash water. When the DRTT program was applied to the Chungju WTP, the program was very beneficial in avoiding errors which might have occurred during arithmetic calculations and in reducing the time needed to get the output. It is anticipated that the DRTT program could be used for design of new WTPs as well as the rehabilitation of existing ones.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.386-391
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate change of quality characteristics on traditional dried Persimmons from Sangju varity regions (sun-dried, Namjang and Bokryong). Moisture contents on drying were decreased and constant at from 7th to 14th days drying periods and its periods were recognized to constructing second peel of dried persimmons. Constructed second peel were affected on quality characteristics of traditional dried Persimmons. Also, in case of semi-dried persimmons were processed at 45∼55% level of moisture content. Final products of semi -dried persimmons were estimated in 25th from initial drying periods. Changes of water activity were increased reducing speed at time of water content decreased, second feel constructing during drying persimmons were introduced to decreasing of water activity. Weights of dried Persimmons were quickly decreased in 21th drying periods and slowly decreased after that time. Weight changing and water evaporation of dried persimmons at the Namjang and Bokryong were slowy decreased and controled after 7∼14th in periods of constructing second feel of dried persimmons. Change of brix in dried persimmons have had in 18∼27% value at initial drying periods and quickly increased after 7∼14th in drying periods and have in high value of 40∼50% at 21th drying periods. At the texture of dried persimmons, hardness were decresed after 7∼14th in periods and effected on decreasing of water content, increasing of drying times. Sensory score of dried persimmons were highest score of color, sweetness and texture at dried persimmons of Namjang. Score of astringency, sourness and mold smell were highest at dried persimmons of Bokryong. Value of highest overall acceptance score was at dried Persimmons of Namjang.