• 제목/요약/키워드: water glass

검색결과 1,094건 처리시간 0.072초

코팅용 알루미타, 티타니아솔 제조에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Preparation of Aluina & Titania Sols for Coatings)

  • 김추희;최형수;조영상;임종주
    • 한국재료학회지
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    • 제4권3호
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    • pp.319-328
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    • 1994
  • 솔-제법에 의한 고분자솔 제조를 위하여 금속 알콕사이드에 $\beta$-diketonate(DKT)기의 유기 리간드를 치환시켜 만든 전구체를 합성한 결과, 가수분해와 축합 반응의 속도 조절이 가능하였고, 이를 이용하여 코팅에 적합한 nm단위의 입자 크기를 갖는 알루미나, 티타니아 솔을 제조하고 그 물성을 파악하였다. 코팅에 적합한 알루미나 솔의 최적조건은 알콕사이드 1몰당 물 1몰, 산 0.3-0.4몰이었다. 티타니아 솔의 제조시는 물/알콕사이드의 몰비가 1이고, 산의 양은 치환수에 따라 달라 1개와 2개 치환된 전구체의 경우 1목의 알콕사이드당 각각 0.25, 0.20몰 이하였다. Dynamic light scattering 장치를 이용하여 제조한 솔의 평균 입자 크기를 측정한 결과 수 nm단위의 미세한 입자를 갖고 있었다. 슬라이드 글라스 위에 코팅하여 $450^{\circ}C$에서 소결한 막을 SEM으로 관찰한 결과 알루미나와 타타니아의 경우 각각 4-4.5$\mu \textrm{m}$, 2-2.5$\mu \textrm{m}$두께의 매끄럽고 균열이 없는 막이 형성되었음을 알 수 있었다. 이때의 입자 크기는 TEM사진을 통하여 알 수 있었으며 티타니아의 경우 수 nm에서 최대 30nm, 알루미나는 1-2nm이하 심지어 수 $\AA$정도의 입자들로 이루어졌음을 관찰하였다. 또한 회절무늬 분석 결과 알루미나는 $\gamma$구조, 티타니아는 anastase결정임을 알 수 있었다.

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글로우방전을 이용한 폴리에스테르섬유의 발수가공 (Water Repellent Finishes of Polyester Fiber Using Glow Discharge)

  • Mo, Sang Young;Kim, Gi Lyong;Kim, Tae Nyun;Chun, Tae Il
    • 한국염색가공학회지
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    • 제5권4호
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    • pp.29-41
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    • 1993
  • In order to surface Hydrophobilization of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fiber samples were treated in the atmosphere of CF$_{4}$ or $C_{2}$F$_{6}$glow discharge. The sample used in this study was PET film which is 75$\mu$m thick made by Teijin, O-Type(Japan). The cleaned samples were placed in plasma reactor made of pyrex glass cylinder, and plasma processing was carried out by glow discharge of CF$_{4}$ or $C_{2}$F$_{6}$ gas, being continuously fed by gas flow and continuously pumped out by a vacuum system. Electric power source for generate plasma state was sustained alternating current(60Hz) and voltage was sustained 600 volt. The duration of plasma treatment varied from 15 to 120 seconds except special case, the monomer gase pressure varied from 0.02 to 0.3 Torr and power range was 10 to 90 watts. The hydrophobic features of changed PET surface were evaluated by contact angle measurement and surface chemical characteristics were analyzed by ESCA. Results can be summerized as follows. 1. The most favorable setting position of substrate was the center area between the two electrodes. 2. $C_{2}$F$_{6}$ discharge current was lower than that of CF$_{4}$ when same voltage was sustained. Treated efficiency between CF$_{4}$ and $C_{2}$F$_{6}$ did not revealed significant differences under same electric power(wattage). 3. When monomer pressure is very low below 0.02 torr, as though substrate is exposed to CF$_{4}$ or $C_{2}$F$_{6}$ plasma, it tend to be hydrophilic through a little of fluorine bond and a great deal of oxidizing reaction. 4. There brought good hydrophobilization when monomer pressure was more 0.1 torr and duration of glow discharge treatment was over 45 seconds. When monomer pressure was too high, discharge current became low. Although prolong the duration, there was no more high hydrophobilization. 5. According to ESCA analysis, there were a little CF bond and a prevailing CF$_{2}$ bond in CF$_{4}$-treated substrate. There were CF$_{3}$, a little CF and a prevailing CF$_{2}$ bond in $C_{2}$F$_{6}$-treated substrate.d substrate.

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사염화규소 누출사고지점 주변 식물에 대한 노출지표 평가 (Evaluation of Exposure Indicators for Plants by Silicon Tetrachloride Release)

  • 박재선;김지영;김명옥;박현우;정현미;최종우
    • 한국환경농학회지
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    • 제36권4호
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    • pp.288-292
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    • 2017
  • BACKGROUND: Silicon tetrachloride reacts with moisture in the atmosphere to generate hydrogen chloride, which affects the environment. Since silicon tetrachloride and its by-products are dispersed in the atmosphere in a short time after the silicon tetrachloride release into the atmosphere, it is difficult to directly assess the extent of environmental impact. In the present study, the exposure test of silicon tetrachloride or hydrogen chloride was examined in order to establish the criterion of the range affected by the silicon tetrachloride release, and the actual crops in the area exposed to silicon tetrachloride leakage were analyzed. METHODS AND RESULTS: For the experiment of exposure to silicon tetrachloride or hydrogen chloride, the leaves of red-pepper and corn were used in glass sealed containers. In the actual accident area, 59 samples from 10 different kinds of crops were collected. The pretreatment of the sample was performed by freezing and grinding, and then extracted using distilled water. The pH and concentration of chloride ($Cl^-$) ion of the extracted solution were measured using pH meter and ion chromatograph, respectively. CONCLUSION: Exposure to silicon tetrachloride caused visible damage, increasing the concentration of chloride ion, and decreasing the pH as well as hydrochloric acid. In the actual crops of the affected area, the tendency was the same as the result of the laboratory test, and the range of influence could be estimated through the concentration of $Cl^-$ ion over 2,000 mg/kg, and the correlation evaluation between the concentration of $Cl^-$ and pH. Therefore, the concentration of $Cl^-$ ion and the correlation between $Cl^-$ and pH would be considered as the factors to estimate the influence range of silicon tetrachloride release.

어류의 주광성에 관한 연구 (2) - 백색광에 대한 돌돔과 복섬의 반응 - (Phototaxis of Fish (2) - Response of Rook bream and Grass puffer to the white lights -)

  • 양용림
    • 수산해양기술연구
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    • 제16권1호
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    • pp.27-35
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    • 1980
  • 빛에 대한 어류의 행동을 조사하기 위항 돌돔 Oplegnathus fasciatus 과 복섬 Fugu niphobles 에 빛의 세기가 서로 다른 여섯가지 백색인공광원으로 광을 주어, 그에 대한 반응을 주야에 각각 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 제한된 실험수내에서의 광에 대한 구간별분포는 두 어종이 모두 구간에 많이 모여 분포은 대체로 U자형이되었다. 2. 돌돔은 수중도가 어떤값보다 높아지거나 낮아지면 광원쪽에 더 많이 모이는 경향을 보였으며, 주야간에 비슷하였다. 복섬은 수중도가 어떤 값보다 높아지거나 낮아지면 광원에서 멀리 떨어지는 경향을 보였으며 주야간에 다소의 차이가 있었다. 3.집어솔이 최대가 되는 평균수중조도(적정조도)는 돌돔이 162.0 lux (104.3-238.1 lux)로서 주야간에 같았으며, 복섬은 주간에 16.6 lux (10.6-24.5 lux), 야간에 1.9 lux (1.2-2.9 lux)로서 주간에 더 높았다. 4. 조명시간에 따른 집어솔은 돌돔의 경우 점등후 시간이 경과함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 야간보다 주간에 그 변화가 심했다. 복섬은 시간이 경과함에 따라 완만하게 증가하였으며, 야간보다 주간에 그 변화가 다소 심했다.

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모로코인(人)의 장신구(裝身具)와 화장(化粧)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (A Study of the Personal Ornaments and Make-up of Maroccan)

  • 이순홍
    • 패션비즈니스
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    • 제5권2호
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    • pp.15-34
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    • 2001
  • Ornaments are accessories for the decoration of the body or dress. They aren't unavoidably required one, but serve to make one's dress perfect as decorative industrial art objects. In Morocco, ornaments were initially used as a sign of social position or the class or an incantatory symbol. In effect, they were originally employed to adjust one's dress, not just for decoration, and they were of use for household economy. Gold, silver and handcraft available for exchange were a means of increasing one's property and an indication of social standing and wealth. In particular, the dress and jewelry of a bride was a measure of her family's wealth, regarded as a symbol of her chastity and value. The ornaments symbolically back up people's faith in supernatural power, and their real value is based on implicit form or way of decoration, not the external shape. Specifically, there is a tendency to use the form of animal as a protector, not one to frighten people. In the artistic tradition of Morocco, fish pattern stands for water and rain, and eagle and bird are considered to be related to fate. Scorpion and lizard are depicted as an inquirer of sun, and snake is a symbol of abundance and sexual instinct, being viewed to have an ability to cure disease. Turtle pattern is a symbol of saint because it protects one from the evil. The ornaments are made of gold, silver, amber, clam, garnet, glass, nielle, enamel, glaze, coral or tree, and symbolic patterns are used, including hand(a symbol of five numerals), turtle, lizard, scorpion, eye, triangle, bird and eggs. They are very big and diverse, being categorized into ornaments for the head or the chest, neckless, fibula, earring, bracelet and ring. For Moroccans, make-up is a sort of instinctive behavior to meet aesthetic and sexual desire. They also wear make-up for practical purpose of protection, intentionally inflict a wound on the skin for ceremonial or religious purpose, paint the skin with pigment, or have the part of the body tattooed for incantatory purpose. All this actions are regarded as make-up. The raw material of cosmetics is aker, a vegetable dye. They get the lips or cheeks turn red and paint eyebrows with yellow saffran powder to have a bad devil lose its strength. Tattooing is mainly done by women and viewed as a sign of their value or social organization they belong to. Sometimes that is used to represent a woman's being old enough to marry or getting married already or the frequency of marriage. Besides, tattoo is believed to prevent or remedy loose bowels or cough, depending on its location or pattern, and they often change tattoo according to the change of beauty art.

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분산지역 및 농촌마을 하수처리를 위한 자연정화 고도처리 공법 개발 (Development of Natural and Ecological Wastewater Treatment System for Decentralized Regions and Rural Communities)

  • 김성배;권태영;한정윤;윤춘경
    • 생태와환경
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    • 제39권4호통권118호
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    • pp.489-497
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    • 2006
  • 본 연구에서는 우리나라의 분산지역 및 농촌마을의 하수처리를 위해 자연정화 고도처리 공법인 NEWS (Natural and Ecological Wastewater treatment System)를 적용하였다. 고친수성 biofilter를 사용하여 고형물질과 유기물질을 제거하였으며, 인공습지를 이용하여 영양물질을 제거하였다. 장지적으로 안정성을 갖으며, 부지면적과 효율 면에서 기계적인 공법과 경쟁할 수 있는 자연정화 고도처리공법을 개발하고자 고친수성 biofilter와 상하흐름형 인공습지를 조합하여 (NEWS)처리효과를 검토하였다. 본 처리시설을 적용한 결과 COD를 제외한 수질항목에서 높은 제거율을 나타내었다. Biofilter 유출수는 국내 수질기준을 만족시키지 못하였으나, 인공습지를 거쳐 처리된 최종 유출수는 수질기준을 만족시켰다. BOD, SS, TN, TP의 유입부하량과 제거량과의 관계를 회귀분석 한 결과 결정계수는 각각 0.998, 0.999, 0.919, 0.919로 매우 높은 상관성을 나타냈다. 동절기 효율저하의 문제점을 해결하기 위해 연구시설의 지붕을 투명 폴리카보네이트 글라스로 설치하여 난방을 하지 않는 온실을 도입하고, 12-2월 동안 겨울철 처리장 실내 ${\cdot}$ 외 온도차이를 측정한 결과 처리장실내온도가 실외 온도보다 최고 $20^{\circ}C$까지 높게 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발한 자연생태학적 하수고도처리공법인 NEWS는 유기물질과 영양물질 처리공정을 분리하여 처리효율을 높일 수있으며, 국내의 분산지역 및 농촌마을의 하수처리에 적용가능성이 높을 것으로 판단된다.

도재층의 두께와 색이 도재수복물의 최종 색조에 미치는 영향 (THE INFLUENCE OF PORCELAIN LAYER THICKNESS AND COLOR ON THE FINAL SHADE OF CERAMIC RESTORATIONS)

  • 성동환;이임기;송진원;복원미;안승근;박찬운
    • 대한치과보철학회지
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    • 제43권5호
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    • pp.587-598
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    • 2005
  • Statement of problem: Ceramic restorations should be made of porcelain layers of different opacity, shade, and thickness in order to provide a natural appearance. Lithium disilicate glass-ceramic system has superior color reproducibility, because it uses the ceramic ingot which is similar to teeth shade and uses the staining technique and layering technique. However, staining technique has a fault of discoloration. Also, porcelain is divided core and dentin layer, it is not enough to study about the influence of porcelain layer thickness and shade on the shade of ceramic restorations. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of porcelain layer thickness and color on the final shade of ceramic restorations. Materials and method: The CIE $L^*a^*b^*$(CIELAB) values of 72 assembled specimens, each consisting of 3 discs (enamel porcelain 0.2 mm/dentin porcelain -1.2, 0.9, 0.7, 0.5 or 0.3 mm/ceramic core -0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 or 1.2 mm, diameter is 1.0 mm) were evaluated with a spectrophotometer (Model Chromaview 300, Spectron Tech Co, Korea) for the shade A1, A2, A3 and A4. Distilled water (refractive index: 1.7) was used to attain optical contact between the layers. White, white gray, and white brown backgrounds were used to assess the influence of the background on the final shade. And the mean color difference value$({\Delta}E)$ was calculated. Results and conclusion: The results obtained from this study were as follows. 1. There was a significant correlation between the thickness ratio of the ceramic core/dentin porcelain system and $L^*,\;a^*\;and\;b^*$ values when the total thickness of specimen combination was smaller than 1.4 mm(P<0.05). 2. The specimen which the ceramic core thickness was more than 0.7 mm had the best masking effect against background colors. 3. The mean color difference value$({\Delta}E)$ is smaller than 2 $({\Delta}E<2)$ when the ceramic core thickness was larger than 0.7 mm and the total thickness of specimen was more than 1.4 mm.

만성 뇌졸중 환자의 기립 자세조절에 이중 과제가 미치는 영향 (The Effect of Dual-Task on Standing Postural Control in Persons With Chronic Stroke)

  • 전혜원;정이정
    • 한국전문물리치료학회지
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    • 제17권3호
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    • pp.20-30
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    • 2010
  • This study examined whether any changes by mental task types on postural control in chronic stroke persons. Sixteen chronic stroke persons (mean age=53.75 yr) and sixteen age-and gender-matched healthy controls (mean age=54.44 yr) took part in this study. Participants randomly performed three different tasks on the stable and unstable surfaces. The no mental task was to stand while holding a 100 g weight in each hand, the arithmetic task (mental task) was to perform a silent 1-backwards counting while standing and holding a 100 g weight in each hand, and the simple task (mental task) was to stand and hold with both hands a tray (200 g) on which a glass filled with water has been placed. Sway path and sway velocity of the center of pressure (COP) were measured to assess standing postural control by task performance using the force platform. According to the results, in stroke group, total sway path and total sway velocity of COP was significantly decreased during arithmetic and simple task compared to no mental task on the stable surface (p<.05), and sway path (anteroposterior AP, mediolateral ML) of COP, total and sway velocity (AP, ML, total) of COP was significantly decreased during arithmetic and simple task compared to no mental task on the unstable surface (p<.05). Especially, sway path (AP, total) of COP and sway velocity (AP, ML, total) of COP was significantly decreased under the simple task when compared to the arithmetic task on the unstable surface (p<.05). In healthy control group, sway path (AP, ML, total) of COP and sway velocity (AP, ML, total) of COP was significantly decreased during arithmetic and simple task compared to no mental task on the stable and unstable surface (p<.05), and sway path (AP, total) of COP and sway velocity (AP, ML, total) of COP was significantly decreased under the simple task when compared to the arithmetic task on the unstable surface (p<.05). In conclusion, the findings of this study showed that arithmetic and simple task improved standing postural control for chronic stroke patients and the type of arithmetic and simple tasks were critical factor that reduced standing postural sway in dual-task conditions. Future research should determine whether dual-task conditions, including simple task, would be effective as a training program for standing postural control of stroke patients.

레진시멘트, 표면처리 및 열순환에 따른 IPS Empress의 전단결합강도 (EFFECTS OF RESIN CEMENTS, CERAMIC SURFACE TREATMENTS AND THERMOCYCLING ON SHEAR BOND STRENGTH OF IPS EMPRESS CERAMIC)

  • 한정민;유영대;이용근;임미경;이수종
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • 제24권3호
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    • pp.473-481
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    • 1999
  • This study evaluated the shear bond properties of IPS Empress glass ceramic to enamel and dentin surfaces with three ceramic surface treatments, and three resin cements. The influence of thermocycling was also investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of resin cements, ceramic surface treatments, and thermocycling on shear bond properties. Ninety freshly extracted, noncarious human molars were selected for this study. The surface treatments of ceramic were etching <5.0% hydrofluoric acid, application of silane coupling agents(Tokuso Ceramic Primer, Clearfil porcelain bond, Monobond-S), and the combination of the two methods. Empress cylinders were bonded to enamel and dentin surfaces with three kinds of resin cements(Bistite resin cement, Panavia 21, Variolink). The specimens were aged in $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 24 hours. Half of the specimens were then thermocycled 500times between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ with a dwell time of 15 seconds. Each specimen was debonded in shear mode and measured shear bond properties by using the universal testing machine(Zwick 020, Germany). The data were analyzed by SPSS/PC+(one-way ANOVA, Scheffe' s test and t-test). The results were as follows : 1. Without thermocyling, there was significant difference of shear bond strength to enamel surface between Bistite Resin Cement and Panavia 21 in case of etched and silane-treatment(p<0.05). 2. Without thermocyling, the shear bond strength of a group treated with silane and etching was significantly higher than that of a group treated with silane or etching with the application of Panavia 21 and Variolink(p<0.05). 3. A group treated with etching with the application of Variolink only showed a decrease of shear bond strength after thermocycling(p<0.05).

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키토산/젤라틴 블랜드 폴리머의 물리적 및 열적 특성에 대한 연구 (Studies on the Physical and Thermal Properties of the Chitosan/Gelatin Blend)

  • 김병호;박장우
    • 한국식품과학회지
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    • 제37권1호
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    • pp.30-37
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    • 2005
  • 유용한 생고분자 필름을 제조하기 위한 목적으로 키토산과 젤라틴을 이용하여 solution casting 방법으로 혼합비율에 따라 혼합필름을 제조하였다. 또한 키토산/젤라틴 혼합필름의 인장 강도, 신장률, 색도, 불투명도, 수분 및 산소 투과도와 같은 물리적인 특성과 열적 특성에 있어 혼합비율이 미치는 효과에 대하여 조사하였다. 혼합비율별로 제조된 키토산/젤라틴 혼합필름의 인장강도는 58.24MPa에서 22.01MPa로 점차적으로 감소 하는 경향을 나타내었고, 신장률은 13.11%에서 24.67%로 인장 강도 결과와는 다르게 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 필름의 외관을 결정하는 중요한 특성인 색도 측정 결과, L 값의 경우 키토산 함량이 증가할수록 감소되었고, a와 b 값은 L 값에 반비례로 증가되었다. 또한 키토산의 함량이 증가함에 따라 제조된 혼합 필름의 ${\Dalta}E$ 및 YI 값들은 키토산 함량 90%를 제외하고는 보다 높은 값들로 측정되었다. 혼합필름의 불투명도는 $0.3104nmO.D./{\mu}m$에서 $1.2161nmO.D./{\mu}m$의 범위로 측정되었다. 수분 투과도는 $1.6875ng{\cdot}m/m^{2}{\cdot}s{\cdot}Pa$에서 $1.7225ng{\cdot}m/m^{2}{\cdot}s{\cdot}Pa$로 측정되었지만, Duncan의 다중비교 분석결과로 키토산의 농도가 증가함에 따라 혼합필름의 수분 투과도는 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 산소 투과도는 혼합비율에 따라 $2.2380{\times}10^{-7}mL{\cdot}m/m^{2}{\cdot}s{\cdot}Pa$에서 $2.2975{\times}10^{-7}mL{\cdot}m/m^{2}{\cdot}s{\cdot}Pa$로 나타났다. 또한 열적 특성을 분석한 결과 혼합비율에 따라 유리전이온도는 단일 곡선을 나타내었고, 젤라틴의 함량이 증가함에 따라 유리전이온도는 증가하였기 때문에 이 결과들을 볼 때, 키토산과 젤라틴 고분자들 사이에 상용성이 있음을 알 수 있었다.