• 대기
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.171-183
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• 2007

Trends of daily maximum and minimum temperatures in major cities of South Korea (Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Daegu, and Ulsan) during the past 40 years (1961-2000) were investigated. Temperature records for the Chupungryeong station were compared with those of the large cities because of the rural environment of the station. There were distinct warming trends at all stations, although the warming rates depend on each station's local climate and environment. The warming rates in Korea are much greater than the global warming trends, by a factor of 3 to 4. The most increasing rate in daily maximum temperature was at Busan with $0.43^{\circ}C$ per decade, the most increasing rate in daily minimum temperature was at Daegu with $0.44^{\circ}C$ per decade. In general, the warming trends of the cities were most pronounced in winter season with an increasing rate of $0.5^{\circ}C$/decade at least. Diurnal temperature range shows positive or negative trends according to the regional climate and environmental change. The frequency distribution of the daily temperatures for the past 40 years at Seoul and Chupungryeong shows that there have been reductions in cold day frequencies at both stations. The results imply that the impacts on human health might be positive in winter and adverse in summer if the regional warming scenario by the current regional climate model reflects future climate change in Korea.

• 복식
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• 제2권
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• pp.35-50
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• 1978

This paper is an observation on the woman's warming hoods such as Nambawi, Pungchae, Ahyam, Jnbawi and Gullae worn form 1800's through 1930's. At the late era of Chosun dynasty, The every day lifes of people were greatly influenced by invasion of western world, in particular the styles of clothing are changed from original one to Western-like. So the hoods of our own's were dissappcared gradually, and the interests of them were reduced accordingly by the western culture invaded. Therefore this paper is intended to participate in the study of clothing culture by considering of hoods, one of the almost disappeared clothes, and review the wisdom and sense of beauty of our ancestor by unique ornament. The warming hoods in this paper are from a category of ear-protection gear and also deformed from man's one. The ear-protection gear was a warming hood from Tae Jong, the king of the early era of Chosun, and usage classifications of them were strict according to the class division at the early and mid era of Chosun, but generally diminised at the late era, thery were used freely, but the differences in decorations represented the division of the rich and poor. General feature of it is open top, but covers all of head and is used for warming clothes, with has many decorations on it, this decorative tendency was more clear at the late era. Namely, the shape had been modified from tough one to modish one, and fur, the material of it, are from stiff and long to soft short and well refined. This warming hoods were used until 1930's then disappeared by the population of western mufflers and wraps. Jobawi is now already forgotten even its name except for the ornament in picturing the baby in first birth day. In revewing the consideration of warming hoods mentioned. It is found that the subtlety of the ancestor, and there are supplication for the happiness of life even in the decorations.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제42회 동계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.459-459
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• 2012

Recently, the discharge of global warming gases in dry etching process of TFT-LCD display industry is a serious issue because perfluorocarbon compound (PFC) gas causes global warming effects. PFCs including CF4, C2F6, C3F8, CHF3, NF3 and SF6 are widely used as etching and cleaning gases. In particular, the SF6 gas is chemically stable compounds. However, these gases have large global warming potential (GWP100 = 24,900) and lifetime (3,200). In this work, we chose C3F6O gas which has a very low GWP (GWP100 = <100) and lifetime (< 1) as a replacement gas. This study investigated the effects of the gas flow ratio of C3F6O/O2 and process pressure in dual-frequency capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) etcher on global warming effects. Also, we compared global warming effects of C3F6O gas with those of SF6 gas during dry etching of a patterned positive type photo-resist/silicon nitride/glass substrate. The etch rate measurements and emission of by-products were analyzed by scanning electron Microscopy (SEM; HITACI, S-3500H) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR; MIDAC, I2000), respectively. Calculation of MMTCE (million metric ton carbon equivalents) based on the emitted by-products were performed during etching by controlling various process parameters. The evaluation procedure and results will be discussed in detail.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.140-146
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• 2020

Objective: To investigate whether the degree of post-warming embryo or blastocyst development is associated with clinical pregnancy in vitrified embryo or blastocyst transfer cycles. Methods: Ninety-six vitrified cleavage-stage embryos and 58 vitrified blastocyst transfer cycles were selected. All transfer cycles were performed from February 2011 to March 2019, and all vitrified embryos or blastocysts were warmed from 4 PM to 6 PM and then transferred the next morning from 9 AM to 10 AM. The scores of the cleavage-stage embryos and blastocysts were assessed at warming and at transfer using the modified Steer method and the Gardner method, respectively. The mean embryo or blastocyst score, score of the single top-quality embryo or blastocyst, and the difference in the score between warming and transfer were compared between nonpregnant and pregnant women. Results: In the cleavage-stage embryo transfer cycles, both the top-quality embryo score at transfer and the difference in the score between warming and transfer were significantly associated with clinical pregnancy. A top-quality embryo score at transfer of ≥ 60.0 (area under the curve [AUC], 0.673; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.531-0.815) and a difference in the score between warming and transfer of ≥ 23.0 (AUC, 0.675; 95% CI, 0.514-0.835) were significant predictors of clinical pregnancy. In blastocyst transfer cycles, the top-quality blastocyst score at transfer was the only significant factor associated with clinical pregnancy. A top-quality blastocyst score at transfer of ≥ 38.3 was a significant predictor of clinical pregnancy (AUC, 0.666; 95% CI, 0.525-0.807). Conclusion: The top-quality embryo score at transfer and the degree of post-warming embryo development were associated with clinical pregnancy in vitrified cleavage-stage embryo transfer cycles. In vitrified blastocyst transfer cycles, the top-quality blastocyst score at transfer was the only significant factor affecting clinical pregnancy.

• 임상간호연구
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.365-373
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of preoperative warming to prevent hypothermia in surgery for patients undergoing total hip replacement arthroplasty under spinal anesthesia. Methods: A randomized experimental study was conducted. Data were collected at an S University hospital in Gyeonggido from December 3, 2019 to March 31, 2020. A random allocation program was used to randomize participants into intervention and control groups. A total of 90 participants were assigned to the study: 30 people were randomized to a pre-warming group using Bair Hugger forced-air warming blankets(Model 505) 30 minutes before surgery, 30 to a pre-warming group 15 minutes before surgery, or 30 to a control group. The findings from 88 participants were analyzed. For data analysis, χ2 test and ANOVA were used utilizing the SPSS 21.0 program. Results: The pre-warming group 30 minutes before surgery had significantly higher body temperature than the control group, from 30 minutes after inducing anesthesia to the end of anesthesia. Body temperature over anesthesia time showed significant differences among the three groups, but there were no statistically significant differences in interactions between time and groups. Conclusion: Warming patients' body for 30 minutes before surgery was effective in maintaining normal body temperature while preventing intraoperative hypothermia.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.249-258
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• 2014

대기 중 이산화탄소 등의 농도가 지속적으로 증가하고 있음에도 최근 10여 년 동안(2002-현재) 전지구 지표 온도는 거의 답보상태에 머물러 있다. 이처럼 온실기체 강제력에도 불구하고, 지구 온난화 경향이 사라진 듯 보이는 현상을 지구 온난화 멈춤(hiatus)이라 한다. 이 연구는 HadGEM2-AO가 모의한 RCP8.5 시나리오 실험(95년간) 자료를 분석하여, 온난화 멈춤 시기의 특징을 분석하였다. 온난화 멈춤 기간을 나타내는 시계열은 동서 평균한 연직 해수 온도 분포를 EOF 분석하여 구한 두 번째 PC (PC2)로 정의하였다. PC2를 이용하여 온난화 멈춤과 엔소와의 관련성, 기후시스템의 변화 등을 분석하였다. 라니냐 지수(NINO3지수에 -1을 곱하여 정의)가 PC2를 약 11개월 앞서는 것으로 보아 라니냐 발생이 온난화 멈춤을 유도할 수 있음을 발견하였다. 또한 기후시스템의 냉각은 해수 표층의 열이 해양 내부로 침강으로 나타남을 보였다. 이는 해양의 열흡수에 의해 전지구 온도 상승률이 약화되었음을 의미한다. 온난화 멈춤 시기에 북태평양과 북반구 극지는 양의 온도 편차가 나타났으며, 열대 해양에서는 무역풍이 강화되었다.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.86-96
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• 2000

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of Warming Therapy used with patients consistantly before and during surgery to on changes in their body temperatures. The data were collected from patients in a university hospital in Taegu between December 1, 1998 and May 31, 1999. The subjects were selected from patients who were hospitalized for total hip replacement surgery. Thirty participants were assigned to two groups : experimental(Warming Therapy) group and control group. Each group consisted of 15 patients. The research design was a repeated measurement design, using a nonequivalent control group. The Warming Therapy, using a forced-air warming blanket, that is a, 'Bair Hugger' was applied to subjects in the experimental group. The subjects in the group were treated with the 'Bair Hugger' to warm up the whole body for 40 minutes before surgery and upper body and face during the operation. The core temperature was measured using a tympanic thermometer. The body temperature of the patients was measured 13 times every 15 minutes during the surgery. After the operation the body temperature of the patients was measured 4 times every 15 minutes, from the time of arrivial in the recovery room to the time of leaving the recovery room. The SPSS Win 9.0 program was used for data analysis. Specific methods tested were done using ${\chi}^2-test$, t-test, repeated measures ANOVA. The findings of the study are as follows. 1. The first hypothesis, 'The level of tympanic temperature for the experimental group which received Warming Therapy will be higher than that of the control group during the operation', was supported (F=32.16, p=.000). 2. The second hypothesis, 'The level of tympanic temperature for the experimental group which received Warming Therapy will be higher than that of the control group after the operation', was supported.(F=33.36, p=.000) 3. During recovery, shivering was observed one patient in the experimental group and seven patients in the control group. In summary, the findings of the study suggest that the 'Warming Therapy' applied before and during the surgery was a very effective treatment for surgical patients in maintaining the core temperature during surgery

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2019년도 학술발표회
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• pp.185-185
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• 2019

Sustaining future wheat production is challenged by anthropogenically forced climate warming and drying led by increased concentration of greenhouse gases all around the globe. Warming stresses, originating from the elevated $CO_2$ concentration, are continuously reported to have negative impacts on wheat growth and yield. Yet, elevated $CO_2$ concentration, despite being disparagingly blamed for promoting warming, is also associated with a phenomenon called $CO_2$ enrichment; in which wheat yield can improve due to the enhanced photosynthesis rates and less water loss through transpiration. The conflicting nature of climate warming and $CO_2$ enrichment and their interplay can have specific implications under different environments. It is established form the field and simulation studies that the two contrasting phenomena would act severely in their own respect under arid and semi-arid environments. Wheat is a dietary staple for masses in Pakistan. The country's wheat production system is under constant stress to produce more from irrigated agricultural lands, primarily lying under arid to semi-arid environments, to meet the rapidly growing domestic needs. This work comprehensively examines the warming impacts over wheat yield and water productivity (WP), with and without the inclusion of $CO_2$ enrichment, under semi-arid environment of Punjab which is the largest agricultural province of Pakistan. Future wheat yields and WPs were simulated by FAO developed AquaCrop model v 5.0. The model was run using the bias-correction climate change projections up to 2080 under two representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios: 4.5 and 8.5. Wheat yield and WPs decreased without considering the $CO_2$ enrichment effects owing to the elevated irrigation demands and accelerated evapotranspiration rates. The results suggested that $CO_2$ enrichment could help maintain the current yield and WPs levels during the 2030s (2021-2050); however, it might not withhold the negative climate warming impacts during the 2060s (2051-2080). Furthermore, 10 - 20 day backward shift in sowing dates could also help ease the constraints imposed by climate warming over wheat yields and WPs. Although, $CO_2$ enrichment showed promises to counteract the adverse climate warming impacts but the interactions between climate warming and $CO_2$ concentrations were quite uncertain and required further examination.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.9-24
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• 2005

Objective : The aim of this was to investigate the effect of warming acupuncture therapy on patients who had suffered from low back pain. Methods : The 42 person who had hospitalized in Jaseng hospital were rendomized into two groups. We treated 22 persons by warming acupuncture on every other day. The others were treated by only traditional acupuncture therapy alone. VAS(Visual Analogue Scale), ODI(Oswestry Disability Index) and the angle of SLR(Straight Leg Raising test) were measured on each week from admission for four weeks. Results : 1. Sample group showed significantly more improvement than control group at 3 weeks in ODI score. 2. Sample group showed significantly more improvement than control group at 2 weeks in VAS score. 3. The angle of SLR test was not significantly different between two groups, but there was a tendency of increasing on sample group. Conclusions : According to above results, warming acupuncture therapy was more effective on the treatment of low back pain than general oriental medical therapy without it.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.209-213
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• 2009

Caenorhabditis elegans is a free living soil nematode and thus in its natural habitat, C. elegans encounters many different species of soil bacteria. Although some soil bacteria may be excellent sources of nutrition for the worm, others may be pathogenic. Thus, we undertook a study to understand how C. elegans can identify their preferred food using a simple behavioral assay. We found that there are various species of soil bacteria that C. elegans prefers in comparison to the standard laboratory E. coli strain OP50. In particular, two bacterial strains, Bacillus mycoides and Bacillus soli, were preferred strains. Interestingly, the sole feeding of these bacteria to wild type animals results in extended lifespan through the activation of the autophagic process. Further studies will be required to understand the precise mechanism controlling the behavior of identification and selection of food in C. elegans.