• Title/Summary/Keyword: water activity control

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Phytic Acid Protects the Formation of Colonic Aberrant Crypt Foci Induced by Azoxymethane in Male F344 Rats (랫드에서 azoxymethane으로 유도된 대장 전암병변에 대한 피티산의 방어 효과)

  • Hue, Jin-Joo;Lee, Yea-Eun;Lee, Ki-Nam;Nam, Sang-Yoon;Ahn, Byeong-Woo;Yun, Young-Won;Lee, Beom-Jun
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.264-270
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    • 2008
  • Phytic acid(PA) (Inositol hexaphosphate, $IP_6$) is a naturally occurring polyphosphorylated carbohydrate that is present in substantial amounts in almost all plants and mammalian cells. Recently PA has received much attention for its role in anticancer activity. In the present study, the preventive effects of PA on colon carcinogenesis were investigated. Six-week old Fisher 344 male rats were fed a AIN-93G purified diet and PA(0.5% or 2% PA in water) for 8 weeks. The animals received two ($1^{st}\;and\;2^{nd}$ week) injections of azoxymethane(AOM, 15 mg/kg b.w.) to induce colonic aberrant crypt foci(ACF). After sacrifice, the total numbers of aberrant crypts(AC) and ACF in colonic mucosa were examined after staining with methylene blue. Blood and serum were analyzed with a blood cell differential counter and an automatic serum analyzer. AOM induced the total numbers of $142.3{\pm}22.3$ ACF/colon and $336.6{\pm}55.1$ AC/colon. PA at the doses of 0.5 and 2% decreased the numbers of ACF and AC/colon in a dose-dependent manner. The numbers of ACF/colon and AC/colon by PA at the dose of 0.5% were $124.4{\pm}28.5\;and\;302.7{\pm}67.3$, respectively. PA at the dose of 2% significantly decreased the ACF and AC numbers to $109{\pm}18.1\;and\;254.8{\pm}50.6$, respectively(p<0.01). Especially, 2% PA significantly reduced the number of large ACF(${\geq}4$ AC/ACF) from $26.8{\pm}6.2$ ACF/colon to $15{\pm}6.7$ ACF/colon(p<0.01). Although some parameters in blood counts and serum chemistry were changed compared with the control, no specific toxicity was found. These findings suggest that phytic acid can be a chemopreventive agent for colon carcinogenesis resulting from inhibition of the development of ACF in the F344 rat.

Safety of Various Types of Cheese manufactured from Unpasteurized Raw Milk: A Review (비살균 원유로 만든 다양한 치즈의 안전성에 관한 연구: 총설)

  • Kim, Hong-Seok;Chon, Jung-Whan;Lim, Jong-Soo;Kim, Hyun-Sook;Kim, Dong-Hyeon;Song, Kwang-Young;Kim, Soo-Ki;Seo, Kun-Ho
    • Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.1-15
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    • 2015
  • Before the advent of pasteurization and other microbiological controls in the dairy industry, milk product-borne diseases such as scarlet fever, typhoid fever, septic sore throat, and tuberculosis were globally widespread. Pasteurization was invented by Louis Pasteur, and it has been considered as one of the most effective ways to control milk product-borne diseases since the 20th century. Nevertheless, till date, various types of cheese in the EU, the USA, and other countries are made from unpasteurized milk as artisan cheese, following the specific food regulations of each nation. Furthermore, after the effectiveness of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations between Korea and many nations, the import of various types of cheese made in different conditions and influenced by acidity, preservatives, temperature, competing flora, water activity, and salt concentration increased yearly. Hence, the objective of this review was to describe (1) the 60-day aging rule of cheese, (2) characteristics of the outbreaks linked to cheese manufactured from unpasteurized milk since 1998 to 2011 in USA, and (3) serious health risks from unpasteurized milk, to ensure food protection and safety and to use this basic information for risk assessment.

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Variation Patterns of the Blood Lipid Levels on the Sprague-Dawley-Rats Fed with Kochujang Extracts (고추장 추출물을 급여한 Sprague-Dawley-Rat에서의 혈중지질 농도의 변화 양상)

  • Woo, Yong-Ku;Kim, Tae-Hyo;Koh, Jong-Ho
    • The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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    • v.26 no.4
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    • pp.737-744
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    • 2013
  • The present study was investigated to evaluate on the health improving effect of Kochujang (Fermented Korean hot pepper paste), which was famous as Korean traditional healthy food among foreigners as it was served together with Bibimbap. For comparison, observation was made on the experimental animals (Sprague-Dawley rat) as breeding during 5 weeks, which were divided three groups as into the control groups (N-group) fed with normal feed only and high cholesterol feed only (H-group) and the K-group with combined diet of normal feed and Kochujang extracts (Water soluble complex materials). The most outstanding result was found as the definite fatty liver lesions found from all (100%) of the rats of the H-group at the abdominal opening examination. On the other hand, there was any finding on fatty liver lesions in the N-group as well as the K-group. Therefore, it was more than enough to identify the hypolipidemic effect by visual finding only. Furthermore, from the results of blood plasma analysis from SD-rats fed with Kochujang extract (K-group), more prominent differential findings were found, the value of HDL-cholesterol, which was good for preventing the arteriosclerosis, was more or less higher than that of H-groups. But the level of LDL-cholesterol, which was one of the hazardous agents of hyperlipidemia and arteriosclerosis, was more significantly reduced to the level even lower than that of N-group, based on the statistical analysis, in especial. According to the present results, we could find that the unidentified Korean traditional Kochujang-derived complex components had expressed both the positive health improving effects and hypolipidemic effects on the SD-rat.

Effect of Black Garlic and Mugwort Extracts on Lipids Profile during Restraint Stress (흑마늘과 쑥 추출물이 구속스트레스를 가한 흰쥐의 체내 지질 성분에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Soo-Jung;Kang, Min-Jung;Shin, Jung-Hye
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.42 no.4
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    • pp.577-586
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    • 2013
  • This study investigated black garlic and mugwort extracts have anti-stress activity. The antioxidant activities of extracts from black garlic (BEP), mugwort (MEP), and three mixtures (MPA, 95:5; MPB, 90:10; MPC, 85:15, w/w% for BEP and MEP, respectively) were tested in vitro. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities for the mixtures (MPA, MPB and MPC) were significantly elevated in a dose-dependent manner by the amount of mugwort extract. A restraint stress was imposed on six groups of Sprague-Dawley rats supplemented with an AIN-93 diet (RSC) or one of five kinds of hot water extract drinks containing (black garlic, RS1; mugwort, RS2; and mixtures of black garlic : mugwort at 95:5, RS3; 90:10, RS4, and a mixture of black garlic : mugwort : apple extract : xylitol=90.25:4.75:2:3, RS5; v/v%) for 4 weeks. The normal group was fed with the AIN-93 diet and not exposed to restraint stress. Food intake was higher in the group fed with garlic extract (RS1), while the body weight gain and food efficiency ratio did not significantly change. The total serum cholesterol content in the RS1 and RS2 groups was significantly lower than the RSC group (control), and the RS5 group was not significantly different compared to the RS3 group. The serum triglyceride content was significantly higher RS3~RS5 groups than RS1 and RS2 groups. In terms of HDL-C and LDL-C contents, AI and CRF in the serum were not significantly different between RS3 and RS5 groups. AST and ALP activities of RS1~RS5 groups were significantly lower than the RSC group. The liver total lipid and cholesterol contents of RS1~RS5 groups were significantly lower than RSC group, and triglyceride content was significantly lower in the RS1 group. Glycogen in the liver tissue was significantly higher in the RS2 and RS3 group compared to the RSC group. These results show that the intake of a mixture of black garlic and mugwort extracts may be effective in the alleviation of hyperlipidemia caused by restraint stress.

The Effects of Saururus chinensis Baill Extract Administration on the Blood Glucose, Electrolyte and Lipid Metabolism in STZ-Induced Hyperglycemic Rats (Streptozotocin 유도 당뇨성 흰쥐의 혈당, 전해질 및 지질대사에 삼백초 추출액이 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Han-Soo
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.16 no.6
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    • pp.911-918
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    • 2006
  • The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of the feeding physiological activity substance in Saururus chinensis Baill extract on the improvement of the blood glucose, electrolyte (Na, K, CI) concentration and lipid metabolism in the serum of streptozotocin (STZ, 55 mg/kg B.W., I.P. injection)-induced hyperglycemic rats fed the experimental diets for 5 weeks. Concentrations of blood glucose, total cholesterol, atherosclerotic index, LDL, LDL-cholesterol, free cholesterol, cholesteryl ester ratio, triglyceride (TG) and phospholipid (PL) in serum were significantly higher in the hyperglycemic group (group NSW), STZ (I.P.)+Saururus chinensis Baill leaf 3.5 g% extract group (group NSSL) and STZ (I.P.)+Saururus chinensis Baill root 3.5 g% extract group (group NSSR) than those in the control group (group Normal, basal diet+water). But the concentrations of blood glucose, total cholesterol, atherosclerotic index, LDL, LDL-cholesterol, free cholesterol, cholesteryl ester ratio, TG and PL in serum were remarkably lower in the groups NSSL and NSSR than those in the NSW, whereas the ratio of HDL-cholesterol concentration to total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol concentration in the groups NSSL and NSSR were significantly higher than in the group NSW. Electrolyte and creatinine concentrations in serum were significantly lower in the groups NSSL and NSSR than those in the group NSW. The activities of aminotransferase (AST, ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum were remarkably lower in the groups NSSL and NSSR than in the hyperglycemic group NSW. However, no significance was found in the comperative effect of the groups NSSL and NSSR. From the above results, it was suggested that Saururus chinensis Baill was effective in the improvement of the blood glucose, electrolyte, glucide and lipid metabolism in serum of STZ-induced hyperglycemic rats.

Assessment of Bio-corrosive Effect and Determination of Controlling Targets among Microflora for Application of Multi-functional CFB on Cement Structure (다기능 탄산칼슘 형성세균의 시멘트 건축물 적용위한 부식능 평가 및 건축물 정주미생물 중 방제 대상 결정)

  • Park, Jong-Myong;Park, Sung-Jin;Ghim, Sa-Youl
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.25 no.2
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    • pp.237-242
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    • 2015
  • The use of calcite-forming bacteria (CFB) in crack remediation and durability improvements in construction materials creates a permanent and environmentally-friendly material. Therefore, research into this type of application is stimulating interdisciplinary studies between microbiology and architectural engineering. However, the mechanisms giving rise to these materials are dependent on calcite precipitation by the metabolism of the CFB, which raises concerns about possible hazards to cement-based construction due to microbial metabolic acid production. The aim of this study was to determine target microorganisms that possibly can have bio-corrosive effects on cement mortar and to assess multi-functional CFBs for their safe application to cement structures. The chalky test was first used to evaluate the $CaCO_3$ solubilization feature of construction sites by fungi, yeast, bacterial strains. Not all bacterial strains are able to solubilize $CaCO_3$, but C. sphaerospermum KNUC253 or P. prolifica KNUC263 showed $CaCO_3$ solubilization activity. Therefore, these two strains were identified as target microorganisms that require control in cement structures. The registered patented strains Bacillus aryabhatti KNUC205, Arthrobacter nicotianae KNUC2100, B. thuringiensis KNUC2103 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KNUC2106, reported as multifunctional CFB (fungal growth inhibition, crack remediation, and water permeability reduction of cement surfaces) and isolated from Dokdo or construction site were unable to solubilize $CaCO_3$. Notably, B. aryabhatti KNUC205 and A. nicotianae KNUC2100 could not hydrolyze cellulose or protein, which can be the major constituent macromolecules of internal materials for buildings. These results show that several reported multi-functional CFB can be applied to cement structures or diverse building environments without corrosive or bio-deteriorative risks.

Microbial Safety and Quality of Fresh Carrot Juice Prepared with Different Environmentally-Friendly Washing Methods (친환경 세척제의 처리 방법을 달리하여 착즙한 당근 주스의 미생물 안전성 및 품질)

  • Lim, Sang-Wook;Choe, Da-Jeong;Kang, Min-Jung;Kim, Jong-Hyun;Kim, Myo-Jeong;Kim, Min-Ju
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.46 no.10
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    • pp.1225-1233
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    • 2017
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial inhibitory activity and physicochemical quality of fresh carrot juice prepared with different environmentally-friendly washing methods during low temperature storage. Individual and combined treatments with sodium bicarbonate (baking soda, $NaHCO_3$) and citric acid were applied to carrots for 10 min. Tap water and 50 ppm of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used as the control. Combined treatment of 1% $NaHCO_3$ and 1% citric acid significantly reduced total aerobic counts and coliforms. In addition, combined treatment of 1% $NaHCO_3$ and 1% citric acid inhibited microbial growth for 7 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ in a shelf-life study. There were no significant differences among the sanitizers in terms of $^{\circ}Brix$, acidity, pH, and color. Changes in physicochemical quality were not significantly different by sanitizer but were affected by storage temperature. These results indicate that washing with combined treatment of 1% $NaHCO_3$ and 1% citric acid is an effective method to inhibit the microbial population and maintain physicochemical quality. Therefore, combined treatment of 1% $NaHCO_3$ and 1% citric acid can be effectively used to sanitize and prepare carrot juice without affecting other properties.

Anti-aging Effects of the Extracts from Leaf. Stem, Fruit and Seed of Yew (Taxus cuspidata Sieb) by Solvent Extraction Method (용매추출법에 의한 주목의 잎, 줄기, 과실 추출물의 항 노화 효과)

  • Kim, In-Young;Jung, Sung-Won;Ryoo, Hee-Chang;Zhoh, Choon-Koo
    • Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.211-219
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    • 2004
  • Yew (Taxus cuspidata Sieb.) chose that grow as medicine, food, decorative plant in Korea's Kyong-Gi province surroundings. Extracts of yew extracted leaf of 250g and stems of 300g with 1,3-butylene glycol (l,3-BG), propylene glycol (PG) and water. As results, external appearance of leaf extract of yew was slightly brown clear extract. The pH was 5.3${\pm}$0.5, and specific gravity was 1.012${\pm}$0.05, and refractive index was l.375${\pm}$0.05. Also, appearance of stem's extract was slightly brown clear extract, and the pH was 5.4${\pm}$0.5, and specific gravity was 1.016${\pm}$0.05, and refractive index was 1.358${\pm}$0.05. Oil of yew separated from seeds, and extracted polysaccharide high purity from fruits. As a result, specific gravity of oil was 0.987, and obtained 40.0% of yield. Total polyphenols amount of yew extract is detected 0.563% in leaves, 0.325% in stems, whereas total tannins amount contained 0.054% and 0.037% each in leaves and stems. As effect in cosmetics, the anti-oxidative effect by DPPH method is 75.0% in leaves, and stems was 64.0%. Collagen synthesis rate was shown high activity by 54.16% in stem's extract, 33.18% in leaves' extract. Also, PPE-inhibitory activities were 13.7% and 23.5% each in leaves and stems. Anti-inflammatory effect of yew seed oil displayed superior effect of 41% than control. Polysaccharide's molecular weight that is gotten from fruits was 5${\times}$10$^4$-3${\times}$10$\^$5/ dalton, and got 20.0${\pm}$5% of yield.

Effect of Temperature and Various Pre-treatments on Germination of Hippophae rhamnoides Seeds (갈매보리수나무 종자의 온도 및 여러 가지 전처리에 따른 발아반응)

  • Choi, Chung-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.132-141
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    • 2012
  • This study was carried out to test seed germination responses to temperatures and pre-treatments in Hippophae rhamnoides, which has many abilities in antioxidant activity, soil improvement and erosion control. H. rhamnoides seeds were placed at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$ under light condition. As the results, germination percentage (GP) was the highest at 15 and $20^{\circ}C$, and mean germination time (MGT), germination rate (GR) and germination value (GV) were the highest at $25^{\circ}C$. Quadratic and linear regression model were used to determine the cardinal temperatures such as base ($T_b$), maximum ($T_m$) and optimum ($T_o$) temperature for germination. In quadratic regression model using PG, $T_b$, $T_m$ and $T_o$ was estimated as 0.6, 36.4 and $18.5^{\circ}C$, respectively, and temperature range for germination was $35.8^{\circ}C$. In linear regression model using GR, $T_b$, $T_m$ and $T_o$ was estimated as 8.3, 35.4 and $25.3^{\circ}C$, respectively, and temperature range for germination was $27.2^{\circ}C$. Germination properties were investigated after H. rhamnoides seeds were treated by prechilling (1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks), stratification (2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks), solid matrix priming (seed : carrier : water = 5 : 1 : 7, 8, 9 and 10), osmo-priming (-0.25, -0.5, -1.0 and -1.5 MPa) and calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$) -priming (100, 200, 300 and 400 mM). The highest GP was observed in $CaCl_2$ 300 and 400 mM treatments, and MGT was the shortest in stratification 6 and 8 weeks treatments. GR and GV were the highest and GP was the second highest when seeds were prechilled for 1 and 2 weeks. Consequently, prechilling 1 or 2 weeks treatment was considered as the appropriate method when we contemplate qualitative and quantitative effects in seedling production.

Efficient Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils through Sequential Fenton Oxidation and Biological Treatment Processes (펜톤산화 및 생물학적 연속처리를 통한 유류오염토양의 효율적 처리)

  • Bae, Jae-Sang;Kim, Jong-Hyang;Choi, Jung-Hye;Ekpeghere, Kalu I.;Kim, Soo-Gon;Koh, Sung-Cheol
    • Korean Journal of Microbiology
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    • v.47 no.4
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    • pp.356-363
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    • 2011
  • The accidental releases of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) due to oil spills frequently ended up with soil and ground water pollution. TPH may be degraded through physicochemical and biological processes in the environment but with relatively slow rates. In this study an attempt has been made to develop an integrated chemical and biological treatment technology in order to establish an efficient and environment-friendly restoration technology for the TPH contaminated soils. A Fenton-like reaction was employed as a preceding chemical treatment process and a bioaugmentation process utilizing a diesel fuel degrader consortium was subsequently applied as a biological treatment process. An efficient chemical removal of TPH from soils occurred when the surfactant OP-10S (0.05%) and oxidants ($FeSO_4$ 4%, and $H_2O_2$ 5%) were used. Bioaugmentation of the degrader consortium into the soil slurry led to an increase in their population density at least two orders of magnitude, indicating a good survival of the degradative populations in the contaminated soils ($10^8-10^9$ CFU/g slurry). TPH removal efficiencies for the Fenton-treated soils increased by at least 57% when the soils were subjected to bioaugmentation of the degradative consortium. However, relatively lower TPH treatment efficiencies (79-83%) have been observed in the soils treated with Fenton and the degraders as opposed to the control (95%) that was left with no treatment. This appeared to be due to the presence of free radicals and other oxidative products generated during the Fenton treatment which might inhibit their degradation activity. The findings in this study will contribute to development of efficient bioremediation treatment technologies for TPH-contaminated soils and sediments in the environment.