• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.821-828
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• 2015

ASW0 is a polysaccharide derived from the perennial herb Aster scaber Thunberg. We isolated ASW0, a fraction of crude polysaccharide, by means of ethanol precipitation and dialysis after hot water extraction to investigate its physicochemical properties and immunostimulatory effects. ASW0 contains neutral sugar (45.7%), acidic sugar (51.6%), protein (2.3%), and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octonate (KDO) (0.4%). The neutral sugar in ASW0 (in mole percentage) was mainly composed of arabinose (34.5 mol%), glucose (31.1 mol%), galactose (14.9 mol%), and rhamnose (8.1 mol%), which are characteristic of pectic polysaccharides. ASW0 also contained small amounts of xylose, mannose, and fucose. The anti-complementary activity of ASW-0 was similar to that of polysaccharide K (used as positive control). ASW0 exhibited no cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 macrophages and dramatically increased nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose dependent manner ($0.3{\sim}30{\mu}g/mL$). Also, macrophages stimulated with ASW0 showed enhanced production of immunostimulatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) in a dose dependent manner. These results suggest that the ASW0 have a potent immunostimulatory effect and can be used as a natural immune health ingredient.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.1008-1015
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• 2012

Sulgidduk is a kind of basic steamed rice cake in Korea. Multifunctional portable grinder was used for making sulgidduk and investigated the characteristic changes of rice powder for deciding the proper particle size of rice powder. Operation times for grinding the water absorbed swelled rice were 10, 20, 30 and 40 seconds. Moisture contents of rice powder and sulgidduk showed an increasing tendency with an increase of operation times for grinding. Springiness showed significant differences according to the operation times. Cohesiveness was decreased severely after 40 seconds grinding. Chewiness showed high after 20 seconds grinding in all groups; however, decreased after 40 seconds grinding and showed similar chewiness of the control group. Fracturability also showed severe increased tendency after 20 seconds grinding and decreased after 30 seconds grinding. Strength and hardness showed significant differences; they were increased until 30 seconds and severely decreased after 40 seconds grinding. L values showed significant differences in all the groups ($p{\leq}0.05$). The a and b values did not show any differences in all groups. Overall sensory evaluations, such as colors, flavors and texture, were increased with operation times for grinding and showed significant differences among the groups (p<0.05). As a result of this study, 40 seconds grinding times were the best condition for making sulgidduk, using by multifunctional grinder.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.159-165
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• 2009

E. japonica is a well-known medicinal plant in Japan. The leaves of E. japonica were reported to have a hypoglycemic action. However, seeds of E. japonica are discarded and not used. To elucidate for anti-diabetic effects of E. japonica, Type 2 diabetic mice were allocated to control group, E. japonica leaf, and seed extract group. Animals were fed a 2018S Teklad global 18% protein rodent diet. Animals were received daily oral injections of E. japonica leaf or seed extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight for 6 weeks. Body weight, food intake and water intake, and total adipose tissue weight of animals were significantly reduced by feeding of E. japonica leaf extract. All E. japonica extract groups significantly decreased fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin levels, size of adipocytes and serum adiponectins. However, they did not have a beneficial effect on the serum triglyceride and cholesterol in the diabetic animals. These results suggest that E. japonica seed and leaf extracts have a antidiabetic effect by controlling of blood glucose and decrease of size of adipocytes in db/db mice and seed extract is more effective in hypoglycemic action than leaf extract.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.22 no.1 s.91
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• pp.62-68
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• 2006

This study evaluated the effect of the substitution of flour with Angelica plant(Bakluncho) powder on the characteristics of batter cake and cookies. The specific volume of batter cake was increased significantly with increasing content of Angelica plant powder, but hardness was decreased slightly. The specific volume of cookies didn't show significant difference, and the width detennined by the water content in the dough was decreased with increasing content of Angelica plant powder. The L value in the crust and crumbs of the cake was significantly the largest value in the control group. The a and b values were the highest in the 5% substituted sample group. The L, a and b values of the cookies also showed the same pattern. According to the sensory evaluation of cakes and cookies, the scores of flavor, color, and texture were raised by the addition of Angelica plant powder. The acceptance tests of cakes and cookies showed a higher overall acceptability than those of the 1% and 3% substituted samples.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.390-395
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• 1997

The inhibitory effects of cereal extracts and concentrates from barley, waxy rice flours and malt on enzymatic browning were measured using apple polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Malt concentrate showed the largest inhibitory effect on PPO among all. The relationship between the properties of malt concentrate such as browning intensity and reducing power and their inhibitory effect on PPO was also studied. As the heating time increased, the browning intensity and the reducing power of malt concentrates were increased, while PPO activities were decreased. Inhibitory effect of malt concentrates on PPO increased with heating time and their concentration. L-value and compression force of the apple slices dipped in malt concentrate decreased by 6.9% and 14.3%, respectively, showing the smallest changes compared with raw and water-dipped apple slices during cold storage for 9 days. These results suggest that malt concentrate can be a potential source for the control of enzymatic browning.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.197-204
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the effect of palm or coconut solid lipid nanoparticles (PO-SLNs or CO-SLNs) on growth of Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) in milk during storage period. The PO or CO (0.1% or 1.0%) was dispersed both in distilled water (DW) and ultra high temperature milk (UHTM), and subsequently emulsified with Tween^® 80 by ultrasonication (30% power, 2 min). Increase in particle size and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) in DW was observed with an increase in oil concentration, whereas a decrease in ζ-potential of SLNs was noted with an increment in oil concentration. Moreover, the CO-SLNs exhibited relatively smaller particle size and higher EE% than PO-SLNs. The CO-SLNs were found to be more stable than PO-SLNs. Higher lipid oxidation of PO or CO-SLNs in UHTM was observed during the storage test, when compared to PO or CO-SLNs in DW. However, there was no remarkable difference in lipid oxidation during storage period (p>0.05). In the growth test, the viability of L. plantarum in control (without PO or CO-SLNs in DW) exhibited a dramatic decrease with increasing storage period. In addition, viability of L. plantarum of PO or COSLNs in UHTM was higher than that of SLNs in DW. Based on the present study, production of SLNs containing PO or CO in UHTM is proposed, which can be used in lactobacilli fortified beverages in food industry.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.315-324
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of alkaline-treated sugarcane bagasse fiber on physicochemical and textural properties of meat emulsion with different fat levels. Crude sugarcane bagasse fiber (CSF) was treated with calcium hydroxide ($Ca(OH_2)$) to obtain alkaline-treated sugarcane bagasse fiber (ASF). The two types of sugarcane bagasse fiber (CSF and ASF) were incorporated at 2% levels in pork meat emulsions prepared with 5%, 10% and 20% fat levels. Alkaline-treatment markedly increased acid detergent fiber content (p=0.002), but significantly decreased protein, fat, ash and other carbohydrate contents. ASF exhibited significantly higher water-binding capacity, but lower oil-binding and emulsifying capacities than CSF. Meat emulsions formulated with 10% fat and 2% sugarcane bagasse fiber had equivalent cooking loss and textural properties to control meat emulsion (20% fat without sugarcane bagasse fiber). The two types of sugarcane bagasse fiber had similar impacts on proximate composition, cooking yield and texture of meat emulsion at the same fat level, respectively (p>0.05). Our results confirm that sugarcane bagasse fiber could be a functional food ingredient for improving physicochemical and textural properties of meat emulsion, at 2% addition level. Further, the altered functional properties of alkaline-treated sugarcane bagasse fiber had no impacts on physicochemical and textural properties of meat emulsions, regardless of fat level at 5%, 10% and 20%.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.959-969
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• 2018

This study investigated the effects of deep freezing and storage temperature ($-50^{\circ}C$, $-60^{\circ}C$, and $-80^{\circ}C$) on the quality and freshness of lamb. To compare the qualities of deep frozen and stored lamb, fresh control and normal freezing conditions ($-18^{\circ}C$) were adopted. As quality and freshness parameters, drip loss (thawing loss and cooking loss), water-holding capacity (WHC), texture profile analysis (TPA), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) were evaluated during 5 months of storage. Temperature influenced the drip loss and WHC, and deep freezing minimized the moisture loss during frozen storage compared to the normal freezing condition. Lamb frozen and stored at deep freezing temperature showed better tenderness than that stored in normal freezing conditions. In particular, lamb frozen at lower than $-60^{\circ}C$ exhibited fresh lamb-like tenderness. Regardless of temperature, evidence of lipid oxidation was not found in any frozen lamb after 5 months, while TVBN was dependent on the applied temperature. Therefore, this study demonstrated that deep freezing could potentially be used to maintain freshness of lamb for 5 months. From the quality and economic aspects, the freezing and storage condition of $-60^{\circ}C$ is estimated as the optimum condition for frozen lamb.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.851-865
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• 2018

This study investigated the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in slaughterhouses, and determined serovars and genotypes, and antibiotic resistance of the isolates obtained from slaughterhouses and humans in Korea. Two hundred ninety samples were collected from feces (n=136), carcasses [n=140 (cattle: n=61, swine: n=79)], and washing water (n=14) in nine slaughterhouses. Eleven human isolates were obtained from hospitals and the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Listeria monocytogenes was enriched and identified, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 16S rRNA sequencing. Serovars and presence of virulence genes were determined, and genetic correlations among the isolates were evaluated by the restriction digest patterns of AscI. Antibiotic resistance of L. monocytogenes isolates were examined against 12 different antibiotics. Of 290 slaughterhouse samples, 15 (5.17%) carcass samples were L. monocytogenes positive. Most L. monocytogenes isolates possessed all the virulence genes, while polymorphisms in the actA gene were found between carcass and human isolates. Serovars 1/2a (33.3%) and 1/2b (46.7%) were the most frequent in carcass isolates. Genetic correlations among the isolates from carcass and clinical isolates were grouped within serotypes, but there were low geographical correlations. Most L. monocytogenes isolates were antibiotic resistant, and some strains showed resistance to more than four antibiotics. These results indicate that L. monocytogenes are isolated from carcass and human in Korea, and they showed high risk serotypes and antibiotic resistance. Therefore, intensive attentions are necessary to be aware for the risk of L. monocytogenes in Korea.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.551-562
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• 2020

Beef fat was replaced with cold press pumpkin seed oil (PSO; 0%, 5%, 15%, and 20%) in the production of bologna-type sausages. A value of pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), jelly-fat separation, emulsion stability and viscosity values were determined in meat batters. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), color, and textural characteristics (TPA, shear test, penetration test) were determined in end-product at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of storage at 4℃. The pH values were varied between 6.06 and 6.08. With the increase in the level of PSO in meat batters, there was a significant increase in WHC, jelly-fat separation and viscosity values (p<0.05) while a significant decrease in emulsion stability (p<0.05). TBARS values of sausages were found to be significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.05), and this trend continued during storage. Increasing of PSO level were caused a significant increase in L* and b* values while a decrease in a* value (p<0.05). Hardness, adhesiveness and chewiness values were significantly reduced whereas cohesiveness and resilience values increased (p<0.05). Maximum shear force and work of shear was significantly decreased as the level of PSO increased (p<0.05). Hardness, work of penetration and the resistance during the withdrawal of the probe values (penetration tests) increased significantly with the increase in the level of PSO (p<0.05). These results indicate that PSO has potential to be use as a replacement of animal-based fats in the production of bologna-type sausages.