• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2007

The using frequency of processed foods and dietician's perception against management of food service at 98 food service institutions located in Jeollabuk-Do were surveyed. Food service institutions included 13 hospitals,38 schools,40 enterprises, and 7 others. Single menu (75.5%) with two (33.7%) or three (57.1%) side dish was offered. In addition, the offering ratio of boiled water and spring water was 37.8 and 32.7%, respectively. The processed foods with high using frequency were kochujang (1.19), sesame oil (1.22), and doenjang (1.30), but that of leek, onion, Chinese cabbage, and radish were 4.95, 4.62, 4.60, and 4.26, respectively. Dietician's major affairs in all type of food service institutions were cooking (64.3%), purchase (48.0%), and personnel managements (39.8%). Dieticians, however, had a low perception against safety and nutrition management. Therefore, in order to prevent the outbreak of food-borne diseases, we estimated that the education and the conversion of dietician' perception against safety and nutrition management were needed.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2013

This study has been performed for 150 days from February 1 - June 31, 2012 aiming at analyzing biologically hazardous factors in order to develop HACCP system for the vinegared pickle radishes. A process chart was prepared as shown on Fig. 1 by referring to manufacturing process of manufacturer of general vinegared pickle radishes regarding process of raw agricultural products of vinegared pickle radishes, used water, warehousing of additives and packing material, storage, careful selection, washing, peeling off, cutting, sorting out, stuffing (filling), internal packing, metal detection, external packing, storage and consignment (delivery). As a result of measuring Coliform group, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Bacillus cereus, Listeria Monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, Clostridium perfringens, Yeast and Mold before and after washing raw radishes, Bacillus cereus was $5.00{\times}10$ CFU/g before washing but it was not detected after washing and Yeast and Mold was $3.80{\times}10^2$ CFU/g before washing but it was reduced to 10 CFU/g after washing and other pathogenic bacteria was not detected. As a result of testing microorganism variation depending on pH (2-5) of seasoning fluid (condiment), pH 3-4 was determined as pH of seasoning fluid as all the bacteria was not detected in pH3-4. As a result of testing air-borne bacteria (number of general bacteria, colon bacillus, fungus) depending on each workplace, number of microorganism of internal packing room, seasoning fluid processing room, washing room and storage room was detected to be 10 CFU/Plate, 2 CFU/Plate, 60 CFU/Plate and 20 CFU/Plate, respectively. As a result of testing palm condition of workers, as number of general bacteria and colon bacillus was represented to be high as 346 $CFU/Cm^2$ and 23 $CFU/Cm^2$, respectively, an education and training for individual sanitation control was considered to be required. As a result of inspecting surface pollution level of manufacturing facility and devices, colon bacillus was not detected in all the specimen but general bacteria was most dominantly detected in PP Packing machine and Siuping machine (PE Bulk) as $4.2{\times}10^3CFU/Cm^2$, $2.6{\times}10^3CFU/Cm^2$, respectively. As a result of analyzing above hazardous factors, processing process of seasoning fluid where pathogenic bacteria may be prevented, reduced or removed is required to be controlled by CCP-B (Biological) and threshold level (critical control point) was set at pH 3-4. Therefore, it is considered that thorough HACCP control plan including control criteria (point) of seasoning fluid processing process, countermeasures in case of its deviation, its verification method, education/training and record control would be required.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2006

Purpose : Shigellosis is still an important cause of acute food-borne diarrheal diseases throughout the world. We investigated the transmission routes and clinical course through the outbreak of shigellosis in Mapo-Gu, Seoul. Methods : From October 7th to November 19th in 2005, Mapo-Gu public health center had referred 32 patients with confirmed or suspected shigellosis to the National Medical Center. We had investigated source of infection, epidemiology, laboratory findings, and clinical course of the cases occurred during this outbreak. Results : Among 32 patients, 24 patients had been confirmed with shigellosis, 8 patients had been diagnosed with suspected shigellosis. They ranged in age from 5 months to 12 years old and their mean age was 6.5 years. The clinical manifestations were as follows; diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain and asymptomatic condition. Symptoms had sustained for 3.7 days on the average. S. sonnei were cultured by rectal swab and founded to be resistant to ampicillin and TMP/SMX except to 3rd generation cephalosporin. After treatment with antibiotics such as cefixime and ceftriaxone or imipenem and conservative treatment with electrolyte and fluid replacement for 5~7 days, Stool cultures of the rectal swab grew no Shigella in these cases except 3 cases. Conclusion : An outbreak of shigellosis had occurred in a preschool and elementary school children. From the same results of antimicrobial susceptibility and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns in this study, we suggest that the outbreak of shigellosis in this report had been originated from a single strain. According to all negative results about suspected food and water cultures, we couldn't find out source of infection. Through materials offerred by Mapo-Gu Public Health Center, we presumed the trasmission routes probably were person-to-person.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.3-19
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• 2010

Anyang-cheon(stream) runs through southern metropolitan area of Seoul to Han-river in Korea. Due to fast growth of Seoul, the water quality and quantity problems in Anyang-cheon have occurred. To cope with the problems, the Integrated Watershed Management program for Anyang-cheon was adopted and a KRW 26.1 billion (USD 21.8 million) pilot project (construction of 4 facilities such as reservoir) is suggested for 4 sub-watersheds of Anyang-cheon, which cost will be shared by the 12 local governments (LG). Three cost division schemes are compared. By Scheme 1, if the cost is borne by the LG in a watershed where the facilities are constructed (no cost division scheme), the LG in I is to bear 0.58% of the total construction cost, LG in watershed II 29.54%, LG in IV 0%, LG in V 69.88%. In particular, LG in IV in this scheme bears no cost because no facility is constructed, even though watershed IV is the major beneficiary of the facility construction. Scheme 2 is to share the cost by length of streams in each sub-watershed and the suggested cost share for each sub-watershed is 13.76% by I, 7.34% by II, 45.87% by IV, and 33.03% by V. However, this cost division scheme is fair only under the false assumption that the bargaining powers of group of LGs are identical. To suggest a better and fair division rule, Shapley Value, a cooperative game solution, is used to suggest Scheme 3. In Scheme 3, Shapley Value measures the summation of average marginal contribution of each player in all possible coalitions as cost division scheme and is known to provide a fair division considering bargaining power. In the context of Anyang-cheon, LGs in upper stream have superior bargaining position. The result suggests the cost division is fair under Scheme 3, when the cost shares are 0.29% by I, 14.77% by II, 50% by IV, and 34.94% by V, respectively.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.188-193
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• 2004

The symptom expressions such as yellowish and mosaic spots in overwintering barley have been considered to be a damage by cold or water. However, it had revealed that the symptom expressions were caused by viruses throughout three year nationwide surveys. Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV), and Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) was detected in 2001-2003 and Barley yellow dwarf virus-MA V (BYDV -MA V) from field samples collected on March in 2003. The results of investigation showed that the incidence of BaYMV was more than 70％ and that of BaMMV and SBWMV was 15.7-37.4％ and 0.7-10.1 ％ in three year surveys, respectively. The incidence of BYDV-MAV was approximately 1 ％ in 2003 only. The distribution of BaYMV was relatively uniform throughout barley fields in Korea, but the incidence of the virus in Gyunggi Province was as low as 19％ compared to 65-85％ in the rest of regions. On the other hand, 70％ of BaMMV was found to be in the west south regions of Korea, Jeonbuk and Jeonnam Provinces. Taken together, both BaYMV and BaMMV were thought to be dominant casual agents in overwintering barley by either single or mixed infections. Previous survey data for BaYMV from 1994 to 1996 indicated that the incidence of the virus was approximately 40％ in Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, and Gyungnam Provinces. Thus, comparing with the results from the recent nationwide survey, the incidence of BaYMV had been rapidly increasing in overwintering barley fields in the southern part of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.699-706
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• 2006

The antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of Euphorbia jolkini extracts were investigated. Total polyphenohc compounds extracted were approximately as follows: 162.08 mg/g from ethanol, 12.64 mg/g from n-hexane, 48.11 mg/g from dichloromethane, 544.08 mg/g from ethyl acetate, 176.42 mg/g from butanol, and 30.00 mg/g from water. The ethylacetate fraction of this extraction showed the highest antioxidative activity $(IC_{50})$: DPPH radical scavenging capacity was measured at $8.38\;{\mu}g/mL$, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was $466.01\;{\mu}g/mL$, superoxide radical scavenging capacity was $11.39\;{\mu}g/mL$, and nitric oxide scavenging capacity was $332.11\;{\mu}g/mL$. Antimicrobial activities were determined by paper disc method and minimum inhibitory concentration of E. jolkini extracts against food-borne pathogens and spoilage bacteria. The growth inhibition curves of E. jolkini extracts against Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli were also determined. These results suggest that the ethylacetate fraction of E. jolkini has strong antimicrobial activity against the all species of microorganisms as well as strong antioxidant activity.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 1968

An outbreak of typhoid fever in Samchunpo city was surveyed and the results were summarized as follows: 1. 638 of clinical cases were detected in 17 Dongs(districts) of the city of Samchunpo,(54,064), during the epidemic period from 1st September to the end of November, 1967. 2. The morbidity rate was 1,189 per 100,000 population;(1,300 female, and 1,060 male). 3. The highest peak was reached in the third week of September and a second peak appeared at the end of September 1967. 4. The mode of infection was suspected strongly as a water-borne and the source of infection as an old public well called Gal-Dae-Saim, since the causative agent was found in close public latrine and the contaminated sewage ditch witch was connected with the well. 5. All patients and carriers were treated at their home under the supervision of local medical authorities. 6. The Gal-Dae-Saim was closed immediately on 7th October, 1967 by the order of the mayor. 7. At the end of November, 1967 when the outbreak in Samchunpo was almost ended, another small epidemic occurred in Koseong county which bordered the eastern outskirt of the city. 8. During the survey, a strain of Shigella flexneri was isolated from the sewage located three meters from Gal-Dae-Saim and also from one case. 9. It was reported by the local health center in May, 1968, that no carrier had been detected in the survey made among the persons who had had typhoid fever in 1967. Also thereafter no cases of typhoid fever were reported through October, 1968.