• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.55-65
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• 2013

Sterilization of Neurospora crassa has been investigated in this research by using a surface air plasma with dielectric barrier discharged (DBD) structure under atmospheric pressure. The sinusoidal alternating current has been used in this experiment with discharge voltage of 1.4~2.3 kV. The phase difference between the voltage and current signals are found to be almost 80 degree due to the capacitive property of dielectric barrier. Temperature on the biomaterials has been minimized by radiating the heat with the air cooling system. It is noted that the substrate temperature remains under 37 degree for plasma exposure time of 10 minutes with operation of cooler system. It is found that the ozone, $O_3$, has been measured to be about 25~30 ppm within 1 cm region and to be about 5 ppm at the 150 cm downstream region away from the suface plasma. It is also noted that the nitric oxide, NO, and nitric dioxide, $NO_2$, are not nearly detected. Germination rate and mitochodrial activity of Neurospora crassa immersed in the deionized water have been found to be drastically decreased as the plasma treatment time and its electrical power are increased in this experiment. Here, the mitochondrial activity has been analyzed by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethy lthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) assay. However, sterilization of Neurospora crassa immersed in the Vogel's minimal media has been found to be low by plasma treatment, which is caused by surrounding background solution. This research shows the sterilization possibility of Neurospora crassa by using the noncontated surface DBD plasma, which is different from the plasma jet. This is mainly attibuted to the reactive species generated by the surface plasma, since they play a major role for inhibition of micobes such as Neurospora crassa.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.937-945
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• 2013

The accuracy of flood inundation maps is determined by the uncertainty propagated from all variables involved in the overall process including input data, model parameters and modeling approaches. This study investigated the uncertainty arising from key variables (flow condition and Manning's n) among model variables in flood inundation mapping for the Missouri River near Boonville, Missouri, USA. Methodology of this study involves the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) to quantify the uncertainty bounds of flood inundation area. Uncertainty bounds in the GLUE procedure are evaluated by selecting two likelihood functions, which is two statistic (inverse of sum of squared error (1/SAE) and inverse of sum of absolute error (1/SSE)) based on an observed water surface elevation and simulated water surface elevations. The results from GLUE show that likelihood measure based on 1/SSE is more sensitive on observation than likelihood measure based on 1/SAE, and that the uncertainty propagated from two variables produces an uncertainty bound of about 2% in the inundation area compared to observed inundation. Based on the results obtained form this study, it is expected that this study will be useful to identify the characteristic of flood.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.923-932
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine parameters of surface cover materials and evaluation the effects on runoff and sediment reductions with rice straw mat with PAM at watershed scale using the SWAT model. In this study, 1) regression equation of CN for rice straw mat + PAM using SCS curve number method was developed, 2) the USLE P factor, being able to reflect simulation of rice straw mat + PAM in the agricultural field, was estimated for various slope scenarios with VFSMOD-w. Then regression equation for CN and USLE P factor were used as input data in the SWAT model. Assuming rice straw mat + PAM is applied to radish and potato fields, occupying 24% of agricultural fields at the study watershed. Result of direct runoff without rice straw mat + PAM was $65,964,368\;m^3,$ with rice straw mat + PAM, direct runoff was $65,637,336\;m^3$, $327,031.8\;m^3$ reductions compared without it. Also, result of sediment without rice straw mat + PAM was 163,531 ton, with rice straw mat + PAM, sediment was 84,779 ton, 78,752 ton reduction compared without it. This analysis showed that about 48% sediment reductions would be expected with rice straw mat + PAM. As shown in this study, rice straw mat + PAM would be used as an efficient site-specific BMPs to reduce runoff and sediment discharge from field.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1753-1764
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• 2014

Numerical flow simulation models in the riverine environments have been widely utilized for analyzing flow dynamics in various degrees in researches and practical applications. However, most of the simulated results have been validated based on the data from indoor experimental models or very limited in-situ measurements. Therefore, it has been required to more accurately validate the performance of the numerical models in terms of the detailed field observations. In particular, it was also hard to validate the performances of the existing numerical models in the real meandered river channels that encompass more sophisticated flow and geometric structures. Recently, advancements of the modern flow measuring instrumentations such as acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) enabled us to efficiently acquire the detailed flow field in the broad range of river channels, thus that it became to be possible to accurately validate any numerical models with the field observations. In this study, based on the detailed flow measurements in a actual meandered river channel using ADCP, we validated FaSTMECH model in iRIC in terms of water surface elevation, which is relatively new but began to get highlighted in the research areas. As the validation site, a meandering channel in River Experiment Center of KICT was chosen, which has 6.5 m of width, 0.38m of flow depth, 1.54 m3/s of flow discharge, 0.61 m/s of mean flow velocity, and 1.2 of sinuosity. As results, whereas the FaSTMECH precisely simulated water surface elevation, simulated velocity field in the bend did not match well with ADCP dataset.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.41 no.4 s.115
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• pp.418-434
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• 2006

The study was investigated to runoff characteristics of non-point pollutants according to rainfall in Kokseong river watershed. The result of which is as follows : First of all, major reason which affect the formation of water quality of Kokseong River is judged to be caused by non-point pollution source which flows out from farmland and residential area. Flow of rainfall effluent in the downstream in which direct flow components of urban district and combined sewer overflows of farmland was intervened faster than that in the upstream reacted more promptly. Generation of pollutants by non-point source shows increasing trend in general in accordance with the increase in the intensity of rainfall but it was affected by SS, BOD, COD and T-P in the upstream part whereas BOD, COD and T-N were significantly affected by beginning period of rainfall in the downstream. EMC in the downstream increased approximately 3-315 times as compared to upstream, particularly the discharge of SS5 and T-P were extremely increased. While surface flow out of rainfall effluent in the upstream was only 4.7%, the surface flow in the downstream took up as much as 29%, which was major reason for the increase of EMC. From the above contents, we can see that the change in water quality according to the increase and decrease of effluent at the time of rainfall showed very complex pattern depending on the type of land use, and it is judged that the most important thing for the administration of non-point pollution source is to come up with the solution for the reduction of effluent at the beginning.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.36-51
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• 2011

Global climate change is disturbing the water circulation balance by changing rates of precipitation, recharge and discharge, and evapotranspiration. Groundwater, which occupies a considerable portion of the world's water resources, is related to climate change via surface water such as rivers, lakes, and marshes. In this study, the authors selected a relevant climate change scenario, A1B from the Special Report on Emission Scenario (SRES) which is distributed at Korea Meteorological Administration. By using data on temperature, rainfall, soil, and land use, the groundwater recharge rate for the research area was estimated by periodically and embodied as geographic information system (GIS). In order to calculate the groundwater recharge quantity, Visual HELP3 was used as main model, and the physical properties of weather, temperature, and soil layers were used as main input data. General changes to water circulation due to climate change have already been predicted. In order to systematically solve problems of ground circulation system, it may be urgent to recalculate the groundwater recharge quantity and consequent change under future climate change. The space-time calculation of changes of the groundwater recharge quantity in the study area may serve as a foundation to present additional measures to improve domestic groundwater resource management.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1029-1038
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• 2010

In meteorology Korea has 2/3 of rain of annual total rainfall at the month of Jun through Sept and it has possibility to have serious flood damage because geographically it is composed of mountainous area with steep slope which account for 70% of its country. Also, the increase of impervious layer due to industrialization and urbanization causes direct runoff, which deteriorates contamination of rivers by moving the contaminated material on the surface at the beginning of rain. In particular, the area of leisure facilities needs the management of water quality absolutely because dense population requires space of park function and place to relax and increases moving capability of non-point pollution source. For disposition of rainfall & runoff, the standard of initial rainfall, which is to be used for the computation of disposition volume, is significant factors for the runoff study of non-point pollution source, Until now, a great deal of study has been done by many researchers. However, it is the current reality that the characteristics of runoff varies according to land protection comprising river basin and the standard of initial rainfall by each researcher is not clearly defined yet. Therefore, in this research, it is suggested that, with the introduction of SOM (Self-Organizing Map), the standard of initial rainfall be determined after analyzing each sectional data by executing pattern classification about runoff and water quality data measured at the test river basin for this research.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.391-404
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• 2000

This study investigated the geochemical characteristics of mine drainage discharged from an abandoned coal mine in the Hwasoon area. Surface water samples were collected from 23 locations along the Hancheon creek. The concentration of Zn and Cu in stream waters was highest at low pH (3.53), whereas the content of TDS and TDI was highest at high pH (7.78) due to the concentration of Ca, $HCO_3$ and $SO_4$. At the upstream site, the Ba, Fe, Mn, Zn, and $SO_4$ contents were relatively high but decreased significantly with the distance from the coal mine. On the contrary, the Na and $NO_3$ contents were low at the upstream site but increased downstream. Yellow precipitate material collected in the Hancheon consisted mainly of iron and LOI. This yellow precipitate was heated from 100 to $900^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. With increasing temperature, the intensity of hematite peaks were sharply produced in X-ray pattern and the absorption band Fe-O of hematite increased in IR due to dehydration and melting. The yellow to brown precipitate and evaporite materials were collected by a air-dry from the acid mine water at the laboratory. After drying, the concentration of ions in the acid water samples increased progressively in oversaturation with respect to either gypsum, ferrohexahydrite or quenstedetite. The X-ray powder diffraction studies identified that the precipitated and evaporated materials after drying were well crystallized gypsum, ferrohexahydrite and quenstedetite. Diagnostic peaks used for identification of gypsum were the 7.65, 4.28, 3.03, 2.87 and 2.48$\AA$ peaks and those for ferrohexahydrite were the 5.46, 5.12, 4.89, 4.44, 4.05, 3.62, 3.46, 3.40, 3.20, 3.03, 2.94, 2.53, 2.28, 2.07, 1.88 and 1.86${\AA} peaks. The IR spectra with OH-stretching, deformation of $H_2O$and ${SO_4}^{2-}$stretching vibration include the existence of gypsum, ferrohexahydrite and quenstedetite in the precipitated and evaporite materials. In the SEM and EDS analysis for the evaporite material, gypsum with well-crystallized, acicular, and columnar form was distinctly observed.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.345-356
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• 2022

A severe flooding occured at a small urban catchment in Daejeon-si South Korea on July 30, 2020 causing significant loss of property (inundated 78 vehicles and two apartments) and life (one casualty and 56 victims). In this study, a retrospective analysis of the inundation event was implemented using a physically-based urban flood model, H12 with high-resolution data. H12 is an integrated 1-dimensional sewer network and 2-dimensional surface flow model supported by hybrid parallel techniques to efficiently deal with high-resolution data. In addition, we evaluated the impact of the flooding barriers which were installed after the flood disaster. As a result, it was found that the inundation was affected by a combination of multiple components including the shape of the basin, the low terrain of the inundation area located in the downstream part of the basin, and lack of pipe capacity to drain discharge from the upstream during heavy rain. The impact of the flooding barriers was analyzed by modeling with and without barriers on the high-resolution terrain input data. It was evaluated that the flood barriers effectively lower the water depth in the apartment complex. This study demonstrates capability of high-resolution physically-based urban modeling to quantitatively assess the past inundation event and the impact of the reduction measures.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.54-54
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• 2021

최근 홍수파 또는 댐 및 보 등의 하천 구조물과, 본류와 지류의 합류로 인해 발생하는 배수영향 등으로 하천에 고리형 수위-유량관계의 이력현상이 발생하여, 수위-유량관계식으 신뢰도가 저하된다고 판단하여, 대하천 본류와 합류부 인근 지류에 초음파기반유속계(ADCP)의 측정결과를 지표로 활용하는 자동유량관측소가 현재 58개소가 구축되어 운용되고 있다. 그러나, 4대강 사업으로 다기능보의 설치 등으로 인해 하천의 수리학적 특성이 변동되었고, 지류에서 주로 운용하는 수위-유량관계 기반 유량관측소에 수문사상으로 인해 발생한 홍수파 또는 배수영향으로 인한 하천에 수위-유량관계의 이력현상이 발생할 경우, 지류 수위관측소를 자동유량관측소로 대체할 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 기존의 자동유량관측소의 경우 홍수량이 기준이하로 발생할 경우 수위-유량 관계식으로 대체하는 경우도 있지만, 적용기준이 명확하지 않다. 또한, 하천의 수위-유량관계의 이력현상이 발생했을 경우 수위-수면경사의 이력현상도 같이 발생하게 된다. 수면경사의 경우 기존 수위관측소로부터 수위 측정결과로부터 산정할 수 있기에, 수면경사로부터 하천의 이력현상 현저성을 산정할 경우 자동유량 장치를 활용하지 않고 이력현상 현저성 진단을 할 수있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 신규 자동유량장치 설치, 기존 수위관측소의 자동유량관측소대체, 자동유량관측소에서 수위-유량관계의 활용 기준 마련 등을 명확하게 판단하기 위해 상류에 위치한 수위관측소의 수위 측정으로부터 하천의 수면경사를 산정하고 수면경사를 활용하여 수위-유량관계 이력현상의 패턴을 분석하여 현저성을 진단하는 기법을 개발하고자 한다. 이를 위해, 다기능보 설치 및 지류-본류로 인한 지류하천의 배수영향과 홍수파에 의해 발생한 수위-유량관계의 이력현상를 다양한 수문사상에 대하여 분석 하였다. 분석방법으로는 대상유역으로 수위-유량관계의 이력현상이 발생하는 영산강유역에 위치한 남평교, 나주대교 두 지점을 선정하고 자동유량관측소 상류에 위치한 기존 수위관측소의 수위 측정값으로부터 하천의 수면경사를 산정하고 수위-유량관계와 수위-수면경사관계의 패턴을 분석하고, 수위-수면경사의 이력현상으로 부터 수위-유량관계 이력현상의 현저성을 진단하였다. 분석결과 각 수문사상마다 수위-유량관계의 최대이력범위와, 수위-수면경사의 최대이력범위를 각각 무차원화시켜 관계그래프를 산정하였다. 남평교의 경우 수위-유량관계의 이력현상이 현저히 나타남에도 불구하고 수위-수면경사의 이력범위는 거의 없었다. 나주대교의 경우 수위-유량관계와, 수위-수면경사관계 각각의 이력범위가 현저히 나타나 관계를 분석하기 용이하였다. 또한, 나주대교관측소지점의 분석을 통하여 수위-수면경사 이력범위의 유의 수준을 두어 일정 이력범위(20%)가 발생한 경우, 수위-유량관계의 이력현상이 현저함을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 20%이상의 이력범위를 수위-수면경사의 이력범위로부터 수위-유량관계의 현저성을 판단하는 기준으로 제안하였다.