• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.72-78
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• 2012

Alnus japonica Steud (A. japonica) have long been used in the traditional medicine for gastric disorder, hepatitis and fatty liver in Korea. Antiulcer effects of A. japonica hot water extract (AJ ext) were evaluated by in vitro antibacterial activity against H. pylori, by the inhibitory action against the in vitro gastric $H^+/K^+$-ATPase and using rat models of gastric mucosal damage and gastric ulcer induced by HCl-ethanol, indomethacin, and restraint and water-immersion stress. For the determination of antibacterial activity of AJ ext against H. pylori, the activity of urease which released from H. pylori was measured in culture. AJ ext showed weak antibacterial activity against H. pylori with the growth inhibitions of 37% and 61% by adding final concentrations of 500 and $1000{\mu}g/ml$ culture, respectively at 24 h. To observe the inhibitory activity of AJ ext against the $H^+/K^+$-ATPase in hog gastric membrane vesicle, $IC_{50}$ value of AJ ext was $806.3{\mu}g/ml$. Pretreatment of AJ ext (200, 500 mg/kg, p.o.) prevented in a dose-dependent manner the acute gastritis in HCl-ethanol model and the formation of gastric ulcer in indomethacin model and restraint and water-immersion stress model. These results suggest that the AJ ext can be used for prevention and treatment of gastric mucosal damage and ulcers induced by various stress.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.137-142
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• 2009

Whole-body $\gamma$-irradiation(WBI), which produces an oxidative stress, is reported to attenuate the acute antinociceptive action of morphine (a $\mu$-opioid receptor agonist), but not DPLPE (a $\delta$-opioid receptor agonist), in mice. Recently, we also reported that antinociceptive effect of morphine, but not $\beta$-endorphin (a novel $\varepsilon$-opioid receptor agonist), was attenuated by oxidative stress. These findings prompted us to investigate the effect of WBI on the antinociception of morphine and $\beta$-endorphin in mice. Mice were exposed to WBI (5 Gy) from a $^{60}Co$ gamma-source and tested 2 hours later for antinociception produced by intracerebroventricular administration of morphine or $\beta$-endorphin using the hot water tail-immersion and the writhing tests. WBI significantly attenuated the antinociception produced by morphine only in the hot water tail-immersion test, whereas the antinociception of $\beta$-endorphin was significantly potentiated by WBI in both tests. These results demonstrate a differential sensitivity of $\mu$- and $\varepsilon$-opioid receptors to WBI, and support the hypothesis that morphine and $\beta$-endorphin administered supraspinally produce antinociception by different neuronal mechanisms.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.37-41
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• 2000

The protective effects of the ethylacetate fraction of persimmon leaves(PEF) against experimentally induced gastric mucosal damage and gastric ulcers were evaluated in ratss. In prophylatic study, 100 mg/kg ethylacetate fraction of persimmon leaves (PEFH) exhibited a total protection of 73.8% and 65.7% against HCl-ethanol and 0.2N NaOH-induced gastric mucosal membrane lesions, respectively, which was superior to cimetidine 50 mg/kg, a commonly used anti-ulcer drug. PEFH showed excellent anti-ulcer effects against pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcers, compared to the control group, however, 50 mg/kg ethylacetate fraction of persimmon leaves (PEFL) and PEFH did not affect ulcers induced by water immersion stress, and that is inferior to cimetidine 50 mg/kg. In conclusion, the results suggest that the ethylacetate fraction of persimmon leaves can be used both in prevention and treatment of experimentally induced gastric mucosal damage and ulcers.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.188-195
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• 1989

Hyangsayangwee-Tang, a combined preparation of crude drugs, which has been used for stomach and intestinal disorder, was examined for anti-spasmodic, anti-ulcerative and anti-emetive effects. Spontaneous motility of isolated ileum was strongly suppressed and inhibitory effects against contraction of isolated ileum induced by acetylcholine and barium chloride were shown in mice. And, contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum by histamine was inhibited. In rats fundus preparations, Hyangsayangwee-Tang elicited strong relaxation and had antagonist effects against the spasm induced by acetylcholine and barium chloride. A significant inhibitory effect on the intestinal propulsion of barium sulfate in mice was shown. In pylorus-ligated rats, Hyangsangwee-Tang inhibited gastric secretion and showed a strong anti-peptic activity. Protective effects against gastric ulceration induced by pyloric ligation, water-immersion stress, histamine and aspirin were significantly recognized in mice and rats. Hyangsayangwee-Tang decreased cupric sulfate-induced vomitting in frogs.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.394-400
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• 1997

The effects of methanol and water extracts of Taheebo were investigated on gastric secretion, gastric lesion and ulcer in rate. Experimental gastric lesion and ulcer was produced in rats using the following methods : HCl.aspirin-induced lesion, HCl.ethanol-induced lesion, indomethacin-induced ulcer and water-immersion stress ulcer model. In addition, the amount of gastric secretion in pylorus-ligated rats for 4 hours was determined. Water extracts of Taheebo significantly inhibited HCl.aspirin-induced gastric lesion at 1,000mg/kg, po in rats. Likewise, Water extracts of Taheebo caused significant inhibition of indomethacin-induced ulcer at oral dose of 1,000mg/kg. The lesion induced by HCl.ethanol was significantly reduced by both water and methanol extracts of Taheebo. It also showed significant antiulcer activity in water-immersion stress ulcer, respectively. In gastric secretion experiments, methanol extracts of Taheebo also showed significant inhibition of gastric juice secretion, acidity and acid output at doses 500 and 1,000mg/kg. These results may suggest that Taheebo shows antigastritic and antiulcerative action in rats in part by the inhibition of gastric juice secretion and acidity.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.162-166
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• 1996

This study was done to investigate whether cholic acid derivatives have anti-stress activity and what is a cause of this anti-stress effect. Seven cholic acid derivatives (cholic acid, taurocholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, tauroursodeoxychoic acid, chenodeoxy cholic acid, dehydrocholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid) were used, silymarin and valproic acid were used as positive controls. Stress was induced by restraint immobilization technique plus water immersion (24hrs) and adrenal weight, spleen weight, adrenal ascorbic acid, serum cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), adrenal cholesterol, glucose and corticosterone levels were measured as stress indicators. Most cholic acid derivatives markedly decreased the adrenal weight, and TUDCA and DHCA increased the spleen weight. The restraint stress induced increments in serum LDH, ALP and cholesterol were attenuated by most cholic acid derivatives. Cholic acid, taurocholic acid and tauroursodeoxycholic acid only increased the content of adrenal ascorbate. While valproic acid showed an inhibitory effect against stress, silymarin did not. Our findings suggest that most cholic acid derivatives have anti-stress effect and that their anti-stress effect is, in part, related to choleretic activity.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.187-196
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• 1990

This study was carried out to develop new model for gastric ulcer and to investigate some factor which effect it. Rats were immersed for 8 hours. Ulcer index was measured from total length of occured ulcer. Ulcer index (UI) of restraint and immersion group was higher significantly than that of only restraint group (p<0.001) and ulcer was occurred within only glandular stomach. UI of low water temperature group was higher significantly than that of high water temperature group (p

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.126-136
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• 1998

This study was designed to determine the effects of linoleic acid contents and $\omega$ 6/$\omega$3 ratios on the induction of gastric ulcer by water immersion and restraint stress. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 5diets containing 7% fat(w/w) for 6weeks. These diet groups were Lh, Mh, Hh, Mm, Ml, : 3 different linoleic acid levels(0.3% of energy(L). 3.5(M), 10(H) and 3 different $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratios (11(1), 33(m), 100(h) with beef tallow, sunflower or fish oil. The Lh group showed a significantly higher ulcer index (UI) than the Mh and Hh groups(p<0.05). At the same linoleic levels, the UI had no significant difference within the $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratios. The Mh group showed significantly higher (p<0.05) PGE2 and TBX2 content than any other group. Pearson's correlation coeffcients between UI and PGE2 and TBX2 had a negatively significant correlation(p<0.05). Linoleic acid of gastric mucosal phospholipids was reflected by the diet, but was not significantly different. The most significant finding of this study is that not only the absolute amount of linoleic acid, but also the $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratios are important factors for the prevention of gastric ulcer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.161-166
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• 1999

CaCl2 and water soluble degraded chitosan mixtures were used as coagulants for extending the shelf life of tofu. Microbial counts, pH, and turbidity in tofu immersion solution were analyzed during the periods of storage at 4oC and physico chemical properties of tofu were determined by rheological properties, color and yield. There was no significant difference in moisture content and yield between tofu made with and without chitosan. Failure stress and stress relaxation values were reduced when chitosan was added to CaCl2, but there was no significant change among contents of chitosan added to tofu. The pH values were decreased at the beginning and then slowly increased after 14 days storage. The changes in turbidity were increased during storage, but the change in 2.0g degraded chitosan mixture with 7.0g CaCl2 coagulant(2.0:7.0 ratio) was lower than others and initial turbidity was lower as much as chitosan added to coagulant. These data showed that the water soluble degraded chitosan had a good anti microbial effect and increases the shelf life of tofu.

• CELLMED
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.3.1-3.8
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• 2014

Spa represents a treatment widely used in many rheumatic diseases (RD). The mechanisms by which immersion in mineral or thermal water ameliorates RD are not fully understood. The net benefit is probably the result of a combination of factors, among which the mechanical, thermal and chemical effects are most prominent. Buoyancy, immersion, resistance and temperature play important roles. According to the gate theory, pain relief may be due to the pressure and temperature of the water on skin; heat may reduce muscle spasm and increase the pain threshold. Mud-bath therapy increases plasma ${\beta}$-endorphin levels and secretion of corticotrophin, cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin. It has recently been demonstrated that thermal mud-bath therapy induces a reduction in circulating levels of prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4, interleukin-$1{\beta}$ and tumour necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, important mediators of inflammation and pain. Furthermore, balneotherapy has been found to cause an increase in insulin-like growth factor-1, which stimulates cartilage metabolism, and transforming growth factor-${\beta}$. Beneficial anti-inflammatory and anti-degenerative effects of mineral water were confirmed in chondrocytes cultures, too. Various studies in vitro and in humans have highlighted the positive action of mud-packs and thermal baths, especially sulphurous ones, on the oxidant/antioxidant system. Overall, thermal stress has an immunosuppressive effect. Many other non-specific factors may also contribute to the beneficial effects observed after spa therapy in some RD, including effects on cardiovascular risk factors (e.g. adipokines) and changes in the environment, pleasant surroundings and the absence of work duties.