• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.291-297
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• 1995

This study aimed to verify the nutritional and curative effects of protein hydroysate in rats model with gastric ulcer induced by restraint and water-immersion stress. Sprague-Dawley, famale rats weighing approximtely 200g were forced in 5$\times$5$\times$15cm plexiglas cage. The restraint and water immersion stress was carried at 20$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$ for 8-hours. After stress 4 kinds of diets(10% casein, 20% casein, 10% casein hydrolysate, 20% casein hydrolysate) were given for 5 days. In the gastric ulcer rats model, the growth, gastric emptying rate, trypsin activity in gastrointestinal content, plasma total protein, albumin, $\alpha$-amino-N, UUN, creatinine and hydroxyproline of the urine and nitrogen retention were analyzed for nutritional effects of dietary nitrogen levels(10%, 20%) and sources (casein, casein hydrolysate). The results were as follows ; In gastric ulcer rats model, severeness of ulcer, plasma protein, gastric emptying rate, nitrogen retention rate were not different between 20% casein-fed group and 20% casein hydrolysatefed group. But 10% casein hydrolysate-fed group had more curative group. The casein hydrolysate diet-fed group was lower trysin activity in small intestianl content than the casein-fed group, at both casein level(10%, 20%). Finally at 20% levels, there was no difference between casein and casein hydrolysate diet, but 10% level, casein hydrolysate diet was more curative of ulcer than casein diet in gastric ulcer rat model. The results of this study provide useful information concerning diet therapy for the patients with gastrointestinal diseases and the field of enteral diet materials.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 1997

This study was designed to determine the effects of protein sources on the curation of gastric ulceration, protein metabolism, and nitrogen balance in rats with gastric ulcer induce by restraint and water immersion stress. After the rats were fed 10% casein diet for 3 weeks, four groups of the rats were forced in 5$\times$5$\times$15cm plexiglass cage. The restraint and water immersion stress was carried at 20$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$ for 8-hour. The other one group(control group) was not exposed to stress. After stress 4 kinds of different diets containing 20% protein were given for 5 days. The protein sources were casein, whey protein, soy protein, gluten. The control group was fed to 10% casein diet. The results were as follows ; the weights of rats were not different among the diet groups During the experiment period follows ; the weights of rats were not different among the diet groups during the experiment period (for 5 days). The ulcer index of rats fed 10% gluten and soy protein diet was significantly higher than those of casein and whey protein diet groups(p<0.05). The level of serum albumin was not significantly different among diet groups. But hematocrit and the level of $\alpha$-amino-N, BU and UUN of plant protein diet groups were higher than animal diet groups, the urinary hydroxyproline of soy protein group was the highest and the whey protein was the lowest. The digestibility and BV of nitrogen of gluten diet group were significantly higher than those of casein and whey protein diet groups(p<0.05). The animal proteins had more curative effects of ulcer than plant animals. The results of this study provide useful information concerning diet therapy for the patients with gastrointestinal diseases and the field of enteral diet materials.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.607-613
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• 2004

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-infection is an important pathogen of stomach cancer after chronic gastritis and ulceration in the stomach and duodenum. However, the virulences of H. pylori strains have not been well-defined between clinical isolates. This study was designed to establish water-immersion-restraint stress (WIRS) model in mongolian gerbil for comparison of pathogenicity of H. pylori strains. To determine an optimal duration time for WIRS model in gerbil, 5-week-old Mongolian gerbils were divided into different groups by WIRS duration time. After graded duration of WIRS, the macroscopic ulcer index (UI) was measured with the stomach and duodenum of sacrificed animal. There were no significant differences between male and female in same duration group. However, the UI increased significantly in a time-dependent fashion. The group of 6 hours-WIRS animals showed severe hemorrhage and ulceration in their stomach and duodenum. On the other hand, the very mild lesions induced in 2 hours-treated animals. Therefore, we determined an optimal duration time for WIRS model in gerbil as 4 hours. Thereafter, we evaluated whether this WIRS model in gerbil could be used as an useful tool for in vivo comparison of pathogenicity of H. pylori strains by enhancement of pathological severity in H. pylori-infected gerbils. Mongolian gerbils were divided into H. pyloriinfected and PBS-inoculated groups. Thereafter, they were divided again into 4 hours-WIRS and no WIRS subgroups. After treatment, the severity of pathological changes was evaluated in a same manner with previous duration-determining experiment. When the animals were exposed to WIRS, the UI was significantly higher in the infected group than in the uninfected group. These results suggested that the established gerbil-WIRS model in this study enhanced effectively the severity of pathogenic changes in the H. pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils and could be used as an useful tool for in vivo comparison of pathogenicity of H. pylori strains.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.162-166
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• 1996

This study was done to investigate whether cholic acid derivatives have anti-stress activity and what is a cause of this anti-stress effect. Seven cholic acid derivatives (cholic acid, taurocholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, tauroursodeoxychoic acid, chenodeoxy cholic acid, dehydrocholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid) were used, silymarin and valproic acid were used as positive controls. Stress was induced by restraint immobilization technique plus water immersion (24hrs) and adrenal weight, spleen weight, adrenal ascorbic acid, serum cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), adrenal cholesterol, glucose and corticosterone levels were measured as stress indicators. Most cholic acid derivatives markedly decreased the adrenal weight, and TUDCA and DHCA increased the spleen weight. The restraint stress induced increments in serum LDH, ALP and cholesterol were attenuated by most cholic acid derivatives. Cholic acid, taurocholic acid and tauroursodeoxycholic acid only increased the content of adrenal ascorbate. While valproic acid showed an inhibitory effect against stress, silymarin did not. Our findings suggest that most cholic acid derivatives have anti-stress effect and that their anti-stress effect is, in part, related to choleretic activity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.920-929
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• 1997

This study examined the effect of dietary salt levels on the incidence and cure of gastric ulcer in rats. Two sets of experiment were conducted . In the first experiment, the rats were divided into 3 groups. The 3 groups were fed 0%, 4%, and 8% NaCl diets respectively for 20days. The rats were given water -immersion restraint stress at the end of the dietary period , and sacrificed. The ulcer index by histological test was higher in rats fed the 8% NaCl diet than those in the other groups. The hexosamine and glutathione levels were significantly lower in the rats fed the 8% NaCl diet. Hematocrit and total iron binding capacity(TIBC) showed lower values caused by bleeding of gastric mucosa. The second experiment was designed to determine the effect of soldium concentration on the cure of gastric ulcer . As the gastric ulcer was recovered, ulcer length was gradually deceased in the control group but not changed in the 8% NaCl diet group. The gastric hexosamine and hepatic glutathione were increased in the control group but decreased in the 8% NaCl diet group. The hematologic indices of stressed rats showed the same tendency. As a result, dietary salt per se did not cause gastric ulcer . Once an ulcer is formed by stress or any other factor, higher levels of dietary salt may be detrimental to gastric mucosa, thereby delaying the healing of the ulcer. It is recommended that dietary salt intake be reduced in stress-prone people.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.72-78
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• 2012

Alnus japonica Steud (A. japonica) have long been used in the traditional medicine for gastric disorder, hepatitis and fatty liver in Korea. Antiulcer effects of A. japonica hot water extract (AJ ext) were evaluated by in vitro antibacterial activity against H. pylori, by the inhibitory action against the in vitro gastric $H^+/K^+$-ATPase and using rat models of gastric mucosal damage and gastric ulcer induced by HCl-ethanol, indomethacin, and restraint and water-immersion stress. For the determination of antibacterial activity of AJ ext against H. pylori, the activity of urease which released from H. pylori was measured in culture. AJ ext showed weak antibacterial activity against H. pylori with the growth inhibitions of 37% and 61% by adding final concentrations of 500 and $1000{\mu}g/ml$ culture, respectively at 24 h. To observe the inhibitory activity of AJ ext against the $H^+/K^+$-ATPase in hog gastric membrane vesicle, $IC_{50}$ value of AJ ext was $806.3{\mu}g/ml$. Pretreatment of AJ ext (200, 500 mg/kg, p.o.) prevented in a dose-dependent manner the acute gastritis in HCl-ethanol model and the formation of gastric ulcer in indomethacin model and restraint and water-immersion stress model. These results suggest that the AJ ext can be used for prevention and treatment of gastric mucosal damage and ulcers induced by various stress.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.187-196
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• 1990

This study was carried out to develop new model for gastric ulcer and to investigate some factor which effect it. Rats were immersed for 8 hours. Ulcer index was measured from total length of occured ulcer. Ulcer index (UI) of restraint and immersion group was higher significantly than that of only restraint group (p<0.001) and ulcer was occurred within only glandular stomach. UI of low water temperature group was higher significantly than that of high water temperature group (p

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.126-136
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• 1998

This study was designed to determine the effects of linoleic acid contents and $\omega$ 6/$\omega$3 ratios on the induction of gastric ulcer by water immersion and restraint stress. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 5diets containing 7% fat(w/w) for 6weeks. These diet groups were Lh, Mh, Hh, Mm, Ml, : 3 different linoleic acid levels(0.3% of energy(L). 3.5(M), 10(H) and 3 different $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratios (11(1), 33(m), 100(h) with beef tallow, sunflower or fish oil. The Lh group showed a significantly higher ulcer index (UI) than the Mh and Hh groups(p<0.05). At the same linoleic levels, the UI had no significant difference within the $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratios. The Mh group showed significantly higher (p<0.05) PGE2 and TBX2 content than any other group. Pearson's correlation coeffcients between UI and PGE2 and TBX2 had a negatively significant correlation(p<0.05). Linoleic acid of gastric mucosal phospholipids was reflected by the diet, but was not significantly different. The most significant finding of this study is that not only the absolute amount of linoleic acid, but also the $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratios are important factors for the prevention of gastric ulcer.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.111-121
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• 1996

Antiulcer effects of Artemisia herba extract (DA-9601) were evaluated in various types of experimental gastric ulcer induced in rats. And the effects of DA-9601 on mucus, basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion were also investigated in rats. DA-9601 (12.5∼400 mg/kg, p.o.) prevented the formation of gastric ulcers induced by 60% EtOH in 150 mM HC1, restraint water immersion stress, platelet activating factor (PAF), aspirin in 150 mM HCI with Pylorus-ligation and indomethacin. DA-9601 (4∼400 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly accelerated the healing rate of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer and significantly stimulated mucus secretion in a dose-dependent manner. DA-9601 (20∼200 mg/kg, i.d.), however, did not inhibit basal gastric acid secretion in pylorus ligated rats and DA-9601 (200 mg/kg, i.d.) failed to influence histamine-, pentagastrin- and carbachol- stimulated gastric acid secretion. These results suggest that DA-9601 has inhibitory action on gastric lesion and ulceration through increasing mucus secretion in the stomach of rats without influencing basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.175-184
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• 1994

This was performed to investigate the antiulcer effects of Aloe vera on the stomach ulcer induced by restraint and water-immersion stress in rats. For this experiment, 60 male Sprague-Dawley strain were used. The experimental groups were divided into five: a control(CA) and 4 aloe treatment groups. Each dose of aloe was 50 mg/kg BW(AA), 100mg/kg BW(AB), 200 mg/kg BW(AC), and 400 mg/kg BW(AD). The rats were allocated to each group by 12 and observed for 4 weeks. The results are as following. 1. The stomach surface pH in each group showed no significant difference, byt the values of aloe treatment groups were higher than the value of the control group. 2. The gastric wall mucus was significantly increased in all aloe treatment groups(p<0.05) compared with the control group. Especially in AC and AD group the differences were higher(p<0.01). 3. At shear rate rate 11.25, 45.0, 90.0, 225.0 sec-1, whole blood viscosity and plasma viscosity were measured. Most of the values of aloe treatment groups were significantly low compared with those of the control group(P<0.05). 4. The ulcer index of aloe treatment groups were significantly low campared with control group(p<0.05). Especially in AC and AD group the differences were more significant(p<0.01). 5. Less severe ulcers were observed in AA and AB group than in the control group. Tissues of AC and AD group had only slight ulcers and necrosis of tissue was not observed in these groups. Especially in AD group, there was more mucus than other groups and it seemed that alove vera stimulated the epithelial regeneration. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the oral administration of Alove vera results in protection of stomach ulcer by stimulating the secretion of gastric mucus and the circulation of blood.