• 제목/요약/키워드: volatile organic hydrocarbons

검색결과 75건 처리시간 0.027초

토양 및 지하수 Investigation 과 Remediation에 대한 현장적용

  • Wallner, Heinz
    • 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국지하수토양환경학회 2000년도 추계학술대회
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    • pp.44-63
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    • 2000
  • Situated close to Heathrow Airport, and adjacent to the M4 and M25 Motorways, the site at Axis Park is considered a prime location for business in the UK. In consequnce two of the UK's major property development companies, MEPC and Redrew Homes sought the expertise of Intergeo to remediate the contaminated former industrial site prior to its development. Industrial use of the twenty-six hectare site, started in 1936, when Hawker Aircraft commence aircraft manufacture. In 1963 the Firestone Tyre and Rubber Company purchased part of the site. Ford commenced vehicle production at the site in the mid-1970's and production was continued by Iveco Ford from 1986 to the plant's decommissioning in 1997. Geologically the site is underlain by sand and gravel, deposited in prehistory by the River Thames, with London Clay at around 6m depth. The level of groundwater fluctuates seasonally at around 2.5m depth, moving slowly southwest towards local streams and watercourses. A phased investigation of the site was undertaken, which culminated in the extensive site investigation undertaken by Intergeo in 1998. In total 50 boreholes, 90 probeholes and 60 trial pits were used to investigate the site and around 4000 solid and 1300 liquid samples were tested in the laboratory for chemical substances. The investigations identified total petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil up to 25, 000mg/kg. Diesel oil, with some lubricating oil were the main components. Volatile organic compounds were identified in the groundwater in excess of 10mg/l. Specific substances included trichloromethane, trichloromethane and tetrachloroethene. Both the oil and volatile compounds were widely spread across the site, The specific substances identified could be traced back to industrial processes used at one or other dates in the sites history Slightly elevated levels of toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also identified locally. Prior to remediation of the site and throughout its progress, extensive liaison with the regulatory authorities and the client's professional representatives was required. In addition to meetings, numerous technical documents detailing methods and health and safety issues were required in order to comply with UK environmental and safety legislation. After initially considering a range of options to undertake remediation, the following three main techniques were selected: ex-situ bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils, skimming of free floating hydrocarbon product from the water surface at wells and excavations and air stripping of volatile organic compounds from groundwater recovered from wells. The achievements were as follows: 1) 350, 000m3 of soil was excavated and 112, 000m3 of sand and gravel was processed to remove gravel and cobble sized particles; 2) 53, 000m3 of hydrocarbon contaminated soil was bioremediated in windrows ; 3) 7000m3 of groundwater was processed by skimming to remove free floating Product; 4) 196, 000m3 of groundwater was Processed by air stripping to remove volatile organic compounds. Only 1000m3 of soil left the site for disposal in licensed waste facilities Given the costs of disposal in the UK, the selected methods represented a considerable cost saving to the Clients. All other soil was engineered back into the ground to a precise geotechnical specification. The following objective levels were achieved across the site 1) By a Risk Based Corrective Action (RBCA) methodology it was demonstrated that soil with less that 1000mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbons did not pose a hazard to health or water resources and therefore, could remain insitu; 2) Soils destined for the residential areas of the site were remediated to 250mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbons; in the industrial areas 500mg/kg was proven acceptable. 3) Hydrocarbons in groundwater were remediated to below the Dutch Intervegtion Level of 0.6mg/1; 4) Volatile organic compounds/BTEX group substances were reduced to below the Dutch Intervention Levels; 5) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals were below Inter-departmental Committee for the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land guideline levels for intended enduse. In order to verify the qualify of the work 1500 chemical test results were submitted for the purpose of validation. Quality assurance checks were undertaken by independent consultants and at an independent laboratory selected by Intergeo. Long term monitoring of water quality was undertaken for a period of one year after remediation work had been completed. Both the regulatory authorities and Clients representatives endorsed the quality of remediation now completed at the site. Subsequent to completion of the remediation work Redrew Homes constructed a prestige housing development. The properties at "Belvedere Place" retailed at premium prices. On the MEPC site the Post Office, amongst others, has located a major sorting office for the London area. Exceptionally high standards of remediation, control and documentation were a requirement for the work undertaken here.aken here.

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돼지감자의 품종별 유기산, 유리당 및 휘발성 향기성분 (Organic Acids, Free Sugars, and Volatile Flavor Compounds by Type of Jerusalem Artichoke)

  • 정복미;신태선
    • 한국식품영양과학회지
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    • 제46권7호
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    • pp.822-832
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    • 2017
  • 돼지감자의 품종별 유기산, 유리당 함량 및 휘발성 향기성분을 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 돼지감자에 함유된 유기산은 citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid였으며, malic acid의 함량이 가장 높았고 다음으로 citric acid로 나타났다. 총유기산 함량은 흰색이 2,065 mg/100 g, 자색은 2,482 mg/100 g으로 자색 돼지감자의 함량이 유의적으로(P<0.05) 높았다. 유리당은 sucrose, fructose, glucose로 나타났으며, sucrose의 함량이 가장 높았고 총유리당 함량은 흰색이 24.95 g/100 g, 자색이 11.57 g/100 g으로 나타나 흰색 돼지감자의 총유리당 함량이 유의적으로(P<0.05) 높게 나타났다. 휘발성 향기성분에서 돼지감자는 품종별, 처리방법과는 관계없이 acid류 5종, alcohol류 13종, aldehyde류 19종, hydrocarbon류 12종, ketone류 15종, 기타 8종, pyrazine류는 27종, terpene류는 18종이었으며, 총 117개의 휘발성 성분이 확인되었다. 돼지감자에는 terpene류가 가장 많았으며, terpene류 중에서는 ${\beta}$-bisabolene이 주된 성분이었다. 두 번째로 많은 화합물은 aldehyde류였으며, hexanal이 가장 높게 나타났다. 처리방법에 따른 차이로 볶은 시료에서는 pyrazine류가 대부분을 차지하였으며, 2,5-dimethyl-3-ethylpyrazine이 가장 높았고 다음으로 2,5-dimethylpyrazine으로 나타났다. 자색시료보다 흰색시료에 함량이 높은 화합물은 aldehyde류, hydrocarbone류였으며, 흰색시료보다 자색시료에 많은 화합물은 terpene류와 alcohol류로 나타났다.

VOC Emissions from Automotive Painting and Their Control: A Review

  • Kim, Byung-R.
    • Environmental Engineering Research
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    • 제16권1호
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 2011
  • During automotive painting, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with the paint solvents are emitted to the atmosphere. Most VOC emissions come from spraying operations via the use of solvent-based paints, as the spraybooth air picks up gaseous solvent compounds and overspray paint materials. The VOCs consist of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, alcohols, and glycolethers. Most VOCs (some hydrophilic VOCs are captured and retained in the water.) are captured by an adsorption system and thermally oxidized. In this paper, the processes involved in automotive painting and in VOC control are reviewed. The topics include: painting operations (briefly), the nature of VOCs, VOC-control processes (adsorption, absorption, biological removal, and thermal oxidation) and energy recovery from VOCs using a fuel reformer and a fuel cell, and the beneficial use of paint sludge.

제호탕(醍蝴湯)의 일반영양성분에 관한 연구 2. 유기산 및 휘발성 향기성분 조성 (Studies on Nutritional Compositions of the Jehotang 2. Organic Acid Content and Volatile Aroma Components)

  • 윤숙자;조후종
    • 한국식품영양과학회지
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    • 제25권4호
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    • pp.654-658
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    • 1996
  • 제호탕의 유기산 함량은 formic acid 739.Snm(0.07%), lactic acid 2162.1ppm(0.22%), acetic acid 3204ppm(0.32%), citric acid 31763.7ppm(3.2%)이었으며 가장 특이한 것은 citric acid가 3.2%를 함유하는 것으로 나타나 제호탕의 신맛에 근원인 것으로 생각되었다. GC/MSD사용하여 확인된 제호탕의 향기성 분은 39종으로 이들의 구성 성분을 분류하면 hydrocarbon류(30.81%) 17종, adehyde류(7.18 %) 1종, ketone류(4.79%) 2종, terpene류(25.96%) 8종, acid류(16%) 4종, alcohol류(5.42%) 2종, phenol류(2.76%) 2종, 그리고 기타 향기(7.68%) 3종이었다. 이 결과로 볼 때 hydrocarbon류, terpene류, acid류가 전체 향기성분의 70%이상을 차지하여 이들이 제호탕의 특유한 향기성분이었다. 제호탕의 색소 추출액은 200~400nm에서 최대 홉수파장을 나타내어 황색~적색 계통의 여러가지 색소가 혼합되어 있음을 알 수 있었다.

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금호 케미칼(주)에 있어서의 총휘발성 유기화합물의 농도 평가 (Estimation of Concentrations of Total Volatile Organic Hydrocarbons at the Chemical Plant, Kumho Chemical Co.)

  • 강종건;양성봉;김하수
    • 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국대기환경학회 1999년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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    • pp.362-363
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    • 1999
  • 1995년 12월 환경부는 대기환경보전법 개정법 제28조 2항에 "휘발성 유기화합물의 규제"에 관한 규정을 신설하고 1999년 1월1일부터 시행한다고 명시한 바가 있다. 그리고 환경부는 1996년 9월과 1997년 7월에 악취민원이 빈번했던 전남 여천시 여천국가공업단지와 울산의 국가공업단지 지역을 특별대책으로 지정하여 이 두 지역에 대해서는 서둘러 VOC에 대한 규제를 시작하였다.(중략)

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Evaluation of Toxicity of Paper Mill Sludge to Honey Bees and Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds

  • Bisrat, Daniel;Ulziibayar, Delgermaa;Jung, Chuleui
    • 한국양봉학회지
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    • 제34권4호
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    • pp.315-323
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    • 2019
  • Large amounts of sludge produced by paper mill industries represent one of the most serious environmental problems in the world. Recently, beekeepers living in the neighborhood of the paper mill in Hwasan County, Youngcheon city, GB, Korea, became alarmed that honey bee colonies were dying off suddenly across the neighborhood. A preliminary study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity (oral, fumigation, repellent) of recycled solid paper mill sludge (SPMS) and leachate paper mill sludge (LPMS) to honey bee workers under laboratory conditions, and to analyze the volatile organic compounds(VOC). The SPMS and LPMS were separately subjected to a liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) at three temperatures to extract VOC(highest VOC yields: 1.52% SPMS and 0.34% LPMS). A total of 70 chemicals were detected in the VOC of paper mill sludges, of which 49 and 21 volatile organic compounds from SPMS and LPMS, respectively. The SPMS was dominated by high degree presence of stanols (saturated sterols), such as cholestanol, cholestan-3-ol and also saturated hydrocarbons. However, LPMS was characterized by the absence of sterols. Both SPMS and LPMS showed an influence on the olfactory behavior of honey bee on Y-tube assay, with repulsion rates of 72 and 68%, respectively. Both SPMS and LPMS at concentration of 100mg/mL caused higher honey bee oral mortality than the untreated controls at 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after treatment(highest oral mortality at 120 hr: 85.74%(SPMS); 93.51 % (LPMS)). A similar pattern was observed when honey bees were tested to fumigant toxicity. Both SPMS and LPMS caused significant higher mortality than the untreated control 24 hour after the exposure (highest fumigation mortality at 120 hr: 69.4% (SPMS); 56.8% (LPMS)). These preliminary results indicated that paper mill sludge could be partly responsible for sudden death and disappearance of honey bees, especially in hot humid summer days. With climate change, the risk of environmental chemical exposure to honey bee would pose greater attention.

휘발성 유기 화합물 및 암모니아 직접 연소를 통한 배기가스 특성 (Characteristics of Flue Gas Using Direct Combustion of VOC and Ammonia)

  • 김종수;최석천;정수화;목진성;김두범
    • 청정기술
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    • 제28권2호
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    • pp.131-137
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    • 2022
  • 현재 반도체 공정에서 다양한 by-product 및 미사용 가스가 배출되고 있다. 오염물질을 함유한 배기는 일반적으로 유기, 산, 알칼리, 열, 캐비넷 배기 등으로 분류하며, 각각의 배기 특성에 맞는 대기 방지설비에서 처리 후 배출된다. 유기 배기 물질로서 휘발성 유기 화합물(volatile organic compound, VOC)은 산소 함유 탄화수소, 유황 함유 계 탄화수소 및 휘발성 탄화수소를 총칭하는 물질이고, 알칼리 배기의 주요성분은 암모니아(NH3), 수산화테트라메틸암모늄(Tetramethylammonium hydroxide, TMAH)등이 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 유기와 알칼리 배기가스를 동시에 처리하기 위해 직접 연소 및 로 내 온도를 일정하게 유지하여 연소 특성 파악하고 NOX 저감률을 분석하고자 진행하였다. VOC는 Acetone, IPA(isopropyl alcohol), PGMEA(propylene glycol methyl ether acetate)을 사용하였으며, 알칼리 배기 대표 물질로는 암모니아를 사용하였다. 실험 변수로는 온도와 당량 비(equivalence ratio, ER)로 배기가스 특성을 살펴보았다. 물질별 단독 및 혼합 연소테스트를 진행하였다. VOC 단독 테스트 결과 당량 비 1.4 조건에서 완전 연소가 일어남을 확인하였다. 암모니아는 당량 비 감소에 따라 산소 및 질소산화물의 농도가 감소하였다. 혼합 연소 운전 결과 배기가스 조성 내 질소산화물의 대부분은 일산화질소였으며 이산화질소는 10 ppm 부근으로 검출되었다. 전체적으로 질소산화물의 농도는 반응온도가 증가하면서 산화반응이 활성화되어 감소하는 경향을 나타나지만 이산화탄소의 농도는 증가하는 경향을 확인하였다. 전기열원을 적용한 무 화염 연소 기술을 적용하였을 때 VOC 및 암모니아 연소가 원활하게 일어남으로써 현재 별도로 운전되는 유기 및 알칼리 배기 시스템보다 경제성 및 공간적인 측면에서 장점이 있다고 판단된다.

조선소 블록 도장시설에서의 휘발성 유기화합물과 총 탄화수소 농도측정 사례 (A Case Study on the Measurement Volatile Organic Compounds and Total Hydrocarbon Concentrations in Block Paint-Shops at a Shipyard)

  • 양성봉;유미선;우경빈
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제25권8호
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    • pp.1177-1189
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    • 2016
  • In order to prepare the information needed to construct a reduction system for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exhausted from ship-block paint-booths in a giant shipyard, VOCs in paint-shop airs were analyzed and compared to the components in paint thinners. Aromatic hydrocarbons containing eight and nine carbon atoms are known to be major VOC compounds found in shipyard paint-shops. The total hydrocarbon (THC(C7)) concentrations calibrated using toluene gas, were measured in block paint-shops with two photo-ionization detector (PID) meters, and the resulting THC(C7) data were converted to THC(C1) concentrations according to the Standard Methods for the Measurements of Air Pollution in South Korea. THC(C1) concentrations near the spray site ranged from 10 to 2,000 ppm, but they were less than 400 ppm near the walls of the paint-booth. The measurements of THC concentrations, based on the height of the monitoring sites, were related to the height of the target to which the spray paints were applied. The maximum concentrations occurred at almost the same height as the spray targets. When painted blocks had been dried-by warming with no spraying, the THC concentrations were 80~100 ppm.

Recent Advances in Titania-based Composites for Photocatalytic Degradation of Indoor Volatile Organic Compounds

  • Raza, Nadeem;Kim, Ki-Hyun;Agbe, Henry;Kailasa, Suresh Kumar;Szulejko, Jan E.;Brown, Richard J.C.
    • Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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    • 제11권4호
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    • pp.217-234
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    • 2017
  • Indoor air pollutants can cause severe health problems, specifically in terms of toxicological impacts on human. Every day, a complex mixture of many air pollutants is emitted from various sources and subject to atmospheric processes that can create varied classes of pollutants such as carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and hydrocarbons. To adhere to indoor air quality standards, a number of techniques such as photocatalytic oxidation of various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been employed. Among these techniques, titania ($TiO_2$) based photocatalytic reactions have proven to be the best benchmark standard approach in the field of environmental applications. Over the last 45 years, $TiO_2$-based photocatalytic reactions have been explored for the degradation of various pollutants. This review discusses the indoor air quality profile, types of indoor pollutants, available indoor air cleaning approaches, and performance of $TiO_2$-based catalysts. Finally, we have presented the perspectives on the progress of $TiO_2$ induced photocatalysis for the purification of indoor air.

울산 공단 대기에서 측정한 휘발성 유기화합물의 1997년과 1998년 결과 비교 (Comparison of the Concentration of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds at an Ulsan Industrial Site in 1997 and 1998)

  • 나광삼;김용표;문길주
    • 한국대기환경학회지
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    • 제15권5호
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    • pp.567-574
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    • 1999
  • Volatile organic Compounds(VOC) were measured at an industrial site in Ulsan in 1997 and 1998. Twenty-four hour integrated ambient air samples were collected in 6 L SUMMA canisters during the periods of June 3 to 8, 1997 and June 12 to 17, 1998. The daily mean concentrations of the total $C_2-C_9$ VOC in 1998 were about one third of those in 1997. This decrease of VOC levels may be attributable to the measures to control the emissions of VOC and the decrease of the plant operation. The decrease in the concentrations of oxygenated hydrocarbons and alkenes, especially, contributed to the decrease of the total VOC concentrations in 1998. Lowever concentrations of alkenes compared to aromatics in 1998 were due to the decrease of ethylene and propylene. In the present study, methanol (12.0 ppb) was the most abundant species, followed by acetone (10.1 ppb), propane (6.0 ppb), and vinyl chloride (5.9 ppb). The total concentrations of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in 1998 were reduced compared to those in 1997. However, this decrease is due to the drastic decrease of the concentration of methanol. Except methanol, the concentrations of HAPs have not varied much. It is suspected that the VOC control strategy for the Ulsan industrial area has been successful for reducing the total VOC levels but might not be effective in reducing the concentrations of HAPs.

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