• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.279-288
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• 2017

Objectives: Recommended Menu (RM) prepared according to the Target Pattern expected to meet the dietary reference intake (DRI) of nutrients. Nutritional adequacy of RM in 'DRI for Koreans 2015' were analyzed to verify whether such expectation was fulfilled. Methods: Dishes in RM are categorized by 5 food groups, and number and types of dishes for main meal and between-meals were analyzed. The energy and 12 nutrients (protein, dietary fiber, Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C) contents in 10 RMs were calculated using the food composition table (CD) in 'DRI for Koreans'. Energy, energy contribution ratio, and nutrient contents in 10 RMs for 18 age groups were evaluated based on the 'DRI for Koreans 2015'. Results: Number of dishes per meal were 4.83, and representative table setting consisted of cooked rice + soup (or stew) +3 side dishes. Energy contents of RM were 75~109% of estimated energy requirement (EER). None of the RM met the DRI of all 12 nutrients examined. Calcium was the most insufficient nutrient. Only 1-2 years' RM met the DRI, all the other RMs did not meet the calcium DRI. Dietary fiber and potassium contents were also insufficient in most RM. In adult male's RM, only 1 nutrient, i.e. calcium did not meet the DRI, but in female adult's RM, 5~6 nutrients did not meet the DRI. Energy contribution ratio of carbohydrate, protein, and fat in RM were 59.0~70.4%, 15.7~17.5%, 12.1~23.5%, respectively. And 4 RMs out of 10 exceeded the upper limit of acceptable macro-nutrient distribution range (AMDR) of carbohydrate and 3 RMs out of 10 RM were below the lower limit of fat AMDR. Contribution ratio of nutrients were ${\geq}40%$ by food groups were as follows: grain group in energy and carbohydrate; meat fish egg legume group in fat, protein, and niacin; vegetables group in dietary fiber, vitamin A, and vitamin C; milk dairy products group in calcium. Conclusions: RM prepared according to the Target Pattern did not meet nutritional adequacy as expected. Especially calcium, potassium, and dietary fiber contents are needed to be increased in many RMs. Further, energy content in RM needs to be adjusted for fat sugar food group assigned in Target Pattern and condiment.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권12호
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• pp.1856-1864
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• 2015

본 연구는 춘천지역 대학생 306명(남 175명, 여 131명)을 대상으로 성별에 따른 영양소 섭취 상태를 알아보았으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 평균 나이는 남학생이 $21.1{\pm}2.9$세, 여학생이 $20.3{\pm}2.2$세였고(P<0.05), 평균 신장과 체중은 남녀 각각 $175.2{\pm}6.2cm$와 $68.2{\pm}9.9kg$, $161.7{\pm}5.2cm$와 $55.1{\pm}6.5kg$으로 나타났으며(P<0.001), 평균 BMI는 남녀 각각 $22.2{\pm}2.8$과 $21.1{\pm}2.1$로 나타났다(P<0.001). 끼니별 결식률은 남녀 모두 아침결식률(31.7%, 29.2%)이 가장 높게 나타났다. 성별에 따른 영양소 섭취 상태를 알아본 결과, 1일 평균 에너지, 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방은 남학생이 여학생보다 유의적으로 높게 섭취하였다(P<0.001). 또한 비타민 A와 C를 제외한 비타민 $B_1$(P<0.001), 비타민 $B_2$(P<0.01), 나이아신(P<0.001), 비타민 $B_6$(P<0.001), 비타민 E(P<0.001), 엽산(P<0.01), 칼슘(P<0.05), 인(P<0.001), 철분(P<0.001), 아연(P<0.001), 나트륨(P<0.001), 콜레스테롤(P<0.001)도 남학생이 유의적으로 높게 섭취하였다. 주중과 주말의 영양소 섭취 상태는 남학생이 1일 평균 에너지(P<0.01), 탄수화물(P<0.01), 단백질(P<0.05), 지방(P<0.01), 비타민 $B_1$(P<0.01), 나이아신(P<0.01), 비타민 $B_6$(P<0.01), 비타민 E(P<0.01), 철분(P<0.05), 아연(P<0.01), 나트륨(P<0.05)을, 여학생은 지방(P<0.05), 비타민 E(P<0.05), 칼슘(P<0.01), 철분(P<0.01)을 주말에 비해 주중에 유의적으로 높게 섭취하였다. 에너지 섭취량에 대한 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방의 섭취비율은 남학생이 57.8:15.3:26.8, 여학생이 58.5:15.1:26.2로 나타나면서 서로 유사한 결과를 보였다. 성별에 따른 한국인 영양섭취기준에 대한 섭취비율을 보면 권장섭취량과 충분섭취량 이상 섭취한 영양소는 남학생의 경우 단백질, 비타민 $B_1$, 인, 철분, 나트륨이었으며, 여학생은 단백질, 비타민 A, 인, 나트륨으로 나타났다. 남학생의 에너지 필요추정량에 대한 섭취비율은 69%, 여학생은 70%였으며, 남학생은 비타민 $B_2$, 비타민 C, 칼슘을, 여학생은 비타민 C, 철분, 칼슘을 권장섭취량의 80% 이하로 섭취하고 있었다. 주중과 주말의 영양섭취기준에 대한 섭취비율을 살펴보면 남학생은 비타민 $B_6$와 아연을, 여학생은 칼슘과 철분을 주중에 비해 주말에 상대적으로 부족하게 섭취하였다(P<0.01). 성별에 따른 EAR 미만 섭취자 비율은 남학생이 칼슘(81.7%), 비타민 $B_1$(69.4%), 비타민 C(64.9%), 비타민 $B_6$(53.7%)를, 여학생은 칼슘(75.4%), 비타민 C(64.6 %), 철분(60.8%), 비타민 $B_6$(58.5%), 비타민 $B_2$(55.8%), 나이아신(53.5%), 엽산(51.9%)이 50%를 넘어 영양소의 섭취량이 매우 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 연구 결과에서 대학생들의 높은 아침결식률, 남학생이 여학생에 비해 높은 영양 섭취를 보이고 있었으나 전반적으로 대학생들의 에너지 섭취 수준은 낮았으며 특정 영양소, 특히 칼슘, 비타민 C, 철분, 비타민 $B_2$ 등의 영양 섭취 상태가 나쁜 것으로 나타났다. 또한 아침결식률과 영양 섭취 상태는 주중보다는 주말에 문제가 있는 것으로 나타나 불규칙한 생활 패턴에 따른 식습관 개선이 시급한 상황이다. 따라서 규칙적인 식생활 및 균형 잡힌 식습관 등에 대한 정확한 이해와 함께 식태도가 긍정적인 방향으로 변화되어 대학생들이 건강과 영양 상태 향상에 도움이 되는 행동을 자발적으로 습득할 수 있도록 영양교육의 필요성이 절실히 요구되는 바이다. 한편 본 연구는 표본의 대상이 춘천지역 일부 대학생이기에 연구 결과를 일반화시키는 데 어려움이 있다. 또한 영양소 섭취 상태의 분석 자료로 사용된 24시간 회상법은 자기기입방법으로 정확한 섭취량을 측정하기 어려운 점이 있어 본 연구의 영양소 섭취 상태와 국민건강영양조사 결과에 차이를 보인 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 본 연구는 개인의 영양 상태 평가가 아닌 집단 간의 비교이고, 개인별 일일 식품 섭취의 편차를 최소화하기 위해 주중과 주말이 포함된 4일 간의 조사를 실시하였기에 다른 지역 및 연령대와의 비교나 특성 연구 시 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.488-495
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 남자 청소년을 대상으로 탄산음료 섭취빈도에 따른 영양 섭취상태 및 식사의 질을 평가하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 연령과 아침 결식빈도는 주 1회 이상 탄산음료 섭취군이 각각 14.62세, 27.45%로 주 1회 미만 탄산음료 섭취군에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다 (p = 0.0387, p = 0.0005). 2) 영양소 섭취상태를 살펴보면, 1일 열량 섭취량은 군간 유의한 차이를 보이지 않은 반면, 식물성 단백질 (p = 0.0070), 비타민 C (p = 0.0378), 식물성 칼슘 (p = 0.0288), 인 (p = 0.0084), 칼륨 (p = 0.0122) 섭취는 주 1회 이상 탄산음료 섭취군이 주 1회 미만 탄산음료 섭취군에 비해 유의적으로 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 영양소의 권장섭취량 대비 섭취 비율을 비교한 결과, 비타민 C와 인 섭취량은 주 1회 이상 탄산음료 섭취군에서 권장 섭취량 대비 각각 81.89%, 118.84%로 주 1회 미만 탄산음료 섭취군에 비해 낮게 나타났다 (p = 0.0339, p = 0.0084). 영양소별 평균필요량에 미달되게 섭취하는 대상자의 비율을 분석한 결과, 주 1회 이상 탄산음료 섭취군의 경우 단백질과 비타민 C를 평균필요량에 미달되게 섭취하는 대상자 비율이 주 1회 미만 탄산음료 섭취군에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다 (p = 0.0355, p = 0.0078). 3) 탄산음료 섭취빈도에 따른 NAR 및 MAR을 분석한 결과, 주 1회 이상 탄산음료 섭취군의 인 NAR은 주 1회 미만 탄산음료 섭취군에 비해 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으나 (p = 0.0327), MAR은 군간 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 4) 탄산음료 섭취빈도에 따른 식품군별 섭취 상태에 대한 결과, 감자 및 전분류 (p = 0.0224), 두류 (p = 0.0302), 채소류 (p = 0.0271) 섭취량은 주 1회 이상 탄산음료 섭취군에서 주 1회 미만 탄산음료 섭취군에 비해 유의적으로 낮은 반면, 음료류 섭취량은 주 1회 이상 탄산음료 섭취군이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다 (p < 0.0001). 이상을 종합해볼 때 탄산음료의 섭취 빈도가 주 1회 이상인 남자 청소년의 경우 주1회 미만인 남자 청소년에 비해 아침 결식률이 높았으며, 식물성 단백질, 비타민 C, 식물성 칼슘, 칼륨과 같은 영양소의 섭취가 낮았고, 단백질 및 비타민 C의 영양소 섭취의 질이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 성장기 남학생의 균형적인 영양소 섭취 및 올바른 식습관 확립을 위해 탄산음료의 적절한 섭취에 대한 식생활 교육이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.136-141
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• 2010

North Korean defectors who settle in South Korea have experienced severe food shortage and transition of food environment which could affect their health status. However, little is known about their anthropometric measurements and dietary intake after settlement in South Korea. The purpose of this study is to compare anthropometric measurements and dietary intake between North Korean young adults who defected to South Korea and those of South Koreans. We hypothesized that North Korean young adults' physiques and dietary intake would be poorer than that of South Koreans. We compared anthropometric measurements and dietary intake from 3-day food records in a cross-sectional study of 103 North Korean young adult defectors, aged 12 to 24 and 309 South Korean subjects. North Korean subjects were significantly shorter (4.9 to 10.8 cm) and lighter (6.0 to 12.5 kg) than the control group. Body mass index were significantly different between North and South Korean groups only in men. North Korean young adult defectors had lower mean daily intakes of energy and most nutrients and food groups compared to the control group, while North Korean subjects had higher nutrient density diet than that of South Koreans. The proportion of subjects who had dietary intakes of nutrients of less than the Estimated Average Requirement was higher in North Korean subjects than in controls except for in the cases of vitamin A and vitamin C. In conclusion, we recommend providing nutrition support programs for North Korean young adult defectors to secure adequate nutrient intake.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.565-576
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrition education on nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and dietary intake of Chinese college students in Korea. The subjects were 64 Chinese college students in Korea (educated group, 32 students vs. non-educated group, 32 students). Educated group was lessoned as group and/or individual. Nutrition education program consisted of four lessons (40min/lesson), '6 major nutrients & function (group lesson)', '6 food group and sources (group lesson)', 'personalized daily needed energy and food exchange units using Food Exchange System (individual lesson)', and 'smart choice of snacks and eating-out foods (group lesson)'. We examined the differences between educated group and non-educated group in nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes and nutrients intake. After education, there were positive improvements on nutrition knowledge: 'function and foods of 6 nutrients', on dietary attitudes: 'type of breakfast' in educated group. In the evaluation of nutrient intakes according to Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean (KDRI), there were positive improvements on intake levels of riboflavin, fiber, vitamin B6, vitamin C, folate, Ca and K in the educated group. In the index of nutrition quality (INQ), nutrition adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean nutrition adequacy ratio (MAR) were significantly increased in the educated group. In conclusion, it is possible to improve nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and dietary intake of Chinese college students in Korea through the nutrition education focused on personalized daily needed energy and food exchange units.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.759-770
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• 2017

Stress has been associated with poor eating behavior and diet quality. Yet, the relationship between nutrient and food intake and perceived stress in Korean female adults has not been validated. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between nutrient and food intake and perceived stress in Korean female adults. This is a cross-sectional study based on the 2014-2015 Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey data. This study investigated 2,010 female adults age 19~64. In this study, according to subjects' perceived stress, we classified subjects into very low-stress recognition group (VLSRG) (n=211), low-stress recognition group (VSRG) (n=1,223), high-stress recognition group (HSRG) (n=488) and very high-stress recognition group (VHSRG) (n=88). Daily nutrients and food group intake, food groups consumed (Dietary Diversity Score, DDS) were analyzed using data from the 24-recall method. The VHSRG had a larger proportion of subjects that were younger (p<0.0001), single (p<0.0001) and smokers (p<0.0001) compared to the VLSRG. Energy and food intake did not differ between the four groups. Percentage of subjects with protein (p=0.0322), vitamin A (p=0.0364) and vitamin C (p=0.0115) intake lower than the EAR (estimated average requirement) in the VHSRG were significantly lowest in the four groups. Also, food intake percentage from fruits and seaweed groups in the VHSRG were lower than other groups (p=0.0034, p=0.0015). DDS in the VHSRG (3.87) was significantly lowest in the four groups (p=0.0022). Results suggest that perceived stress in Korean female adults may by significant to consider in nutritional education programs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.539-549
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• 2008

This study was conducted to examine food and nutrient intakes of weekday and weekend with 329 high school boys residing in Seoul using the 3-day food record. Frequency for breakfast skipping was the highest as compared with lunch and dinner skipping. Frequencies for breakfast and lunch skipping were significantly higher in weekend than weekday (p<0.05). The daily average food, vegetable food and animal food intakes were 1,327.6 g, 800.5 g, and 425.8 g, respectively. Total food and vegetable food intakes of weekday were significantly higher than weekend(p<0.05). The dietary variety score(DVS) was 20.5 in daily average, 23.3 in weekday and 15.1 in weekend, which showed significantly higher in weekday than weekend(p<0.05). The daily averages of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate intake were 2244.9 kcal, 89 g, 72.6 g, and 311.2 g, respectively. Fat intake was significantly lower and carbohydrate, fiber, phosphate, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, niacin, folate, and vitamin C intakes were significantly higher in weekday than weekend (p<0.05). The percentages of energy intake from carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 55.4%, 15.8%, 28.8% in daily average, 56.8%, 15.8%, 27.4% in weekday and 53.6%, 15.8%, 30.7% in weekend, respectively. The percentages of energy intake from carbohydrate in weekday and weekend were below 60%, and that from fat was above 27% in weekday and weekend. Carbohydrate intake was significantly higher and fat intake was significantly lower in weekday than weekend(p<0.05). Energy intakes of daily average, weekday and weekend were above 83% as compared with estimated energy requirement(EER). Intakes of dietary fiber, calcium, potassium, vitamin C, riboflavin and folate were below 75% as compared with adequate intake(AI) or recommended intake(RI). Mean adequacy ratios(MAR), an index of overall dietary quality were 0.78 in daily average, 0.80 in weekday and 0.75 in weekend. MAR of weekend showed significantly lower than weekday(p<0.05). This study revealed that the overall nutrient intake status was worse in weekend than weekday among high school boys.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.91-97
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• 1974

This paper was developed for production of the humanized milk, comprising similarly to the composition and characteristic of human milk. Humanized milk of superior quality can be made directly from the fresh raw milk mixed vegetable oil, corn syrup, whey powder, ${\beta}-lactose$, sugar, vitamin, ${\beta}-carotene$ and minerals showing formulation of the humanized milk at table 2. The improving effects of adding vegetable oil and corn syrup are both more reformed the chemical and physical properties of humanized milk. The former enhanced the essential fatty acid and energy source in this product, the latter has the most solving function in water and induced amount of emulsion and stabilizer. The products contain about 13% protein, 23% fat, 58.3% carbohydrate, 2% ash and ensue reasonably balance of essential amino acid, poly-unsaturated fatty acid for the requirement of infants and controlled component of the humanized milk such as human milk.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.755-768
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• 1998

Nitrogen and phosphorus are major nutrients in animal feeds which partially remain in the environment as pollution. In addition, nitrogen and phosphorus along with energy are the main nutrients which determine the feed cost. Any decreases in the levels of these three nutrients can contribute to reducing the pollution problem as well as the cost of feed. The nutrient requirements for chickens in the work here reported should allow for the addition of mixed enzymes (phytases, proteases, glucanases, xylanases and others). Such minimal levels of crude protein in the research results which are here reported are 16% for 0-6 weeks of age, 13.5% for 7-12 weeks of age, 11.5% for 13-18 weeks of age for layer type chicks, 13% for layer, 18% for 0-3 weeks of age broiler and 16.5% for 4-7 weeks of age broiler. These research projects have been done without adding enzyme supplements to their experimental diets. The minimal values of phosphorus, shown as available phosphorus, are 0.25% for pullets, 0.09% for layers and 0.25% for broilers with the addition of phytase. The minimum energy requirement (metabolizable energy) for reducing the feed cost could be summarized as 2,750 kcal per kg feed for pullets, 2,800 kcal for layers and 2,700 kcal for broilers.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.643-649
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the adequacy of dietary fat and protein intakes among female college students. Daily intakes of energy, fat, protein, major amino acids and other nutrients were measured in 52 female college students. Daily energy intake was 75.8% of the recommended intake. Fat and protein consist 19.2% and 16.7% of the total calorie, respectively. The average protein consumption per day was 105% of the recommended intake. Essential amino acids intakes were more than the recommended amounts which appears in the 6th edition of Recommended Dietary Allowances for Koreans. However, when the intake of each essential amino acid was compared to the recommended amino acid requirement pattern, these subjects did not meet the estimated requirements. There was a highly significant correlation between daily protein intake and lipid intake implying the major sources of protein in the diet were also major sources of fat. Daily intakes of dietary fiber, vitamin C, iron, and phosphorous were above the recommended levels of intake. However, blood hemoglobin concentration was marginal indicating dietary iron consumption is not a good marker for iron status. Also, calcium intake was only 63.5% of the recommended intake. Therefore, these results imply that main problems for these subjects are low energy consumption, low calcium intake, and the quality of protein. However, as opposed to the hypothesis, the main energy sources were not the food items high in saturated fats such as instant foods, which should be emphasized further.