• Health Policy and Management
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.232-265
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• 1998

Taiwan has experienced rapid economic growth during the past two decades. As a result, the demand for health care in Taiwan has increased rapidly. To meet the rising demand, Taiwan implemented a National Health Insurance (NHI) program on March 1, 1995. This program now covers more than 96 percent of Taiwan's citizens. Implementation of the NHI in 1995 represents fulfillment of a primary social and health policy goals of Taiwan. The goals of the NHI program is to eliminate financial barriers of health care for the citizens, to improve the quality of care. To achieve these goals, the NHI was designed on the following principles: 1. All Taiwan citizens are compul내교 joined the NHI program by law; 2. The NHI program provides comprehensive services; 3. The NHI is run by one single govt' subsidy; 5. The NHI adopt fee-for-services scheme to pay medical expenses and copayment to avoid abouse of medical services. However, the scheme did not bring in the efficient use of health care C. National Health Council, 1986 NARC, Aging in Japan, International Publication Series 1991;2 Kahana EF. Kiyak HA. Attitude and behavior of staff in facilities for the aged, 1984 Naoki I, John CC. Health polic report japan's medical care system, New England Joumal of Medicine 1995; 333(19) National Economic Research Associates, The Health CAre System in Japan, NERA, 1993. National Federation of health Insurance Societies (KEMPOREM), Health Insurance and Health Insurance Societies in Japan, 1995. Owe Ahlund, Aging and housing in sweden, Paper presented at the International Symposium, Long term Care Facility, 1993. Statisitics Jahrbuch, Statistisches Bundesamt, 1992. Stein S. Linn, MIW. and Stein EM. Patient's anticipation of stress in nursing home care, 1985. U. S. Senate Special Committee on Aging, A Report of the special Committee on Aging, Washing D. C, 1992. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1994.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.310-321
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• 2007

Effective and systematic sanitation management programs are necessary to prevent foodborne disease outbreaks in school foodservice operations. The purpose of this study was to identify the elements to improve in order to ensure the safety of school food service by evaluating sanitation management practices implemented under HACCP-based programs. The survey was designed to assess the level of hygiene practices of school food service by using an inspection checklist of food hygiene and safety. Fifty-four school foodservice establishments considered as poor sanitation practice groups from two year inspections by Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education were surveyed from September to December in 2005. Inspection checklists consisted of seven categories with 50 checkpoints; facilities and equipment management, personal hygiene, ingredient control, process control, environmental sanitation management, HACCP system and safety management. Surveyed schools scored $68.0{\pm}12.42$ points out of 100 on average. The average score (% of compliance) of each field was 10.7/20 (53.3%) for facilities and equipment management, 7.4/11 (67.2%) for personal hygiene, 7.4/11 (74.1%) for ingredient control, 22.4/32 (69.8%) for process control, 8.9/12 (73.8%) for environmental sanitation management, 4.2/7 (59.7%) for HACCP systems management, and 7.2/8 (89.7%) for safety management, respectively. The field to be improved first was the sanitation control of facilities and equipment. The elements to improve this category were unprofessional consultation for kitchen layout, improper compartment of the kitchen area, lacks of pest control, inadequate water supply, poor ventilation system, and insufficient hand-washing facilities. To elevate the overall performance level of sanitation management, prerequisite programs prior to HACCP plan implementation should be stressed on the school officials, specifically principals, for the integration of the system.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.264-276
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to propose HACCP system implementation properly and to secure the food safety of school foodservices in Pohang city since the proper facilities and equipment should be key factors in food safety and production. So this study was designed to evaluate existing equipment in food production area, receiving and dining area, and employee facilities. Questionnaire was mailed to 107 school foodservice dietitians in Pohang area and 97 were responded (90.7% response rate). Approximately sixty percent of foodservices were not available separate receiving or polluted area, fifty one percent were installed screen door for insecticidal and temperature and humidity control, and these environmental conditions were hard to keep kitchen dry and sanitary condition. Usually public schools were better equipped than private schools. Forty three percent of school foodservice had initial use of non-foodservice, opened before 1994, and thirty three percent of elementary school foodservice. Among employee facilities, hand washing sanitation stand was prepared seventy nine percent (78.9%) of school foodservices. Dietitians chose outworn equipment and facilities (30.9%), difficulties of maintaining standard temperature and humidity for foodservice (20.6%), lacking separate receiving or polluted area (13.4%), indirect contamination of water hoss (10.3%), and lacking employee facilities (10.3%) as critical points to correct in school foodservice. Therefore governmental regulating agencies must review and approval of plans prior to new construction or extensive remodeling of school foodservice facilities. In addition to these requirement, plan must be set-up step by step to implement HACCP system properly.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.307-315
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• 1997

In this paper, a sample chamber which provide easy replacement of ISFET sensor and consume only small sample volume for electrolyte analysis is designed and a 4-channel electrolyte analyzer employing 2-point calibration method is implemented. In addition, we proposed sample loading detection circuit for minimizing sample and calibration solutions and implemented it. Developed electrolyte analyzer consists of control system part and flow system part. For the effective control of the developed hardware, system software is developed as three individual routines ; measuring routine, calibration routine and washing routine.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.43-49
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• 2013

A study on the recovery of lithium and leaching behavior of NCM powder by hydrogen reduction for NCM system Li-ion battery scraps was investigated. The reductive rate was about 93% at $800^{\circ}C$ by hydrogen treatment. The lithium carbonate with 99% purity was manufactured by using $CO_2$ gas and washing method with water for NCM powder after hydrogen reduction. As a result of comparing the powders before and after the hydrogen reduction treatment for acid leaching behavior we obtained 32% enhanced leaching rate of cobalt, 45% enhanced leaching rate of nickel and the 90% leaching effect for manganese by hydrogen reduction at 2M $H_2SO_4$ concentration condition.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.172-179
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• 2022

Unlike other processes such as washing, the ironing process in the laundry process is difficult to standardize and thus relies on manual labor. Unlike upper garments, pants have pleats at the waist as well as a crease line below the waist, Therefore, two separate ironing devices have been developed and used. However, in this method, problems such as additional worker input, space loss, and wrinkling of pants occur due to manual movement between processes, Consequently, a pants ironing device that combines the two equipments is required. The all-in-one pants ironing system described in this paper automatically sequentially irons the upper part and side of the pants regardless of the length, shape, and upper pleats of the pants. It also performs a self-diagnosis function while displaying the ironing progress on the user's monitor. As a result of this study, it became possible to double the amount of ironing and reduce power consumption by more than 20% compared to the case of using two independent equipment.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.31-38
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• 2003

A pilot scale biofilter pretreatment-microfiltration system (BF-MF) was operated to investigate the effect of biofilter treatment in fouling reduction of microfiltration. Biofiltration was expected to reduce the membrane fouling by removal of turbidity and metal oxides. The hollow-fiber MF module with a nominal pore size of 0.1$\mu$m and a surface area of 8m$^2$ was submerged in a filtration tank and microfiltration was operated at a constant flux of 0.5 m/d. Biofiltration using polypropylene pellets was performed at a high filtration velocity of 320 m/d. Two experimental setups composed of MF and BF/MF, i.e., without and with biofilter pretreatment, were compared. Throughout the experimental period of 9 months, biofilter pretreatment was effective to reduce the membrane fouling, which was proved by the result of time variations of trans-membrane pressure and backwash conditions. The turbidity removal rate by biofiltration varied between 40% to 80% due to the periodic washing for biofilter contactor and raw water turbidity. In addition to turbidity, metals, especially Mn, Fe and Al were removed effectively with average removal rates of 89.2%, 67.8% and 64.9%, respectively. Further analysis of foulants on the used membranes revealed that turbidity and metal removal by biofiltration was the major effect of biofiltration pretreatment against microfiltration fouling.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.217-222
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• 1991

Most progesterone enzyme immunoassays(EIA) are used liquid phase double-antibody separation. These methods consume considerable time and reagents because of the requirements for several washing and centrifugation steps involving the reactants. Because of there several problems, we were prompted to develop an effective EIA system by the use of higher titer of progesterone antiserum free of anti-bovine serum albumin antibodies (anti-BSA). The results obtained were as follows. 1. The antibody of progesterone antiserum was high as $1.5{\times}10^5$. 2. Percent activity bound of progesterone antiserum was about 77 at a dilution to $5{\times}10^3$ times. 3. Progesterone antiserum was contained a large amount of anti-BSA antibodies. 4. The anti-BSA was completely absorbed by using of polymerised BSA. 5. The molecular weight of albumin polymer (polymerised BSA) obtained by using 2.5% glut. araldehyde was $5{\times}10^5$.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.223-228
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• 1991

Most progesterone enzyme immunoassays(EIA) are used liquid-phase double-antibody or single-antibody seperation. These methods consume considerable time and reagents because of the requirements for several washing and centrifugation steps involving the reactants. Because of these several problems, we were prompted to develop an effective enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) system that would be equal or superior to RIA for assay of progesterone. The results were obtained as follows. 1. Cross reaction of the progesterone antiserum with other steroids determined was shown with progesterone(100%), $11{\alpha}$-deoxycorti-costerone(2.271%), but the other steroids were shown below 0.9%. 2. Standard curve for progesterone ELISA was shown available difference according to progesterone concentration from 0 to 1,000pg/ml. 3. The lower limit of sensitivity was 0.2pg/well 4. Progesterone concentration was 1.6ng/ml for before parturition, and that was below 0.5ng/ml for after parturition. This development enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for progesterone can be detected pregnancy diagnosis in cattle, and also applicable 10 research on physiological function including such as reproductive disorders.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.352-356
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• 2011

The detection of biomarkers is an important issue for disease diagnosis. However, many systems are not suitable to detect the biomarker itself directly. For direct detection of biomarker proteins in human serum, a new affinity-capture method using aptamers combined with the mass spectrometry was suggested. Since signals from protein samples cannot be amplified, modified chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and subsequent cross-linking with formaldehyde between aptamers and target proteins were used not to lose the captured target proteins, which allowed us to perform a harsh washing step to remove the non-specifically bound proteins. As a model system, a thrombin aptamer was used as a bait and thrombin as a target protein. Using our modified ChIP and affinity-capture method, non-specific binding proteins on the beads decreased significantly, suggesting that our new method is efficient and can be applied to developing diagnosis systems for various biomarkers.