• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.688-700
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• 2013

The potential of biodiesel production technology using lipids extracted from sewage sludge was investigated. Despite the bright prospect of biodiesel production, efforts to commercialize it have been very limited. One of the major obstacles has been the high price associated with refined oil feedstock, which makes up nearly 70-75% of the total production costs. Hence, in order to reduce the cost of biodiesel production, using cheaper feedstock such as waste oil or low-quality oil has been proposed. Especially, sewage sludge, a relatively inexpensive feedstock, is a promising raw material for such a purpose. In this study, it is aimed to review biodiesel production technology from sewage sludge as a lipid feedstock. It is process modifications to combine the oil extraction steps, fuel conversion steps (i.e. in situ transesterification, thermo-chemical process with non-catalytic heterogeneous biodiesel production) and fuel quality from sewage sludge.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.84-91
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• 2012

Two staphylococcal lipases were obtained from Staphylococcus epidermidis S2 and Staphylococcus aureus S11 isolated from sebaceous areas on the skin of the human face. The molecular mass of both enzymes was estimated to be 45 kDa by SDS-PAGE. S2 lipase displayed its highest activity in the hydrolysis of olive oil at $32^{\circ}C$ and pH 8, whereas S11 lipase showed optimal activity at $31^{\circ}C$ and pH 8.5. The S2 lipase showed the property of cold-adaptation, with activation energy of 6.52 kcal/mol. In contrast, S11 lipase's activation energy, at 21 kcal/mol, was more characteristic of mesophilic lipases. S2 lipase was stable up to $45^{\circ}C$ and within the pH range from 5 to 9, whereas S11 lipase was stable up to $50^{\circ}C$ and from pH 6 to 10. Both enzymes had high activity against tributyrin, waste soybean oil, and fish oil. Sequence analysis of the S2 lipase gene showed an open reading frame of 2,067 bp encoding a signal peptide (35 aa), a pro-peptide (267 aa), and a mature enzyme (386 aa); the S11 lipase gene, at 2,076 bp, also encoded a signal peptide (37 aa), pro-peptide (255 aa), and mature enzyme (399 aa). The two enzymes maintained amino acid sequence identity of 98-99% with other similar staphylococcal lipases. Their microbial origins and biochemical properties may make these staphylococcal lipases isolated from facial sebaceous skin suitable for use as catalysts in the cosmetic, medicinal, food, or detergent industries.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.459-463
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• 2015

This study evaluated the microbial conversion of coconut oil waste, a major agro-residue in tropical countries, into single cell oil (SCO) feedstock for biodiesel production. Copra cake was used as a low-cost renewable substrate without any prior chemical or enzymatic pretreatment for submerged growth of an oleaginous tropical mangrove fungus, Aspergillus terreus IBB M1. The SCO extracted from fermented biomass was converted into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by transesterification and evaluated on the basis of fatty acid profiles and key fuel properties for biodiesel. The fungus produced a biomass (8.2 g/l) yielding 257 mg/g copra cake SCO with ~98% FAMEs. The FAMEs were mainly composed of saturated methyl esters (61.2%) of medium-chain fatty acids (C12-C18) with methyl oleate (C18:1; 16.57%) and methyl linoleate (C18:2; 19.97%) making up the unsaturated content. A higher content of both saturated FAMEs and methyl oleate along with the absence of polyunsaturated FAMEs with ≥4 double bonds is expected to impart good fuel quality. This was evident from the predicted and experimentally determined key fuel properties of FAMEs (density, kinematic viscosity, iodine value, acid number, cetane number), which were in accordance with the international (ASTM D6751, EN 14214) and national (IS 15607) biodiesel standards, suggesting their suitability as a biodiesel fuel. The low cost, renewable nature, and easy availability of copra cake, its conversion into SCO without any thermochemical pretreatment, and pelleted fungal growth facilitating easier downstream processing by simple filtration make this process cost effective and environmentally favorable.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.228-236
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• 2015

In this research, the influence of painting materials and applying timing on carbonation and chloride resistances of high volume SCMs concrete was evaluated. As a durability improving method, comparative tests were conducted with painting materials of ERCO (emulsified refined cooking oil), RCO (refined cooking oil), WR (water repellent agent), and ERCO + WR and with painting timings of right after demolding, and 28 days after the wet curing. From the experiment results, in the case of carbonation and chloride resistance, the carbonation depth and chloride penetration depth were decreased when the painting materials were applied in 28 days of wet curing. Additionally, for painting materials, with the order of ERCO, RCO, ERCO+WR, and WR, the carbonation and chloride penentration was delayed. Hence it is considered that ERCO shows the most favorable performance of resistance against carbonation and chloride penetration.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.452-459
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• 2010

This study is aimed to investigate changes of combustion characteristics and heat efficiency when syngas from gasification process using low-rank fuel such as waste and/or biomass is applied partially to an industrial boiler. An experimental study on syngas co-combustion was performed in a 0.7 MW (1 ton steam/hr) water tube boiler using heavy oil as a main fuel. Three kinds of syngas were used as an alternative fuel: mixture gas of pure carbon monoxide and hydrogen, syngas of low calorific value generated from an air-blown gasification process, and syngas of high calorific value produced from an oxygen-blown gasification process. Effects of co-combustion ratio (0~20%) for each syngas on flue gas composition were investigated through syngas injection through the nozzles installed in the side wall of the boiler and measuring $O_2$, $CO_2$, CO and NOx concentrations in the flue gas. When syngas co-combustion was applied, injected syngas was observed to be burned completely and NOx concentration was decreased because nitrogen-containing-heavy oil was partially replaced by the syngas. However, heat efficiency of the boiler was observed to be decreased due to inert compounds in the syngas and the more significant decrease was found when syngas of lower calorific value was used. However, the decrease of the efficiency was under 10% of the heat replacement by syngas.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.369-375
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• 2012

We investigated usefulness of chicken feather as bioadsorbent for removal of hexavalent chromium[Cr(VI)] and oil from aqueous solution. Chicken feather was chemically treated with DTPA, EDTA, NaOH and SDS, respectively. Among them, EDTA was the most effective in adsorbing Cr(VI). Cr(VI) uptake by chicken feather was increased with decreasing pH; the highest Cr(VI) uptake was observed at pH 2.0. By increasing Cr(VI) concentration, Cr(VI) uptake was increased, and maximum Cr(VI) uptake was 0.34 mmol/g. Cr(VI) adsorption by chicken feather was well described by Freundlich isotherm than Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich constant(1/n) was 0.476. As the concentration of chicken feather was increased, Cr (VI) removal efficiency was increased but Cr(VI) uptake was decreased. Most of Cr(VI) was adsorbed at early reaction stage(1 h) and adsorption equilibrium was established at 5 h. On the other hand, chicken feather adsorbed effectively oils including bunker-A and bunker-C. In conclusion, our results suggest that chicken feather waste could be used to remove heavy metal and oil; it is a potential candidate for biosorption material.

• Advances in materials Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.121-146
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• 2022

In the recent years, the use of agricultural waste in green cement mortar and concrete production has attracted considerable attention because of potential saving in the large areas of landfills and potential enhancement on the performance of mortar. In this research, microparticles of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) obtained from a multistage thermal and mechanical treatment processes of raw POFA originating from palm oil mill was utilized as a pozzolanic material to produce high-performance cement mortar (HPCM). POFA was used as a partial replacement material to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at replacement levels of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40% by volume. Sand with particle size smaller than 300 ㎛ was used to enhance the performance of the HPCM. The HPCM mixes were tested for workability, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), porosity and absorption. The results portray that the incorporation of micro POFA in HPCMs led to a slight reduction in the compressive strength. At 40% replacement level, the compressive strength was 87.4 MPa at 28 days which is suitable for many high strength applications. Although adding POFA to the cement mixtures harmed the absorption and porosity, those properties were very low at 3.4% and 11.5% respectively at a 40% POFA replacement ratio and after 28 days of curing. The HPCM mixtures containing POFA exhibited greater increase in strength and UPV as well as greater reduction in absorption and porosity than the control OPC mortar from 7 to 28 days of curing age, as a result of the pozzolanic reaction of POFA. Micro POFA with finely graded sand resulted in a dense and high strength cement mortar due to the pozzolanic reaction and increased packing effect. Therefore, it is demonstrated that the POFA could be used with high replacement ratios as a pozzolanic material to produce HPCM.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.316-322
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• 2010

The research attempted to develop a wood adhesive based on waste cooking oil, using ozonification technology for the chemical structure modification. The waste cooking oil (WCO) was reacted with $O_3$ for different times; 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h. The chemical structure modifications of the ozonized WCOs were examined by Fourier transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrum. The FT-IR spectrum of WCO had an absorbance peak at 3,010 $cm^{-1}$ that was the characteristic peak of the unsaturated double bonds. As ozone treatment time increased, the peak of the double bond was disappeared and carboxyl peak appeared at 1,700 $cm^{-1}$. Especially, the double bond of 3 hrs-ozonized WCO was vanished almost. In results of the dry bonding strengths of the 3 hrs-ozonized WCO mixed with polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) were the strengths of weight ratio of 3hrs-ozonized WCO : pMDI, 1 : 0.5, 8.08 kgf/$cm^2$, 1 : 0.75, 9.53 kgf/$cm^2$ 1 : 1, 44.16 kgf/$cm^2$, 1 : 2, 58.08 kgf/$cm^2$, 1 : 3, 61.41 kgf/$cm^2$, and 1 : 4, 46.95 kgf/$cm^2$. Therefore, it was found that the optimum equivalent ratio was formed at the ratio of 1 : 2 or 1 : 3. Under wetting the bonding strength of 1 : 3 ratio was appeared higher than that of 1 : 2 ratio, while the results obtained from hot-water and cyclic boiling shear test were similar.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.190-190
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• 2011

In South Korea the gross generation and heated effluent of power generation plant was 259 TWh and 4.73 billion tons in 2008. And then the waste heat from power generation was 388 TWh. It shows that the efficiency of thermal power generation plant is about 40%. Therefore to reduce $CO_2$ emission from thermal power generation plant, the energy of this heated effluent must be reused to heat buildings or farm facilities. In South Korea horticultural facilities of about 25% are heated in winter season. Total area of greenhouses which are heated is about 13,000 ha. Total heat amount needed to warm greenhouse of 13,000 ha in winter season is only 3.4% of total waste heat from power generation plant. In this study a heat pump system was designed to reuse the waste heat from power generation. Especially new heat exchanger was developed to recover the thermal energy from waste water and this model considered anti-corrosion against sea water and low cost for economic feasibility. This heat recovery system was installed in mango growing greenhouse around thermal power generation plant in Seogwipo-city, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. The result of preliminary test shows that the heating cost of about 90% is saved as compared to boiler using tax free light oil as a fuel.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.383-388
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• 2010

Catalytic dissociation reaction was studied in order to transform waste plastics to oil by using noble metal supported catalysts. XRD, SEM, and GC/MSD analysis were performed to find the crystalline structure and shape, and product distribution. Generally, dissociation reaction occurs at low temperature compared to pyrolysis. Dissociation reaction has advantage of gasoline yield with respect to pyrolysis which products mainly $C_1\simC_4$. The result of dissociation reaction, gasoline was obtained much as a product. $C_5\simC_{11}$ compounds were produced as a gasoline product on Pt-zeolite among noble metal catalysts at $340^{\circ}C$. The conversion of dissociation reaction of waste plastics on the prepared catalyst was above 70% over $340^{\circ}C$.