• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.81-84
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• 2001

This study can provide the accurate information on the treatment of visual acuity of a old ages by test of eye refraction state. The test was performed the visual acuity test by the object methods, and subjects was the over 45 old age. The eye types were 12% positive for emmetropia, 19% for myopia. and 69% for hyperopia, respectively. The abnormal refraction eyes were 3% positive for simple myopic astigmatism, 16% for myopic astigmatism, 14% for simple hyperopia, 5% for simple hyperopic astigmatism, 62% for mixed astigmatism, respectively. The axis of astigmatisms were 72% positive for against-the-rule astigmatism, 21% for with-the-rule astigmatism, 7% for ablique astigmatism, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.305-309
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• 2012

Purpose:This study was conducted to research any effect on aided distance visual acuity and refractive error changes by using smartphone at near for long term. Methods: 20($20.6{\pm}0.9$ years) young adults subjects with no ocular diseases, over 0.8 of aided distance visual acuity, normal amplitude of accommodation and normal accommodative facility agreed to participate in this study. The subjects were divided into two group, Group 1 (15 cm fixation distance) included 10 subjects and Group 2(40 cm fixation distance) included 10 subjects. Aided distance visual acuity and refractive error were measured before and after using smartphone for 30 minutes by auto-chart project (CP-1000, Dongyang, Korea), phoropter (VT-20, Dongyang, Korea), auto refractor-keratometer (MRK-3100, Huvitz, Korea). After then, the subjects looked at distance with wearing spectacles. Refractive error was measured at 5 minutes, 10 minutes, and 15 minutes later, respectively. Results: After using smartphone at 15 cm for 30 minutes, there was statistically significant reduction of aided distance visual acuity (p=0.030) and increasing myopia (p=0.001). The increased myopia was not statistically significant after 5 minutes rest (p${\geq}$0.464). However there was no statistically significant changes in aided distance visual acuity (p=0.163) and refractive error (p=0.077) after using smartphone at 40 cm for 30 minutes. Conclusions: It is recommend to keep 40 cm off the smartphone from eyes to avoid any aided distance visual acuity and refractive error changes. If smartphone is used closer than 40 cm, a rest for 5 minutes is also recommend after every 30 minutes use with smartphone to avoid any aided distance visual acuity and refractive error changes.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.177-186
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• 2015

Purpose: The Purpose of this study is to investigate if the relative legibility of optotypes affects the corrected visual acuity in visual acuity test. Methods: After measuring the relative legibility of 'Landolt ring target', 'arabic number target', 'alphabet target' by showing as a single-letter-target in 24 subjects without specific ocular diseases and ocular surgery experience, the relative legibility of 0.8, 1.0, 1.25 row of vision according to type of target in 7 types of chart were compared. After then we compared by measuring the corrected visual acuity according to type of target by using binocular MPMVA test (#7A) in 60 myopic subjects. Results: In 3 types of target the worst relative legibility target was 'Landolt ring target' with legible distance of $98.97{\pm}4.57cm$ and the best relative legibility target was 'alphabet target' with legible distance of $108.42{\pm}3.46cm$. There was no difference of the relative legibility according to type of chart or visual acuity level in the row of vision if other conditions are the same. In 1.0 and 1.25 row of vision the difference of relative legibility according to type of target was shown the statistically significant difference between 'Landolt ring target' and 'alphabet target' as $-0.07{\pm}0.06$ (p=0.02) and $-0.06{\pm}0.06$ (p=0.04) respectively. In myopia the difference of corrected visual acuity according to type of target was statistically significant difference between 'Landolt ring target' and 'arabic number target' as $-0.04{\pm}0.02$ (p=0.02) and it was especially remarkable in the low myopia. Conclusions: Measuring visual acuity with different optotypes could cause the errors in best vision measurement value because there was difference of the relative legibility according to type of target even though visual acuity level is same in the row of vision.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2005

Subjective and objective visions were measured on young adults(mean 21 yrs, 126 eyes) who were free of any ocular diseases and laser surgery and none wore contact lenses. The aim of this study was to investigate the diurnal variation of vision through subjective and objective measurements. Subjective visual acuity were measured at 5 m three times a day, morning(8:00 AM-10:00 AM), noon(12:00 PM-2:00 PM) and afternoon(4:00 PM-6:00 PM). The instrument used for objective refraction right after visual acuity measurement was Nvision-K 5001(shin-nippon) which unique in being able to disregard subject's accommodation because of its unrestricted viewing conditions. Also, we measured that three times and then calculated the average values. The result showed that an average subjective visual acuity in the morning, noon, afternoon were 0.256(${\pm}0.263$), 0.266(${\pm}0.276$), 0.242(${\pm}0.249$) respectively. Average spherical equivalent power in objective refraction of right eyes showed -3.416 D(${\pm}2.907$), -3.359 D(${\pm}2.735$), -3.297 D(${\pm}2.709$) respectively and dioptric power was decreased from morning to afternoon. Vision changed throughout the day in both subjective and objective measurements nevertheless its variations were statistically insignificant(p<0.05). Therefore it does not seem to matter of time for either visual acuity test or refraction.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.152-159
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• 2018

Objectives : The aim of this study is to report the effect of Korean medicine treatment on diabetic retinopathy vitreous hemorrhage. Methods : A 66-year-old female who had diabetes for over 20 years showed vitreous hemorrhage of Grade 4 at initial visit. For about 2 months, acupuncture, moxibustion and herbal medicine treatment were performed. Prognosis was confirmed by funduscopic examination, automatic refractive examination and visual acuity test. Results : In the fundus photographs, we can observe the recovery of turbidity in Grade 4, which decreases to Grade 1, and the result of refraction in the right eye and visual acuity that was not measured when the turbidity is severe. Conclusions : This study was a case of a patient with diabetic retinopathy vitreous hemorrhage complaining of decreased visual acuity. Patients were given herbal medication, acupuncture and moxibustion. Through the funduscopic examination, the treatment effect on the absorption of vitreous hemorrhage was confirmed.

• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-40
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• 2023

Background: Although not clarified, the overall prevalence of visual field loss after stroke was estimated at 52% of stroke survivors and for visual acuity loss, at 70% of them. Among visual field loss patients after stroke, homonymous hemianopia is the most common symptom. Visual defect degrades the quality of life by disrupting independent life and affecting the survival of the patients, but highly-evidenced treatment has not been found until now. ■Case report A 51-year-old female with left-side homonymous hemianopia and central vision loss by a right occipital-temporal hemorrhage was treated with Hyeolbuchukeo-tang, Ikgibohyeol-tang, acupuncture, electroacupuncture, and moxibustion. We used a confrontation visual field exam, automated perimetry and visual analog scale, and visual acuity test to observe changes in the patient's symptoms and evaluate the efficacy of the treatment. After 61 days of such interventions, the patient's subjective discomfort lessened, followed by positive changes in the scales of tests mentioned above. ■Conclusion This case suggests that combined Korean medicine treatment might be an effective tool for treating post-stroke homonymous hemianopia and central vision loss. More studies should be conducted to support the effectiveness of the treatment.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.209-217
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• 2011

Purpose: In this study, eye-health inequity was investigated by analyzing the relationship between household incomes and eye-health of senior citizens. Further, this study suggested the preliminary data for establishment of public eye-health policy in order to improve low income senior citizens' life quality. Methods: The data from the 2009 Survey of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination were analyzed in this study. The objectives of the KNHNE survey were over 65 year old group (1,668 people). Main factors of eye-health (visual acuity, cataract, pterygium, intraocular pressure, retinophathy, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinophathy, myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia prevalence) were analyzed with t-test and chi square test. Results: Low income group revealed that refractive error rate and intraocular pressure were low, however, naked eye visual acuity and corrected visual acuity were high at 0.1 to less than 0.5. On the other hands, in the high income group, there was high prevalence of hyperopia. Cataract mainly occurred at low income group besides group which maximum corrected visual acuity was below 0.8 also highly showed cataract. Moreover, the prevalence of cataract showed that it related with smoking, drinking, occupation, and education level. Conclusions: Results revealed that there was inequity of eye-health which related with socioeconomic status of the elderly. Especially, the prevalence of cataract was correlated with life quality. Consequently, establishment of public eye-health policy seems to be required for eye-health inequity of low income senior citizens.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.57-61
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• 1996

As a result of visual acuity test of school children, the visual acuity is better girls than and more elder than younger. The Hyperopia of the Above ten aged children is decreased in boys rather than girls and Especially for who have +0.75Dt and below. The visual acuity of Ampetropia is 0.77 in +0.75 Dt and belows, 0.50 in +1.00 Dt and 0.33 in 3.00 Dt. Myopia is increased as age. Possibility of having Myopia is bigger for females than for males. Especially the -0.15 Dt and below in males and from -1.000t Dt -1.75 Dt in Females are easy to have it. The Ampetropia of the visual acuity is 0.67 in -0.75Dt and below, 0.38 in -1.00Dt, 0,28 in -2.00Dt and 0.20 in -3.00 Dt.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.21-33
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• 1998

The purposes of this study were to ascertain differences of the sensory system, central processing system, effector system, and balance ability according to general characteristics (sex, fall experience, and age), and to identify the contributions of the sensory, central processing, and effector system to balance ability in 83 healthy elderly subjects. The subjects were elderly (over 60 years) who live in Wonju City. All subjects participated in six tests (position sense test, visual acuity, vestibular stepping test, Mini-Mental Status Exam-Korea, strength of dorsiflexors, and Berg Balance Test). Collected data were analyzed by the independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression. The results were as follows: 1. The results of the six tests according to sex showed that vestibular function was significantly better in women than in men. But visual acuity, cognitive function, strength of dorsiflexors, and balance ability were significantly better in men than in women (p<0.05). 2. There were no significant differences in position sense, visual acuity, vestibular function, cognitive function, strength of dorsiflexors, and balance ability between fallers and non-fallers (p>0.05). 3. However, the results of the six tests according to age (group A: 60-69 years, group B: 70-79 years, group C: 80-89 years) showed significant differences in five tests. In the Scheff$\acute{e}$ test, position sense, visual acuity, and cognitive function showed significantly different results between in group A and group C: the strength of the dorsiflexors was significantly different between in group A and group B, and balance ability was significantly different between in group A and group C, and between in group B and group C (p<0.05). 4. Cognitive function and position sense were positively associated with balance ability. Their power of explanation regarding balance ability was 38% (p<0.05). These results suggest that cognitive function and position sense play an important role in balance ability. This would seem to suggest that programs for evaluation or improvement of elderly's balance ability in the elderly should consider cognitive function and position sense.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.135-151
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• 2003

This study compared the effect of Polaroid$^{(R)}$ lenses on binocular vision by assessing visual acuity, stereopsis, and visual evoked potential(VEP), through Polaroid$^{(R)}$, CR 39 and sunglass lenses. The spectral absorptions of Polaroid$^{(R)}$, CR 39 and sunglass lenses were measured using a spectrophotometer (Hitachi. U-3501). The VEP were recorded by the Nicolet system. Thirty normal adult(fifteen males, fifteen females, mean=21.9 years, range=20 to 25) subjects were recorded. The subjects were provided a history including : general health, family health, medication, genetics, allergy and disease. All had normal or corrected to normal acuity with no history of visual disorders. Corrected visual acuity, colour vision and stereopsis were recorded for each subject monocularly and binocularly. Each test was repealed through the sunglass, CR 39, and Polaroid$^{(R)}$ lenses. Subjects viewed the VEP stimulus both monocularly and binocularly through the test lenses while the VEPs were recorded. The results suggest that the binocular visual acuity and stereoacuity is better than with monocular vision. On other hand, the analysis of VEP suggests that the amplitude of wave is smaller when the monocular eye receives the VEP stimulus compared with that when the binocular eye is stimulated by the VEP target with the sunglass, CR 39, and Polaroid$^{(R)}$ lens. But, the latency period of each eye was similar to results between the dominant eye and the non-dominant eye by the CR 39, sunglass, and polaroid lens. In conclusion, this study indicates that the binocular vision appears to be better through the brown Polaroid$^{(R)}$ lens than through the other test lenses.