• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.584-590
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• 1993

The constructed closed recycling system discussed in this technical report will be economically viable in future for the production of fish and vegetable in earth, space station and space colony, further, it will contribute a lot in the prevention of pollution in the world's ecological system. To make combined system, water management (Nitrification) is required, and it took 45 days to breed microorganism which facilitates this process. After this period , the recycle was confirmed to be working .Using derived equations, the expected nutrient characteristics of waste water were determined and it was found that the resulting nutrient balance was almost same as that in hydroponic solution when KOH was added to maintain pH level. Reverse osmosis (RO) system could solve the problem of the low nutrient concentration . It was found that plants grow well in fish waste water which was produced using RO system. RO system could combine fish and plant production through the advantageous use of separated high concentration water for plant and permeated water for fish in integrated combined system.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.200-204
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• 2003

This study was conducted to develop a technology for raising seedlings hydroponically using the bed in which the seedlings grew in nutrient solution without soil. In order to establish the optimum EC value of nutrient solution, six initial EC values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 dS/m and control) of Yoshida's hydroponic solution were examined. Seedling height and dry weight increased with increasing below EC up to 3.0 dS/m, but showed no significant increase at higher than EC 3.0 dS/m. Nutrient solution with initial EC of 3.0 dS/m was good to be dropped down nearly to 1 dS/m after 15-day seedling culture. But those with initial EC of 4.0 and 5.0 dS/m were judged not appropriate because of high EC value in waste nutrient solution. Utilization efficiency of minerals of nutrient solution and rice endosperm was higher on the whole at initial EC of 2.0-3.0 dS/m. Considering seedling growth and utilization efficiency of supplied nutrient solution, initial EC is judged to be suitable at 3.0 dS/m.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.574-579
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• 2010

Waste nutrient solution (WNS) that was the drained nutrient solution of Horticultural Research Institute of Japan for culture tomato in perlite hydroponics showed $1.9-2.4dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ of EC and 5.7-7.1 pH from April to July. Although ${NH_4}^+-N$ concentration of WNS decreased remarkably, the other nutrients did not change significantly, as compared with supplied solution. There were no significant differences in plant height, stem diameter, and the other growth characteristics of tomato plants grown by 2 fertigation nutrient solutions; BHF (Bountiful Harvest Fertilizer, 10% of N, 13% of $PO_4$, 13% of K, 0.05% of B, 0.05% of Zn, and 0.0023% of Cu that made in Korea) and Megasol (11% of N, 8% of $PO_4$, 34% of K, 0.032% of Mn, 0.002% of B, 0.048% of Fe, 0.0122% of Zn, and 0.0023% of Cu that made in Belgium.); however, the chlorophyll content of tomato leaf was highest in WNS. The fresh and dry weight of tomato plants were higher in 3 fertigation treatments than irrigation of tap water, while there were no significant differences in fresh and dry weight among the 3 fertigation treatments. The mineral content of tomato leaf also did not show any differences among the 3 fertigation treatments and any regular tendency in all minerals. Total yield, fruit weight and fruit numbers of tomato were higher in WNS, followed by Megasol, BHF and control, although there were not any difference among the 3 fertigation nutrient solution treatments. BER(blossom-end rot)of tomato fruits decreased in fertigation treatments, especially, fruits grown in WNS and BHF showed lower BER. However, the transpiration rate of leaf was higher in control, followed by BHF, WNS and Megasol, The fruit size and soluble solids content was higher in 3 fertigation nutrient treatments than control. These results suggest that WNS can be used for fertigation solution in tomato because yield and quality of tomato fruit grown in WNS fertigation treatment were similar to those in 2 fertigation nutrient solutions treatments(BHF, Megasol).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.24-28
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• 2005

Waste of the hydroponic solution from the plastic film house cultivation was recycled to grow the red pepper(Capsicum annum L.) in upland fields as supplement for plant nutrients and irrigation sources. Application of hydroponic waste solution increased the pH and EC of the soils, coupled with the increases in the concentrations of exchangeable cations(Ca, Mg, and K), total nitrogen, $NH_4-N,\;and\;NO_3-N$. Growth and yield of red pepper were highest when the treatment of chemical fertilizer(70%) was combined with hydroponic waste solution(30%). Amounts of the daily producing hydroponic waste solution were 2,880 L $ha^{-1}\;day^{-1}$ from the experimental facilities and this could irrigate $409.86m^2$ of area to compensate for the amount of water loss by evapotranspiration(3%). The overall results demonstrated that hydroponic waste solution could be recycled as plant nutrients and irrigation water resources for enhancing soil fertility and environmental quality.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.80-84
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• 2014

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for all living organisms. P is mostly obtained from mined rock phosphate. However, existing rock phosphate reserves could be exhausted in the next 50-100 years. As Korea is totally dependent on imported rock phosphate, we should seek for solution to overcome the P depletion by efficient use and recycling. For this, this study suggested a P flow model to identify the location and flow route of P in urban area based on traditional material flow analysis. The type of P entering the urban areas are fertilizer, food and feed. Each type of P is used in agriculture, human consumption and animal husbandry. After going through each process, P is moved to waste management facilities within food waste, excreta and sewage. Some portion of P in waste are buried, incinerated and discharged, which can be reservoir of P in the future.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 2009

Waste nutrient solution (WNS) that composed of nutrient solution of horticultural research institute in Japan and used for culture tomato in perlite hydroponics showed $1.9{\sim}2.4$ dS/m of EC and $5.5{\sim}7.1$ of pH. Although $NH_{4}^+$-N concentration of WNS decreased remarkably, the others did not change significantly as compared with supplied solution. The growth characteristics such as plant height, stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width were increased as amount of compost was increased in 1 L WNS supply treatment. But there was not any regular tendency on growth characteristics in 2 L/plant WNS supply treatment. The chlorophyll content of tomato leaf was highest in I L/plant WNS supply and 4,000 kg/10a compost treatment. The fresh and dry weight, and yield of tomato fruit also increased with increase of amount of WNS and compost, and they were highest in 1 L WNS supply and 4,000 kg/10a compost treatment. The sugar content of tomato fruits was not influenced by amount of WNS and compost, fructose and glucose and total sugar was highest in 2 L/plant WNS supply and 2,000 kg/10a compost treatment. Therefore fertigation culture used WNS is environmentally friendly and can guarantee yield and quality of tomato fruits and growth of tomato plants.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11c
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• pp.757-763
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• 2000

It is fundamental to control individual condition of every seedling. Automatic individual control is used by data control and analysis at on-line. As a result the best condition system was build without all waste. This system uses one of new technology irrigation system. This irrigation system supply accurate quantity of nutrient solution in the shortest time. The system named the upward injection irrigation system. First of all it is necessary to be considered whether the soil is proper or improper for upward injection irrigation system. It is important that root absorb nutrient solution as fast as possible. The ability of spreading, storing water, contamination of environment and cost were considered when choose the medium. The soil of organic culture is developed recently. The soil consists of paper pulp and vermiculite. The new soil is more suitable than ordinary medium for growing plant because this medium is made of paper pulp. The ability of store and spread of water is it's feature. We can make paper tray of this paper pulp's raw material. It is possible that pulp tray replaced plastic tray. The original plug tray of growing seedling system can make which consist of pulp medium and pulp tray. In this study, it was examined whether the plug seedling of paper pulp medium grow with upward injection irrigation system in this seedling plant system. At the same time, examine ability of store and spread of water and how to grow plant on the paper pulp medium.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.98-108
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• 2007

In order to use food wastes for the source of fermented feed for pigs, this study was aimed to produce better culture inoculum by the aeration and addition of pig' s blood meal as sub nutrient. For the preparation of inoculum as bacterial strain, Lactobacillus brevis isolated from pig intestine, and a yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae from strawberries were used. Molasses and whey were used as main ingredients for the culture solution as well as yeast extract and other ingredients as sub nutrients. As the experimental result, aeration showed a positive effect to enhance viable cell count or retarding death phase. Although sub nutrient yeast extracts were replaced with pig's blood meal, fermentation characteristics were almost similar to that of yeast extract. When the inoculum was stored at room temperature, L. brevis and S. cerevisiae maintained the viable cell concentration of approximately 8 log cfu/mL for 1 week. 2 Days after the culture solution was mixed with food waste, the number of unwanted bacteria had rapidly increased, but E.coli was not detected for 5 days.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.400-405
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• 2006

Waste nutrient solution(WNS) using non-recycled hydroponics for melon increased contents of $NO_3$-N and cataions, such as, Ca, K, while anions except $NO_3$-N were decreased slightly as the musk melon plants grew. pH and EC of WNS were maintained 5.7$\sim$7.0, 2.0$\sim$2.2 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, respectively. The musk melon plants cultivated by fertigation using WNS showed longer plant height and root length, and higher chlorophyll content than that grown by hydroponics. The fruit weight of musk melon grown by fertigation using WNS were 417.1 g heavier than that cultivated by hydroponics and soluble solids contents of musk melon fruit cultivated by fertigation using WNS was $13.3^{\circ}Brix$, that was $1.4^{\circ}Brix$ higher than that grown by hydroponics. While the growth of cucumber plants and size of cucumber fruits were not different between in fertigation using WNS and hydroponics, total yields and marketable fruit percentage showed more in fertigation using WNS than in hydroponics.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.170-179
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• 2012

We examined pretreatment methods eliminating potassium and sodium efficiently for coir bag used in hydroponics by analyzing drainage coming from coir bags. In the first experiment we investigated for six coir bags with the high market shares. The three types of pretreatment were washing coir bags with only water for 7 days (W7S0), washing with water for 4 days and further with nutrient solution for 3 days (W4S3), and washing with only nutrient solution for 7 days (W0S7). In the second experiment we tested reproducibility of the experiment results for Bio Grow and coco Mix among six coir bags used in the first experiment to verify the results. As a result, the best pretreatments for the pH stabilization were W4S3 and W0S7. The EC value of the drainage was stabilized to less than 1.0 that is the same as EC of the supply solution on the fourth day in all treatments. The nutrients of the drainage in W7S0 was stabilized in 3~4 days but calcium and magnesium were depleted. We assessed that washing longer than 4 days was waste of water. The stabilization of coir bags in W0S7 was similar to it in W4S3, but washing with the nutrient solution for 7 days seemed to be uneconomical. The reproducibility experiment for two coir bags ensured the results in the first experiment. Therefore, the pretreatment method, which is the most simple to implement and economic, seems to wash with water for 3 days and then with the nutrient solution for 1 day before planting on coir bag.