• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 1978

A bark comprises about 10 to 20 percents of a typical log by volume, and is generally considered as an unwanted residue rather than a potential1y valuable resourses, As the world has been confronted with decreasing forest resources, natural resources pressure dictate that a bark should be a raw material instead of a waste. The utilization of the largely wasted bark of genus Pinus, Quercus, and Populus grown in Korea can be enhanced by learning their chemical properties. However, the chemical study of tree bark grown in korea have never been undertaken. In the present paper, the studies on the chemical properties of bark comprise carbohydrates, lignin, and extractives, composition of reducing sugars and five essential elements. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. Bark are much richer in quantity of lignin and extractives than the corresponding wood, and are chiefly consisted of lignin, extractives and carbohydrates orderly. It is the same with ash contents. Alcohol-benzene extractives of populus bark are the highest among three genus. 2. Although glucose constitutes the major sugar in both pine and hardwoods bark, in pinus, arabinose and xylose are the next but in hard woods, the next is xylose. 3. Essential elements, Ca and Kjeldahl-N are higher in the bark than in the wood. Ca content is the highest among others, and N,K followed it. Essential elements are higher in Quercus than in Populus and pinus.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.271-277
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• 2008

The biofilm of white-rot fungi fully exposed in atmosphere are that operation is easy, management cost and energy waste is low. To develop biofilm of white-rot fungi fully exposed in atmosphere, basic test are as follows. To select most effective microoganism species, investigated treatment characteristics of wastewater containing non-biodegradable material for three species of white-rot fungi(Phanerochaete chrysosporium PSBL-1, Phanerochaete chrysosporium KCTC 6147, Trametes sp. KFCC 10941) and activated sludge. And then investigated attached and detached biomass of selected white-rot fungi species on HBC ring surface. Among the three strains tested, P. chrysosporium PSBL-1 and P. chrysosporium KCTC 6147 showed higher efficiency for organics removal than Trametes sp. KFCC 10941, and P. chrysosporium PSBL-1 showed higher efficiency for nitrogen removal than P. chrysosporium KCTC 6147 and Trametes sp. KFCC 10941. Respectively, 51$\sim$59.8%, 57.5$\sim$60.3% of NBDCOD was removed for P. chrysosporium PSBL-1 and P. chrysosporium 6147 in pH 3.5$\sim$5.5. TN removal efficiency showed 39.3$\sim$85.3%, 3.4$\sim$7.6% for P. chrysosporium PSBL-1 and P. chrysosporium 6147 in pH 4.5$\sim$11.5 respectively. Considered that white-rot fungi remove organism and nitrogen simultaneously, the microorganism selected white-rot fungi P. chrysosporium PSBL-1. White-rot fungi P. chrysosporium PSBL-1 attached on HBC ring surface 4,538 mg/L, 4,546 mg/L, 4,531 mg/L after 5 minutes, 4,575 mg/L, 4,573 mg/L, 4,568 mg/L after 10 minutes from initial MLSS 4,600 mg/L in pH 4, 7 and 10 respectively. Also detached biomass is negligible from right after attachment to 10 day in pH 4, 7 and 10.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.303-313
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• 2008

This research is aimed to investigate the cultivation method of oyster mushroom[Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) Kummer] at the non-sterilized medium with $Ca(OH)_2$ treatment. Therefore, experiments were carried out to develop non-sterilization method of medium by addition of $Ca(OH)_2$ for omission of heat sterilization progress of medium. General components, minerals and amino acid in Jiri wild type No. 1 (Pleurotus ostreatus) and production cost were analyzed. For the purpose of omission of heat sterilization progress, treatment ratio of $Ca(OH)_2$ (purity 95%) was 5%(w/w) of dry medium. Initial pH of this medium was 11 and then the pH was changed by 9 after the uniform mixing of the medium for half an hour. The various germs occurred 50% and 100% at pH 8 and pH 7 of the non-sterilized medium, respectively. Production of oyster mushroom increased by $2,030\;ton\;ha^{-1}$ when the main raw material used corn pith instead of waste cotton. The time required of mycelium culture was 30 days when hypha was cultured at the non-sterilized medium, and pinhead occurred when 2 or 3 days was passed after the time required of mycelium culture. Occurrence of pinhead was most rapid at the condition of $22{\sim}26^{\circ}C$, 65% humidity and pH $6.5{\sim}7.0$ and required of $22{\sim}28$ days at $70{\sim}80\;mm$ thickness of non-sterilized medium. Ca content in 1st harvest oyster mushroom was higher than that in 2nd harvest one, and its difference was $30.3\;mg\;kg^{-1}$. Amino acid content by stipe thickness of oyster mushroom was ranged from 411.2 to $343.9\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ both in a pileus and a stipe of 1st harvest mushroom, and from 402.4 to $498.2\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ and from 442.6 to $470.4\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ in those of 2nd harvest one, respectively. The results of the present study suggest that the non-sterilization medium by addition of $Ca(OH)_2$ is usable with the cultivation of oyster mushroom.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.388-395
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• 2016

This paper explores the photocatalytic sensitivity of cement mortar incorporated with recycled $TiO_2$ from waste water sludge. Basically, $TiO_2$ cluster sank down slowly to the bottom of cement mortar specimen before setting and hardening process. This leads the mismatch of $TiO_2$ concentration on the top and the bottom faces of a specimen. This poorly dispersed $TiO_2$-cement mortar naturally exhibits poor NOx removal efficiency especially on the top of cementitious structure. In architectural engineering application such as building or housing structures, one can simply filp over from the bottom so that more $TiO_2$ concentrated surface can be placed outward into the air. However, in highway pavement case, this could not be applicable due to in-situ installation of concrete pavement. Hence, the dispersion of $TiO_2$ cluster inside the cementitous material is getting important issue onto road construction application. To elaborate this issue, according to our results, silica fume, high-ranged water reducer, viscosity agent, blast furnace slag were not enhanced much of dispersion characteristics of $TiO_2$ cluster. The combination of foaming agent and accelerator of hardening with viscosity agent and small grain size of fine aggregate may help the dispersion of $TiO_2$ inside cementitious materials. Even though the enhanced dispersion were applied to the specimen, NOx removal efficiency doest not change much for the top surface of the specimen. This concurrently affected by the presence of tiny air voids and the dispersion of $TiO_2$ in that these voids could easily adsorbed NOx gas with the aid of large surface area.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.125-147
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• 2009

The Basic Environmental Policy Act (BEPA) (Law No. 4257 effective 1. August 1990) sets forth the basic policies and administrative framework for environmental preservation, leaving more detailed regulations, and emission controls to separate laws targeting air, water, and solid waste, etc. The BEPA Article 31 adopts an unprecedented strict liability standard for damages as an absolute liability. The BEPA Article 31 provides for liability as follows. If a company is alleged to have caused damage through pollution of the environment, it will be liable for damages unless it can show that the pollution did not cause damages, or that it did not actually cause pollution. If the company did cause pollution, and if the pollution is the cause for the damages in question, the company will be liable irrespective of whether it was negligent or otherwise at fault. If there are two or more companies involved in the pollution, but it is unclear which company caused the damages, all of the companies will be jointly and severally liable for the damages. In this paper, the author attempts to uncover the problems of BEPA Article 31 and then seeks desirable amendments by comparing it to the German Environmental Liability Act. First, it will be necessary to provide definitions of 'companies etc.'. Second, it will be necessary to enumerate the kinds of company facilities. Third, it will be necessary to provide exclusionary clauses on material damages. Fourth, it will be necessary to show 'presumption of cause and effect'. Fifth, it will be necessary to provide a clause on 'right to information'. Sixth, it will be necessary to provide a clause for force majeure. Seventh, it will be necessary to take measures to secure abundant liability for damages which can be caused by the owner of the facility, the potential polluter. Finally, it is appropriate that Korea now legislate an Environmental Liability Act akin to the German Environmental Liability Act.

• Solar Energy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.53-61
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• 1991

In this research, Octacosane($C_{28}H_{58}$) and Sodium Acetate Trihydrate($CH_3COONa{\cdot}3H_2O$) were selected as latent heat storage materials to store off-peak electricity or waste heat of an industrial plant. Experimental analyses were performed in terms of the variation of phase change temperature and latent heat, phase change stability for the long term utilization. The results were as follows. 1. The phase change temperatures of industrial grade Octacosane and Sodium Acetate Trihydrate were $60.7^{\circ}C$ and $57.4^{\circ}C$, the latent heat were 60.6kcal/kg and 51.1kcal/kg respectively. 2. The latent heat quantity of Octacosane was decreased with the increasing number of phase change cycles. It decreased from 60.6kcal/kg to 47.2kcal/kg upto 200 cycles and then no variation was observed after 200 cycles. 3. To prevent the supercooling of Sodium Acetate Trihydrate, the nucleating agent, Sodium Pyrophosphate Decahydrate of 3 wt% was added, and then the supercooling temperature (Tm-Tsc) was decreased from $25.7^{\circ}C$ to $1^{\circ}C$. The phase separation was disappeared by the addition of CMC-Na of 3 wt% as a thickener. It was found that the optimal quantity of nucleating agent and thickener was 4wt% considering the stability of SAT as a latent heat storage material. 4. The phase change temperature of Sodium Acetate Trihydrate($CH_3COONa{\cdot}3H_2O$) was adjusted from 57.4 to $46.2^{\circ}C$ by the addition of UREA. And then the latent heat quantity was decreased from 51.1 to 38.3kcal/kg. 5. When the heat storage capacities between the sensible and latent heat storage materials were analyzed and compared in heating process from 30 to $90^{\circ}C$, the heat storage capacity of Octacosane was 2.45 times larger than water and 12.5 times than granite at $60.7^{\circ}C$, and the heat storage capacity of Sodium Acetate Trihydrate was 2.53 times larger than water and 12.91 times than granite at $57.4^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 1998

A stream plays an important role as the source of drinking water, the ecological space and the living space. But the today's urban stream whose ecosystem is destroyed and water quality become worse in consequence of covering, concrete dyke construction, and the adjustment of high-water-ground[dunchi], is deprived of the function as a stream. Therefore this paper aims to elucidate the role that urban stream plays ecologically and to try to find a improvement to the problem. A stream is the pathway through which several types of the solar radiation energy are transmitted and the place which is always full of life energy. In the periphery of a stream, primary productivity is high and carrying capacity of population is great. Thus ancient cities based on agricultural products grew out of the fertile surroundings of stream. In Korea most cities of the Chosen Dynasty Period based on the agriculture have grown out of the erosional basins where solar energy is concentrated. The role of a stream in this agricultural system is the source of energy and material(water and sediment) and a lifeline. In consequence of the growth of cities and the rapid growing demands of water supply after the Industrial Revolution, a stream has become a more important locational factor of city. However, because cities need the life energy of urban streams no longer, urban streams cannot play role as a lifeline. And As pollutant waste water has poured into urban streams after using external streams' water, urban streams have degraded to the status of a ditch. As the results of the progress of urbanization, the dangerousness of inundation of urban stream increased and its water quality became worse. For the sake of holding back it, local governments constructed concrete dyke, adjusted high-water-ground[dunchi], and covered the channel. But stream ecosystem went to ruin and its water quality became much worse after channelization. These problems of urban stream can be solved by transmitting much energy contained in stream to land ecosystem as like rural stream. We should dissipate most of the energy contained in urban stream by cultivating wetland vegetation from the shore of stream to high-water-ground, and should recover a primitive natural vigorous power by preparation of ecological park.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.211-219
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• 2004

Three sludge types from pharmaceutical byproducts and one sludge type from cosmetic waste-water sludge as raw materials of compost were used in a field based concrete pot ($4\;m^2$, $2\;m{\times}2\;m$) for investigating damage of red pepper cultivation. These sludges and pig manure (1 Mg/10a, dry basis) were incorporated into the upper of clay loam soil prior to transplanting with red pepper. Changes in concentration and properties of heavy metal for both of soil and plant were investigated 4 times during of red pepper growth. Plant height and stem diameter of red pepper in sludge treatments except to Pharmaceutical sludge 3 were poor than those of NPK treatment. This result were regarded as an effect of incompleted decomposition sludge which has a lot of organic matter concentration. Amount of total As was increased rapidly Jul. 8. in soil, total Zn Cu Pb Cd were in harvest time, and 1 N-HCl extractable Zn Cu Pb Cd As were in harvest at middle stage and then decreased. Amounts of nitrogen in plant (leaf and stem) were high in Phamaceutical Sludge 1 and fig Manure treatment in early and middle stage because of organic matter and nitrogen concentrations and characteristics. Amounts of Zn, Pb, and Ni in leaf and amount of Zn and Pb in stem were increased in harvest time so that we need to have a concern in detail. Total yield of red pepper was Pig Manure > Phamaceutical Sludge 3 > Phamaceutical Sludge 1 > NPK > Phamaceutical Sludge 2 and Cosmetic Sludge treatment was decreased considerably to compare to others. Amounts of Zn and Cu in green and red pepper in harvest time were higher than the other heavy metals. Finally these results can use to utilize that finding damage on crop for authorization and suitability estimation of raw material of compost.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.339-344
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• 2006

A lot of organic wastes have been produced from diverse industries, they must be tested by the regulation of fertilizer control act if reuse the organic wastes for agricultural utilization. The regulation has had only two criteria; the content of organic matter and 8 heavy metals. This study was conducted to evaluation trace element (boron, cobalt, molybdenum, and selenium) and distribution of organic compounds with different classification for complement the regulation in 16 organic waste materials(62 samples) collected from different regions and industries. Contents of boron(leather industry sludge, $154.2mg\;kg^{-1}$; food company sludge, $57.1mg\;kg^{-1}$), cobalt(industrial area sewage sludge, $95.2mg\;kg^{-1}$; metropolitan sewage sludge, $22.9mg\;kg^{-1}$), molybdenum(metropolitan sewage sludge, $40.1mg\;kg^{-1}$; food company sludge, $16.8mg\;kg^{-1}$), selenium (fiber industry sludge, $28.1mg\;kg^{-1}$; leather industry sludge, $16.9mg\;kg^{-1}$; food company sludge, $15.9mg\;kg^{-1}$) were highest compare to the other organic wastes. Total PAHs contents were the highest in paper-mill manufacture($3,462ug\;kg^{-1}$), and among the 16 PAHs, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, fluoroanthene, Anthracene and acenaphthene were detected more clearly than others in all kinds of organic resources.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.57 no.6
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• pp.874-882
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• 2019

In this study, the gasification characteristics of four types of unused woody biomass and one waste wood in a lab-scale bubbling fluidized bed gasifier (Diameter: 0.11 m, Height: 0.42 m) were investigated. Effect of equivalence ratio (ER) of 0.15-0.3 and gas velocity of $2.5-5U_0/U_{mf}$ are determined at the constant temperature of $800^{\circ}C$ and fuel feeding rate of 1 kg/h. The silica sand particle having an average particle size of $287{\mu}m$ and olivine with an average particle size of $500{\mu}m$ were used as the bed material, respectively. The average product gas composition of samples is as follows; $H_2$ 3-4 vol.%, CO 15-16 vol.%, $CH_4$ 4 vol.% and $CO_2$ 18-19 vol.% with a lower heating value (LHV) of $1193-1301kcal/Nm^3$ and higher heating value (HHV) of $1262-1377kcal/Nm^3$. In addition, it was found that olivine reduced most of C2 components and increased $H_2$ content compared to silica sand, resulting in cracking reaction of tar. The non-condensable tar decreases by 72% ($1.24{\rightarrow}0.35g/Nm^3$) and the condensable tar decreases by 27% ($4.4{\rightarrow}3.2g/Nm^3$).