• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.94-104
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• 2018

The Soyangho Reservoir in Korea has a large drawdown zone, with an annual maximum water level fluctuation of 37 m due to dam operations to maintain a stable water supply and control flooding, especially during the monsoon period. The floristic composition, distribution and biomass of the major plant communities in the drawdown zone of the Soyangho Reservoir were assessed in order to understand their responses to the wide water level fluctuation. Species richness of vascular plants was low, and species composition was dominated by herbaceous annuals. Principal coordinates analysis using both flora and environmental data identified slope angle and the distance from the dam as important factors determining floristic composition. The species richness was low in the steep drawdown zone close to the dam, where much of the soil surface was almost devoid of vegetation. In shallower slopes, distant from the dam plant communities composed of mainly annuals were found. The large fluctuation in water level exposed soil where these annuals could establish. An overall biomass of 122 t (metric tons) Dry Matter was estimated for the reservoir, containing ca 3.6 t N (nitrogen) and ca 0.3 t P (phosphorus); the role of the vegetation of the drawdown zone in carbon sequestration and water pollution were briefly discussed.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 1998년도 제6회 하계 Workshop (98 한국막학회, 국립환경연구원 국제 Workshop, 수자원 보전과 막분리 공정)
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• pp.95-112
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• 1998

Water quality in the public water course has been polluted more seriously than ever before due to the increase of the number and aremount of pollution sources such as domestic and industrial wastewater. For water quality conservation, the Korean government has been trying to construct sewage treatment facilities continually, of which treatment capacity reached to 11,452,400m$^{3}$/day in 1996. Night soil treatment facilites of m nationwide have the treatment capacity of 24,038m$^{3}$/day. But water quality has not been improved because the sewer systems were insufficient and the treatment efficiencies of sewage were not high, enough. For renovation of water quality, miscellaneous domestic wastewater must be treated because 27g BOD/day out of total 40g BOD/person-day come from miscellaneous wastewater, comparing to 13g BOD/day from night soil. However, sole treatment purifier treat only night soil from the flushing toilet. Therefore, it may be desirable to treat the miscellaneous domestic wastewater and the night soil from flushing toilet together by joint treatment purifier system as on-site domestic wastewater treatment technology. In Korea, the joint treatment purifier system, introduced in 1997, have the benefit as follows; i) good water poiluion control effect, ii ) good effect on river water flow, iii) water pollution control with sewage treatment facility, and iv) rapid pollution control effect, etc. In order to achieve a good effect as stated before, i ) strengthening effluent guideline including BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus, ii ) specializing operation to maintain high performance, and iii) supporting its construction and maintenance costs by the governmental level may be necessary: In addition, automation system of joint treatment purifier, technology for its package and compactness, and a new bio-media bio-filter with higher capacity should be further developed in agreement with a more stringent effluent guideline.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2014

Four actual cultivations were prepared and a variety of soybean was cultivated. A H-flume, an automatic water level gauge and an automatic water sampler were installed at the outlet of each plot equipped for the measurement of flow rate and its water quality. The amount of rainfall of the study area in 2013 was measured as 975.6 mm which was much lower than the annual average rainfall of 1,271.8 mm, resulting in less occurrences in rainfall-runoff events. Rainfall-runoff events were occurred three times during the rainfall event of 4~5 July, 23 and 24 August. The characteristics of NPS pollution discharge of the plots and the reduction effect of the selected BMPs were analyzed during these events. The reduction effect of straw mat and soil amendments (Polyacrylamide (PAM) and Gypsum) on runoff ratio ranged between 38.2 and 92.9% (average 71.6%). The NPS pollution load reduced between 27.7 and 95.1% (average 70.0%) by the application of rice straw mat and soil conditioner when compared with that of control plot. Soybean yield (2,133.3 kg/ha) of the straw mat covered plots increased by 14.3% when compared with control (1,866.7 kg/ha). The effect of straw mat on the yield was not economically viable if the material and accompanying labor costs were considered. The data collected and analyzed on different soil textures and crops in this study are expected to be a fundamental reference for the expansion of the results to the application nationwide and the development of NPS pollution management policies.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.343-353
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• 2013

Flow duration curve (FDC) can be developed by linking the daily flow data of stream flow monitoring network to 8-day interval flow data of the unit watersheds for the management of Total Maximum Daily Loads. This study investigated the applicable method for the development of long term FDC with the selection of the stream flow reference sites, and suggested the development of the FDC in 4 river basins. Out of 142 unit watersheds in 4 river basins, 107 unit watersheds were shown to estimate daily flow data for the unit watersheds from 2006 to 2010. Short term FDC could be developed in 64 unit watersheds (45%) and long term FDC in 43 unit watersheds (30%), while other 35 unit watersheds (25%) were revealed to have difficulties in the development of FDC itself. Limits in the development of the long term FDC includes no stream monitoring sites in certain unit watersheds, short duration of stream flow data set and missing data by abnormal water level measurements on the stream flow monitoring sites. To improve these limits, it is necessary to install new monitoring sites in the required areas, to keep up continuous monitoring and make normal water level observations on the stream flow monitoring sites, and to build up a special management system to enhance data reliability. The development of long term FDC for the unit watersheds can be established appropriately with the normal and durable measurement on the selected reference sites in the stream flow monitoring network.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 2002년도 학술발표회 발표논문집
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• pp.469-472
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• 2002

This study was conducted to show how to manage the water quality of Kyung-an river. The water quality and hydrologic data were obtained at the main river and branch streams in Marc $h{\sim}April$ 1998. First of all, we surveyed the contribution of branches for the pollution of water quality at Kyung-an river. It was in order of Kongiam(25.5%)>Yong-in Pollutant Treatment Complex (15.26%)^gt;Shin-won(13.99%)>Buen(11.86%)>Yangji(8.68%)>Yooun(7.43%)>Kwang-ju Pollution Treatment Complex(5.50%)>Osan(5.04%). The hydrological model using mass balance and BOD reduction formula suggested that if the quality of water Yoo-un and Shinn-won stream (branch streams of Kyung-an River) which is lowest in the basin is controlled adequately and outlet water from Yong-in pollutant treatment complex is adequately treated, the quality of Kyung-an river will be improved by 90% compared to current level.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2006년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.183-193
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• 2006

Several metalliferous and coal mines, including Seojin and Okdong located at the Kangwon province, were abandoned or closed since 1989 due to the mining industry promotion policy and thus disposed an enormous amount of mining wastes without a proper treatment facilities, resulting in water and soil pollution in the downstream areas. However, no quantitative assessment was made on soil and water pollution by the transport of mining wastes such as acid mine drainage, mine tailing, and rocky waste. In this research, total and fractional concentrations of heavy metals in mining wastes were analyzed and accordingly the degree of water and soil pollutions in the stream area were quantitatively assessed employing the several pollution indices. Concentrations of Ni, Cd, and Pb in soils near the abandoned coal mine areas were 1,240.0, 25.0 and 1,093.0 mg/kg, respectively, and these concentrations were higher than those in soils near the closed metalliferous mine areas. Also Cu concentrations in soils near the tailing dams were about 1967 mg/kg, which is considered as very polluted level. Results demonstrated that soil at the abandoned mine areas were highly contaminated by AMO, tailing, and effluents of the mining wastes. Therefore, a prompt countermeasure on the mining waste treatment and remediation of the codntaminated water and soil should be made to the abandoned or closed metalliferous and coal mines located at the abandoned mine area.

• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.21-33
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 FNS의 공학적 특성을 평가하고, 소형 및 대형 모형토조를 통하여 원지반과 유사한 조건으로 FNS 매립시에 주변토양에 미치는 환경적 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 주입액은 담수, 산성, 해수를 사용하였으며 모래와 실트시료를 사용하여 각각 상대밀도(40%, 60%)와 다짐도(90%) 조건을 선정하여 실험하였다. 소형 및 대형 모형토조에서 배출되는 용출액은 pH 분석을 실시하였으며, 주입이 완료된 후에 샘플을 추출하여 토양오염분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 모래보다 실트에서 pH의 오염도가 더 높게 나타남을 확인할 수 있었고, FNS가 주변 토양에 미치는 환경적 영향은 미미한 것으로 나타나 향후 천연골재 대체재로 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.549-561
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• 2011

Livestock wastewater is being discharged without treatment from Hasen's pig farm cluster in WangGoong (WG) area into the Iksan Stream, eventually flowing into the ManGyung (MG) at the upstream junction. Although it is well known that before discharge, wastewater must satisfy the pig slurry discharge standards; because of ongoing remodeling, proper treatment is not being performed. According to public records, wastewater from the WG pig farm cluster is responsible for 3.6% of MG River pollution and 2.0% of the SaeManGuem (SMG) Reservoir pollution. As a result, upstream water treatment quality has become primary concern for development of the SMG project. All physicochemical constituents and pathogenic microbes, such as chemical oxygen demand ($COD_{Cr}$), biochemical oxygen demand ($BOD_5$), total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella at the effluent of WG Plant (S-1) exceed the effluent standards. This is mainly due to insufficient wastewater treatment: the WG Plant is under renovation to increase water purification efficiency. By comparing the water quality at the S-7 junction, where the the Iksan Stream (pig farms) and the Wanggoong Stream (no pig farms) merge, it is clear that farming facilities and improper treatment can critically affect surrounding water quality. While it is clear throughout this study that the level of all physicochemical parameters and pathogenic microbes along the Stream decreased due to sedimentation, biodegradation and/or dilution. An alarming problem was discovered: the existence of pathogenic microbe count(E coli, Salmonella) in the lagoon wastewater and the stream water. Not only were high concentrations of these pathogens themselves found, but the potential existence of more serious pathogens could rise to more dangerous conditions.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제82권4호
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• pp.347-353
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• 1993

여천공업단지(麗川工業團地)에서 배출되는 대기오염물질(大氣汚染物質)이 해송(海松)의 생육에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 3개 지역에서 해송엽내(海松葉內) 오염물질(汚染物質), 엽록소(葉綠素) 및 wax함량과 침엽(針葉)의 생장량을 1991년 7월 초에서 10월 초까지 4주마다 조사하였다. 수용성(水溶性) 황(黃)과 불소(弗素)는 채취시기에 관계없이 오염원(汚染源)에 가까운 지역일수록 높았으며 수용성(水溶性) 황(黃)은 7월 초에서 10월 초까지 큰 변동이 없었으나 불소(弗素)는 지속적으로 증가하였다. 엽록소함량(葉綠素含量)은 대기오염(大氣汚染)이 경미한 지역에서는 대조지역(對照地域)과 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나 대기오염(大氣汚染)이 심한 지역에서는 급격히 감소하였고 침엽(針葉)의 wax함량은 오염도(汚染度)가 높을수록 점차 감소하였다. 침엽(針葉)의 생장은 7월 초까지는 각 조사기간에 차이가 없었으나 시간이 흐를수록 오염지역내 해송(海松) 엽(葉)의 생장(生長)은 둔화되었다. 따라서 해송엽내(海松葉內) 수용성(水溶性) 황(黃) 및 불소함량(弗素含量)의 증가와 wax함량의 감소는 여천지역의 대기오염(大氣汚染)에 의한 것으로 생육중반 이후에는 대기오염(大氣汚染)에 대한 생물지표(生物指標)로 이용될 수 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 엽록소함량(葉綠素含量)의 감소는 오염(汚染)이 심한 지역에서 비교적 이른 시기에 생물지표성(生物指標性)을 보이는 것으로 생각되었다. 한편 침엽(針葉)의 왜소화(矮小化)는 장기간의 대기오염(大氣汚染)에 의한 영향으로 생육기 후반부에 나타나기 때문에 초기에 침엽(針葉)의 길이만으로 대기오염(大氣汚染)을 파악하는 것은 적절하지 못하였다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.113-190
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• 2002

The purpose of this paper is to perform empirical studies on the impact of pollution intensity on international competitiveness using 1993 and 1998 data, and to estimate the change in environmental regulation level faced by the firms during 1993~1998. Collecting relevant data and providing them for further studies in the area are another purposes of the paper. The first method is the regression of various indices of international competitiveness on factor costs, such as labor, capital, R&D and pollution abatement costs. Goal of the regression analysis is to estimate the scarcity and comparative advantage effect of each production factor, especially environmental resource. Regression results show that those industries which employ more environmental resource have higher comparative advantage in both years, which implies that Korean firms are endowed with abundant environmental resource compared to other countries. The second method is to compute the relative scarcity indices(HOVL indices) of production factors, proposed by Leamer based on Vanek's generalized Hecksher-Ohlin Theorem. This method estimates the relative scarcity of production factors by computing factor costs embodied in import and export of commodities. This method shows similar results as the regression method; i.e., trade pattern of production factors implies that the manufacturing sector in Korea is endowed with abundant environmental resource compared to other countries. Considering population density, water resource endowment, intensity of economic activity per unit area and current air and water pollution levels, it is evident that Korea is never endowed with abundant environmental resource compared to other countries. Then the abundance of environmental resource revealed by the trade patterns of commodities and production factors implies that Korea's environmental regulation level is excessively generous compared to environmental capacity, and that this increased the environmental resource endowment supplied to firms and thus distorted the inter-industry comparative advantages. Both regression and HOVL methods, on the other hand, show that overall environmental regulation level faced by the firms has been strengthened during 1993~1998.