• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 추계학술대회논문집B
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• pp.806-811
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• 2001

Since the characteristics of combustion and pollutant in Diesel engines were mainly effected by the characteristics of in-cylinder gas flow and fuel spray, an understanding of those was essential to the design of the D.I. Diesel engines. The improvement of volumetric efficiency of air charging into combustion chamber is a primary requirement to obtain better mean effective pressure of an engine. Since parameters such as the air resistances in intake and exhaust flow passages, valve lift and valve shape influence greatly to the volumetric efficiency, it is very important to investigate the flow characteristics of intake and exhaust port which develops air motion in the combustion chamber. In this study, two approach methods were used for design intake and exhaust port; experiment and computation which were made by using steady flow test rig and commercial CFD code. This paper presents the results of an experimental and analytical investigation of steady flow through the prototype cylinder head ports and valves of the HHI's H21/32 HIMSEN Engine.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.102-109
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• 2000

본 논문에서는 체적형 결함과 균열형 결함에 대한초음파산란 현상을 모델링하기 위한 두가지 이론을 설명하였다. 동탄성 Kirchhoff 근사 (EKA)와 기하학적 회절이론 (GTD)이 각각 원주형 기공과 반무한 균열에 적용되었다. 이 두 이론은 고주파수 근사법으로 알려져 있다. 모델 결함들에 평면파가 입사하는 경우의 2차원 동탄성 산란 문제를 고려하였으며 산란장을 반사계수와 회절계수의 항으로 구하였다. 원거리에서 산란파의 변위에 대한 입사파 변위의 비를 관찰 방향의 함수로 구했으며 그 결과를 경계요소법과 비교하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.968-971
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• 2011

Leuconostoc genus, which comprise heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria, reduces fructose to mannitol by recycling intracellular NADH. To evaluate the mannitol productivities of different Leuconostoc species, 5 stock cultures and 4 newly isolated strains were cultivated in MRS and simplified media containing glucose and fructose (1:2 ratio). Among them, L. citreum KACC 91348P, which was isolated from kimchi, showed superior result in cell growth rate, mannitol production rate, and yield in both media. The optimal condition for mannitol production of this strain was pH 6.5 and $30^{\circ}C$. When L. citreum KACC was cultured in simplified medium in a 2 l batch fermenter under optimal conditions, the maximum volumetric productivity was 14.83 $g{\cdot}l^{-1}h^{-1}$ and overall yield was 86.6%. This strain is a novel and efficient mannitol producer originated from foods to be used for fermentation of fructose-containing foods.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2009

Numerical simulations for scroll, two-stage twin rotary, and two-cylinder reciprocating compressors have been carried out to understand the effectiveness of each type compressor for heat pump water heater application using $CO_2$ as refrigerant. For suction pressure of 3.5 MPa and discharge pressure of 9 MPa, clearance volume ratio of the reciprocating compressor needs to be about 5% or less to have the volumetric efficiency comparable to that of the scroll compressor with tip clearance of $5\;{\mu}m$. Volumetric efficiency of the scroll compressor is quite sensitive to tip clearance. Adiabatic efficiency of the twin rotary compressor was calculated to be the lowest among the three types, and the most severe drawback of the $CO_2$ scroll compressor was a significant increase in the mechanical loss at the thrust surface supporting the orbiting scroll member. While the scroll compressor showed very smooth torque load variation, peak-to-peak torque variations of the twin rotary and two-cylinder reciprocating compressors were about 50% and 250%, respectively.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.185-194
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• 2004

콘크리트의 크리프에 관한 기존의 연구결과들은 대부분 1축응력이 가해지는 경우에 대한 것으로 콘크리트 구조물 또는 부재가 다축응력 상태에 놓이는 경우에 적용하기가 어려운 점이 있다. 따라서 다축응력 상태의 콘크리트 크리프 특성에 관한 연구가 필요하다. 이 연구에서 다축응력 상태에 놓인 콘크리트의 크리프 특성을 실험을 통해 파악하였다. 세 가지 서로 다른강도를 갖는 배합의 콘크리트에 대해 각각 9개의 실험체를 제작하였으며, 1축, 2축, 3축 응력 상태에서 크리프 실험을 실시하였다. 하중이 가해지는 세 방향에서 시간에 따른 변형률을 측정하였다. 가압시점의 푸아송비와 크리프변형에 기인한 푸아송비 그리고 탄성변형과 크리프변형에 기인한 푸아송비를 구하였으며, 각 콘크리트에 대한 세 가지 푸아송비는 근사적으로 같은 것으로 나타났다. 가압시점의 푸아송비와 전체 변형에 대한 푸아송비는 콘크리트 강도의 증가에 따라 다소 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 각 푸아송비는 응력상태에 따라 특정한 경향을 나타내지 않았다. 체적성분의 응력과 크리프변형률, 편차성분의 응력과 크리프변형률은 선형의 관계를 나타내었다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.125-135
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• 2008

모래 입자와 연약한 고무 입자로 이루어진 강-연성 혼합재의 응력-변형 및 전단파 특성을 평가하기 위해 고무와 모래의 부피비(sf)와 입자 크기비(sr)를 달리하는 시료를 조성하였다. 벤더 엘리먼트가 설치된 압밀셀을 이용하여 응력-변형시험 및 $K_o$ 상태에서의 미소변형 전단파 시험을 실시하였다. 일정한 입자 크기비를 가지는 강-연성 혼합재는 강성의 입자에서 연성의 입자로 거동이 전이되는 응력-변형 및 미소변형 전단파 특성을 보였다. 또한, $G_{max}=\;{\Lambda}({\sigma}'_{o}/kPa)^{\zeta}$ 관계에서 모래의 부피비(sf)가 $0.4{\sim}0.6$인 구간에서 $\Lambda$계수가 급격히 증가하며 $\zeta$ 지수는 최대값을 보이는 것으로 관찰되었다. 전이 혼합재는 구속응력의 변화에 매우 민감한 거동을 보이며 연성인 고무입자는 재하 하중에 의해 쉽게 변형되므로 최소 간극율을 가지는 강-연성 혼합재의 부피비는 재하된 응력의 크기에 좌우된다. 실내시험을 이용한 본 연구에서는 입자 크기 비와 모래 부피비가 강성 입자와 연성 입자의 혼합재료 거동을 결정하는 것으로 요인으로 분석되었다.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.71-80
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• 1992

정규압밀점토의 거동을 예측하기 위한 새로운 구성방정식이 제안되었으며, 그 골격은 Roscoe 와 Poorooshasb의 증분응력-변형률이론의 기본개념에 근거를 두고있다. 비배수 조건에서의 유효응력경려폰t은 새로운 간극수압계수(C)를 이용하여 유도되었고, 여기 에서 간극수압계수는 표준화묀 간극수압과 응력의 관계에서 직선의 기울기로 표시된다. 비배 수 응력경로와 일정응력비경로(constant stress ratio path)를 따라 발생하는 응력의 증가량을 알게되면, 이때의 체적변형률은 간극비-대수평균 연직 응력(e-dnp) 관계의 선형 특성으로부 터 계산될 수 있다. 또한 Roscoe와 Burland의 수정 Cam-clay 이론에서 유도된 유동법칙(flow rule)을 적용하여 임의 응력점에서의 전단변형률을 예측할 수 있다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.335-349
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• 2019

A low-cycle loading experiment of 16 transfer column specimens was conducted to study the influence of parameters, likes the extension length of shape steel, the ratio of shape steel, the axial compression ratio and the volumetric ratio of stirrups, on the shear distribution between steel and concrete, the concrete damage state and the degradation of lateral stiffness. Shear force of shape steel reacted at the core area of concrete section and led to tension effect which accelerated the damage of concrete. At the same time, the damage of concrete diminished its shear capacity and resulted in the shear enlargement of shape steel. The interplay between concrete damage and shear force of shape steel ultimately made for the failures of transfer columns. With the increase of extension length, the lateral stiffness first increases and then decreases, but the stiffness degradation gets faster; With the increase of steel ratio, the lateral stiffness remains the same, but the degradation gets faster; With the increase of the axial compression ratio, the lateral stiffness increases, and the degradation is more significant. Using more stirrups can effectively restrain the development of cracks and increase the lateral stiffness at the yielding point. Also, a formula for calculating the yielding lateral stiffness is obtained by a regression analysis of the test data.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.271-280
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• 2000

This study was conducted to determine the applicable loading rate and to evaluate the possibility of using limestones as an alkalinity source for the removal of ${NO_3}^{-}-N$ remaining after denitrification/nitrification process with the down-flow sulfur packed bed reactor(SPBR). The pretreated sewage was fed to SPBR. Three SPBRs were filled with elemental sulfur particles and limestones and the volumetric ratios of sulfur to limestone were 0%, 12.5% and 25% for R-0%, R-12.5% and R-25%, respectively. The applicable loading rate was evaluated increasing flow rate with influent ${NO_3}^{-}-N$ concentration of 20 mg/L. For R-0% with external alkalinity supply, denitrification efficiency was greater than 96% up to loading rate of $354.8g\;{NO_3}^{-}-N/m^3{\cdot}day$, and corresponding EBCT was 1.4hr. For R-12.5% and R-25%, where alkalinity was supplied by the limestone filled in the reactor, denitrification efficiency was greater than 94% up to loading rate of $283.8g\;{NO_3}^{-}-N/m^3{\cdot}day$, and corresponding EBCT was 1.7hr. The slightly better performance of R-12.5 compared to R-25 suggests that the volumetric sulfur to limestone ratio of 12.5% was enough for the supply of alkalinity required for sulfur-utilizing denitrification. DO was appeared not showing inhibitory effect on sulfur-utilizing denitrification. The clogging of SPBR caused by the produced gas can effectively be eliminated by regular introduction of treated water in up-flow mode.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.141-155
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• 1993

Thermodynamic properties of R-32 are calculated and its refrigeration performance is evaluated for the purpose the feasibility study of replacing R-22 with R-32. (1) Refrigeration effect of R-32 is superior to that of R-22 because heat of evaporation of R 32 is about 50% higher than that of R-22. However, COP of R-32 system is 10-30% lower than that of R-22 system. It is mainly attributed to the vapor pressore of R-32 being about 62% higher than R-22. (2) Since the pressure ratio and the specific heat ratio of R-32 system is higher than those of R -22, compressor discharging temperature rises as high as to $130-150^{\circ}C$. It may cause mechanical failure of compressor due to the breakdown of lubricant. Compressor should be improved to lower the temperature if R-32 is to replace R-22. (3) Averaged two-phase heat transfer coefficient of R-32 is about 10-20% higher than that of R-22. It may assume better heat exchanger effectiveness but not guarantee the better COP of R-32 system than R-22. (4) The high vapor pressure is the first reason to drop R-32 out of the line of R-22 alternative refrigerant. So, refrigerant mixtures based on R-32 are recommended to adjust the vapor pressure first and keep superior volumetric capacity of R-32.