• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.901-906
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• 2010

The improvement of the fermentation quality of rice straw silage by application of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and glucose was investigated in this study. Sixteen rice varieties were harvested at the maturity stage and the rice straw was ensiled with LAB inoculant ($1{\times}10^5$ cfu/g of fresh weight) and glucose (2% of fresh weight). Inoculation with LAB improved the fermentation as reflected in reductions in pH, acetic acid (by 3.7 to 78.3%), butyric acid (by -6.0 to 100.0%) and ammonia nitrogen (by 1.0 to 71.7%) concentrations, and increases in lactic acid (by 43.9 to 282.9%) and crude protein concentrations compared with the control. Application of LAB plus glucose was more effective in improving fermentation quality than LAB alone. The variety of rice straw which contained relatively high levels of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) tended to obtain better fermentation quality. The results suggested that LAB application and selection of rice varieties whose straw contained high levels of WSC were effective in improvement of the fermentation quality of rice straw silage.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.403-409
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• 2008

Eclipta prostrata grows abundantly in the tropical and the sub-tropical parts of the world including most part of the Korean Peninsula. The plant has been traditionally used for the treatment of a number of inflammatory diseases including hepatitis and enteritis but the nature of its immuno-modulating activity needs more studies. In this study, water-soluble sugar-containing fractions were purified from the herb and their effects on the culture of mouse splenocytes were examined. One of the fractions significantly suppressed apoptosis of the splenocytes in culture, which involves the gene expression regulation of a number of cytokines and cytokine receptors including MIP1-$\beta$. This study could explain an immunological activity of Eclipta prostrata and would lead to identify an immuno-active compound from the plant.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1156-1168
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• 2020

Drought stress is threatening the growth and productivity of many economical crops. Therefore, it is necessary to establish innovative and efficient approaches for improving crop growth and productivity. Here we investigated the potentials of the cell-free extract of Actinobacteria (Ac) isolated from a semi-arid habitat (Al-Jouf region, Saudi Arabia) to recover the reduction in maize growth and improve the physiological stress tolerance induced by drought. Three Ac isolates were screened for production of secondary metabolites, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The isolate Ac3 revealed the highest levels of flavonoids, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in addition to having abilities to produce siderophores and phytohormones. Based on seed germination experiment, the selected bioactive fraction of Ac3 cell-free extract (F2.7, containing mainly isoquercetin), increased the growth and photosynthesis rate under drought stress. Moreover, F2.7 application significantly alleviated drought stress-induced increases in H₂O₂, lipid peroxidation (MDA) and protein oxidation (protein carbonyls). It also increased total antioxidant power and molecular antioxidant levels (total ascorbate, glutathione and tocopherols). F2.7 improved the primary metabolism of stressed maize plants; for example, it increased in several individuals of soluble carbohydrates, organic acids, amino acids, and fatty acids. Interestingly, to reduce stress impact, F2.7 accumulated some compatible solutes including total soluble sugars, sucrose and proline. Hence, this comprehensive assessment recommends the potentials of actinobacterial cell-free extract as an alternative ecofriendly approach to improve crop growth and quality under water deficit conditions.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.239-248
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• 2006

발효가 가능한 탄수화물을 이용하거나 효소 이용 및 사료가공 등에 관한 이해를 증진시키는 길은 닭의 분중 휘발성 유가물질의 감소를 가져올 수 있다. 전분질의 소화는 가루사료를 (밀과 보리) 알곡으로 대치하게 하였다. 그러나 근위의 pH로 볼 때 사료의 종류나 형태는 연속성이 떨어진다. 펠렛으로 만든 사료는 사료 요구율이 $0\siml2%$ 증진된다. 전분질의 소화는 xylase를 첨가하였을 때 대사 에너지(ME) 가는 35% 증진 효과가 잇는 것으로 보고되었다. 전분질의 이용과 전분질이 아닌 다당류(NSP)의 이용은 전분질을 포함한 알갱이 사료의 존재 즉 비 영양소 물질(ANF)의 포함 여부에 달려 있다. 사료 생산 기술의 증가는 $33^{\circ}C$에서 만들어지는 펠렛 사료에 이용될 수 있는 건조된 상태의 효소나 액체상태의 효소 생산 기법에 달려 있다. 수용성 NSP나 arabinoxylans 또는 beta-glucan 등은 부분적으로 효소 가격이 크기로 나누어지는 정도에 따라 달라진다. 적은 크기는 수분 흡수력이 감소되어야 하는데 만약 수분 흡수력이 지나치면 소화물에 수분이 너무 많아지게 되어 분에 수분 함량이 많아지며 사료 곡물 중에 비스코시티 현상이 생겨서 계란 껍질이 지저분해진다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.691-700
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• 2004

미역을 엽상부, 줄기, 포자엽의 3부위로 구분하여 부위별 일반성분, 알긴산 함량 및 무기질 함량(다량 무기질. 미량무기질)을 분석한 결과, 수분은 엽상부(10.5%)에. 탄수화물과 조지방은 포자엽(탄수화물 45.3%. 조지방 4.2%)에. 조회분은 줄기(39.0%)에 많은 것으로 나타났다. 알긴산 함량은 25.9-32.2%이었고 불용성 알긴산이 수용성 알긴산에 비해 악 $2{\sim}3$배 많았다. 부위별로는 총알긴산은 포자엽(32.2%)에, 수용성알긴산은 엽상부(10.1%)에, 불용성 알긴산은 포자엽(27.7%)에 가장 많았다. 다량 무기질중 칼슘과 마그네슘은 엽상부(Ca 883.6 mg, Mg 1269.8 mg/100g D.W)에, 인, 칼륨, 황은 포자엽(P 680.5 mg. K 4508.0 mg. S 1287.4 mg/100 g D.W.)에, 나트륨은 줄기(6507.2 mg/100 g D.W.)에 가장 많았다. 미량 무기질중 철분, 아연, 망간은 엽상부(Fe 10.45 mg, Zn ,1.53 mg, Mn 0.71 mg/100 g D.W.)에, 크롬은 포자엽(0.14 mg/100 g D.W.)에, 알루미늄은 줄기(16.91 mg/100 g D.W.)에 가장 많았다. 칼슘:인의 비율은 엽상부와 줄기가 $1.7{\sim}1.8:1$이었다. 칼슘과 마그네슘의 존재형태는 소금물 가용성 분획인 단백질 펙틴과 결합한 것($Ca 62.1{\sim}68.9%,\;Mg\;89.6{\sim}92.1%$)이 가장 많았고 물에 가용성인 분회(F-I)은 엽상부>줄기>포자엽의 순으로 많았으며, 칼슘섭취에 있어 가장 문제가 되는 수산과 결합한 염산 가용성 분획(F-IV)은 포자엽>줄기>엽상부의 순으로 많게 나타났다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.232-242
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• 2002

Mycorrhiza 접종이 페레니얼 라이그라스가 가뭄 스트레스 저항성에 대한 효과를 검증하기 위해 mycorrhiza 접종구(AM)와 mycorrhiza를 접종하지 않은 비접종구 (non-AM)를 정상적 토양 수분 (-0.04Mpa) 및 가뭄 스트레스 (-0.12MPa)를 각각 처리한 후 0.14 및 28일에 잎의 수분포텐셜, 인의 함량, 작물의 성장 및 탄수화물 농도를 분석하였다. 가뭄 스트레스구에서 잎의 수분포텐셜, 클로로필, 인의 함량 및 잎의 성장이 유의적으로 감소되었다. 가뭄에 의한 이러한 생리적 장해요인들은 mycorrhiza 접종에 의해 완화되었다. 가뭄 스트레스하에서 잎의 soluble sugar 농도는 감소 되었으며, AM 처리구는 non-AM 처리구보다 soluble sugar 농도는 높게 나타났다. 가뭄 스트레스하에서 지상부의 starch와 fructan의 축적은 가뭄 스트레스 하에서 감소되는 반면 뿌리에서는 증가하였다. 가뭄 스트레스 하에서 뿌리에서 starch의 농도는 non-AM 처리구에서 AM처리구보다 더 높게 나타났다. 가뭄 스트레스 하에서 잎의 fructan 농도는 약간 감소하였으나 뿌리에서는 현저히 증가하였다. 가뭄 스트레스 하에서 처리 후 28일째 fructan의 농도는 정상적 수분공급구와 비교해 볼 때 non-AM과 AM 잎에서 각각 18.7% 와 13.3% 낮았다. 뿌리에서 가뭄스트레스에 의한 fructan의 축적은 mycorrhiza 접종에 의해 약 14% 감소되었다. 이상의 결과들은 mycorrhiza 접종은 잎의 수분 포텐셜과 인의 함량을 더 높게 유지하게 하고, soluble sugar의 함량을 더 많이 보유하게 함으로써 작물의 가뭄에 대한 내성을 증가 시킴을 잘 보여 주었다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of using Flos Sophora japonica as natural health food source. To accomplish this purpose, the contents of general and antioxidative nutrients of Flos Sophora japonica a were measured. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash are 67.76%, 19.87%, 4.61% and 7.76%. And the calories of Flos Sophora japonica Linne was 318.32 Kcal. Total dietary fiber was 25.35% of total carbohydrates. The percentages of water soluble dietary fiber to insoluble dietary fiber were 1.80 % and 23.56 %, respectively. The protein were contained total 18 different kinds of amino acids. The contents of non-essential and essential amino acids were 4,898.78mg and 5,953.51mg. The K was the largest mineral followed by Ca, P and Mg, which means Flos Sophora japonica Linne is alkali material. The contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 29.69%, 34.93% and 35.38%. Therefore, the amount of the total unsaturated fatty acid was higher than that of any other plant. The content of vitamin C in Flos Sophora japonica Linne was higher than that of any other plant, which suggest that it could increase blood elasticity. The content of rutin, which is responsible for capillary vessel permeability, was 22.60%. The contents of water soluble antioxidative materials in 1 mL of water-extracted Flos Sophora japonica Linne were 3.9 ${\mu}$g which is comparable to 1233.0 mmol of vitamin C in antioxidant effect. The general nutrients and other antioxidatant bioactive materials in Flos Sophora japonica Linne were also potential materials for good health food. It is expected that follow up study of Flos Sophora japonica Linne through developing processed food and evaluation of their functional properties would provide useful information as a source of medicinal foods.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.369-378
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• 2011

The effect of a homolactic inoculant containing a blend of Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici and Enterococcus faecium or, the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), alone or in combination on fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability and in situ DM, OM and NDF degradability of barley silage was investigated. Barley (Hordeum vulgare, L.) was harvested (45% DM), chopped and treated with water at 24 ml/kg forage (Control), inoculant at $1.09{\times}10^5$ cfu/g forage (I), SDS at 0.125% (wt/wt) of forage (S) or with the inoculant ($1.09{\times}10^5$ cfu/g) plus SDS (0.125% wt/wt; I+S). The treated forages were ensiled in triplicate mini silos and opened for chemical and microbiological analyses on d 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 42 and 77. Silage samples from d 77 were opened and aerobically exposed for 7 d. The in situ rumen degradability characteristics of silage DM, OM and NDF were also determined. The terminal concentration of NDF in S and I+S was lower (p<0.001) than in other treatments. Lactate concentration was higher (p<0.001) and the rate and extent of pH decline were greater (p<0.001) in I and I+S than S and Control silages. A homolactic pathway of fermentation in I and I+S was evidenced by reduced (p<0.001) water-soluble carbohydrates concentration, higher lactate (p<0.01), lower acetate (p<0.01) and lower pH values (p<0.001) than in S and Control silages. All silages remained stable over 7 d of exposure to air as indicated by lower temperatures and moulds, and by non-detectable yeast populations. The treated silages had lower DM and OM degradability than in the Control but NDF degradation characteristics of I+S were improved compared to other treatments. It is concluded that the inoculant alone improved the fermentation characteristics whereas the combination of the inoculant with SDS improved both fermentation and NDF degradability of barley silage.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.107-115
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• 1970

In order to brew Takju, Korean flour wine, it requires three necessary steps for specific brewage. One is primary brewing process and another main brewing process to sacharify and perform alcoholic fermentation. After previous two brewing passing, the mash of main brewing process mixed with 1 volume of water is commercial Takju. Three samples were obtained from three breweries and incubated at $28{\pm}1^{\circ}C$for the alcoholic fermentation. All the samples were analyzed for observation of the changes of various biochemical constituents which were contained in the mashes of two brewing processes and in Takju. The starch contents of the suspensions in the primary and main mashes, and in Takju were 28.08, 25.92, 3.83%, and decreased considerably within 36-48 hrs and thereafter slowly. The amounts of water soluble carbohydrates and reducing sugars in three steps had a tendency of decreasing within 48 hours. The initial numbers of yeasts per 1ml in the suspensions were $1.74{\times}10^8$, $1.65{\times}10^8$, $0.66{\times}10^8$, appeared the highest at 72 hours (12.66%) in main process, and in the case of Takju kept increasing untill 60 hours. The dextrin contents in the mashe of primary process through the long period were 0.34 - 0.68%, in the main one were 0.12 - 0.32%, concerning with the amylase activities which were stronger in the mash of the primary process than in that of the main. The contents of methanol and cellulose in the mashes of two processes were 3.40-0.68%, in the main one were 0.12-0.32%, concerning with the amylase activities which were stronger in the mash of the primary process than in that of the main. The contents of methanol and cellulose in the mashes of two processes were 3.40-5.98mg/ml, 0.43-0.48% during the fermentation. The consumption of crude protein the mashes of Takju revealed with time, on the contrary, the production of free amino acids and oligo-peptides were performed, depending upon the affection of proteinase. The amount of tannic acid in Takju was 0.0073-0.0098mg/ml and organic acids of these three groups increased with time and hydrogen ion concentration was 3.28-4.43.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권12호
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• pp.1903-1912
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• 2018

Objective: To evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacteria and storage temperature on the microbial, chemical and mycotoxin composition of corn silage. Methods: Corn was harvested at 32.8% dry matter, and chopped to 1 to 2 cm. The chopped material was subjected to three treatments: i) control (distilled water); ii) $1{\times}10^6$ colony forming units (cfu)/g of Lactobacillus plantarum; iii) $1{\times}10^6cfu/g$ of Pediococcus pentosaceus. Treatments in triplicate were ensiled for 55 d at $20^{\circ}C$, $28^{\circ}C$, and $37^{\circ}C$ in 1-L polythene jars following packing to a density of approximately $800kg/m^3$ of fresh matter, respectively. At silo opening, microbial populations, fermentation characteristics, nutritive value and mycotoxins of corn silage were determined. Results: L. plantarum significantly increased yeast number, water soluble carbohydrates, nitrate and deoxynivalenol content, and significantly decreased the ammonia N value in corn silage compared with the control (p<0.05). P. pentosaceus significantly increased lactic acid bacteria and yeast number and content of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin and zearalenone, while decreasing mold population and content of nitrate and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalneol in corn silage when stored at $20^{\circ}C$ compared to the control (p<0.05). Storage temperature had a significant effect on deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone level in corn silage (p<0.05). Conclusion: Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus did not decrease the contents of mycotoxins or nitrate in corn silage stored at three temperatures.