• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.45-48
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• 2000

Reverse osmosis filtration(RO) system and ultrafiltration(UF) system are principally use for domestic home drinking water treatment systems. The object of this study is to make a comparison between two systems in terms of theirs abilities to remove RNA coilphage QB as an indicator of pathogenic enteroviruses. The virus removal ratio of RO system was 99.999%, which was higher than EPA virus treatment guideline(99.99%). In the course of filtration, removal ratios of sediment filter, pre-carbon filter, reverse osmosis membrane and post-carbon filter were 75.000%, 93.208%, 99.997% and 99.999%, repectively. In case of UF system, virus removal ratio was 99.708%. Removal ratios of sediment filter, pre-carbon filter, post-carbon filter and ultrafiltration membration membrane were 71.038%, 91.530%, 98.283% and 99.708%, respecively, in UF steps. Therefore, RO system is more effective than UF system in virus removal.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.113-116
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• 2015

A $0.45-{\mu}m$ membrane filter is generally used to remove bacterial contamination during virus extraction from fish samples. However, the number of fish viruses is drastically reduced after filtration with a $0.45{\mu}m$ filter. In this study, we investigated the effect of filters on virus infectivity titer and the change in virus titer and bacterial number following different centrifugation conditions to determine a suitable procedure for virus extraction from fish samples. $10^{4.05}$ and $10^{5.05}TCID_{50}/ml$ of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and $10^{4.05}$ and $10^{4.55}TCID_{50}/ml$ of Oncorhynchus masou virus (OMV) were not detectable after filtration with two types of $0.45-{\mu}m$ filters, except the IHNV titer was reduced by about 10 fold after filter use (company A). No significant difference was found in the virus titer following centrifugation at $880{\times}g$ (30 min) or $3,500{\times}g$ (30 min), whereas IHNV and OMV titers were reduced by about 10 and 10-1000 fold by centrifugation at $14,000{\times}g$ (30 min) and $14,000{\times}g$ (10 and 30 min), respectively. A total of 97.7-99.9% Escherichia coli were eliminated by centrifugation at $880 {\times}g$ (30 min) and $3,500{\times}g$ (30 min). These results show that fish viruses were affected by filtering, even though the effect differed by virus species and filter type. Therefore, centrifugation at $3,500{\times}g$ (30 min) and use of medium with antibiotics may be useful for virus extraction along with a reduction in bacteria.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.1317-1325
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• 2008

Viral safety is an important prerequisite for clinical preparations of plasma-derived pharmaceuticals. One potential way to increase the safety of therapeutic biological products is the use of a virus-retentive filter. In order to increase the viral safety of human antihemophilic factor IX, particularly in regard to non-enveloped viruses, a virus removal process using a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane filter (Viresolve NFP) has been optimized. The most critical factor affecting the filtration efficiency was operating pH and the optimum pH was 6 or 7. Flow rate increased with increasing operating pressure and temperature. Recovery yield in the optimized production-scale process was 96%. No substantial changes were observed in the physical and biochemical characteristics of the filtered factor IX in comparison with those before filtration. A 47-mm disk membrane filter was used to simulate the process performance of the production-scale cartridges and to test if it could remove several experimental model viruses for human pathogenic viruses, including human hepatitis A virus (HAV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), murine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and bovine herpes virus (BHV). Non-enveloped viruses (HAV, PPV, and EMCV) as well as enveloped viruses (HIV, BVDV, and BHV) were completely removed during filtration. The log reduction factors achieved were $\geq$6.12 for HAV, $\geq$4.28 for PPV, $\geq$5.33 for EMCV, $\geq$5.51 for HIV, $\geq$5.17 for BVDV, and $\geq$5.75 for BHV. These results indicate that the virus filtration process successfully improved the viral safety of factor IX.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.175-178
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• 1971

Because of the cases of Japanese Encephalitis(J.E.) were reported every year in Korea. We, Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., produced J.E. virus vaccine, with lower price, since 1970 in order to prevent ourselves from being infected by the disease. And inoculated the J.E. virus vaccine for the children with a great success. We are going to report several questions which brought about in producing the J.E. virus vaccine by alcohol precipitation, protamine sulfate treatment method. The results obtained were as folows ; 1) In process treated with 40% alcohol, we used to ethanol made in Germany, but it was too expensive to use it. As the result which we had studied about it, we were satisfied with J.E. virus vaccine which produced with alcohol made in Korea, and then, we treated with accurate specific gravity of 40% ethanol for the precipitation of the virus. And also, we knew that it was the best method to be treated it for 3hrs, $13^{\circ}C$. 2) When we treated with protamine sulfate (0.025mg/ml), we acquired the highest potent titer, and suited into purpose for the nitrogen concentration. 3) The filtration of the purified J.E. virus vaccine, in case of millipore filter paper of large pore size was not suitable for the sterility. Therefore the pore size less than 0.8.$\mu$ (AA filter paper) in millipore filter paper was very suitable. But it seemed to be important subhects that the smaller was the pore size, the lower was the potent titer.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.140-147
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• 2004

Urokinase is an enzyme with fibrinolytic activity (plasminogen activator) isolated from fresh urine of healthy men. Viral safety is an important prerequisite for clinical preparation of the protein from urine. In order to increase the viral safety of a high purity urokinase in regard to non-enveloped viruses, a virus removal process using a novel polyvinylidene fluoride membrane filter (Viresolve NFP) has been optimized. Urokinase was able to pass through the filter with recoveries of 95% in the production scale process. No substantial changes were observed in physical and biochemical characteristics of the filtered urokinase in comparison with those of the enzyme before filtration. A 47-mm disk membrane filter was used to simulate the process performance of the production scale cartridges and tested if it could remove several experimental model viruses for human pathogenic viruses, including porcine parvovirus (PPV), human hepatitis A virus (HAV), murine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), and bovine herpes virus (BHV). Non-enveloped viruses (PPV, HAV, and EMCV) as well as enveloped viruses (BVDV and BHV) were completely removed during filtration. The log reduction factors achieved were $\geq$4.86 for PPV, $\geq$4.60 for HAV, $\geq$6.87 for EMCV, $\geq$4.60 for BVDV, and $\geq$5.44 for BHV. These results indicate that the virus filtration process successfully improved the viral safety of the final products.

• 멤브레인
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.9-20
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• 2020

바이오 의약품 생산과정의 대부분 공정에서 분리막이 사용되고 있다. 분리막 공정은 다른 공정의 전처리, 공정 자체의 불순물 분리, 바이러스 제거, 목표 생성물 농도 조절 및 완충 용액 교환 등에 사용된다. 인체에 사용하는 바이오 의약품의 바이러스 오염은 심각한 임상 결과와 직결되는 민감한 문제이기 때문에 바이러스 필터는 제품의 효능과 안정성을 보장하기 위해 중요한 역할을 한다. 바이러스 필터는 일반적으로 표면 개질된 PVDF, PES, CRC 등 다양한 고분자로 만들어진 복합다층 구조를 가지고 있다. 제조업체에 따라 대칭(symmetric) 또는 비대칭(asymmetric) 등 다른 기공 구조와 형태를 가지고 있으며, 주름막, 평판 시트 또는 중공사 형태로 사용된다. 바이러스 필터는 Asahi Kasei 를 비롯해 Millipore, Pall, Sartorius 등 몇몇 해외 업체들이 독점적으로 국내에 공급하고 있다. 바이러스 필터를 대체하려면 검증작업을 통해 규제기관의 승인을 받는 등 상당한 시간과 비용이 소요된다. 최근 일본의 수출규제로 국산화가 중요해진 만큼 제거 성능 고도화 등 선제적으로 기술자립도를 높여가야 한다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제28권9호
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• pp.1429-1434
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• 2004

Immunoassay is one of the important analytical methods for clinical diagnoses and biochemical studies, but needs a long time, troublesome procedures and expensive reagents. In this study, therefore, we propose the micro filter chip with microbeads for immunoassay, which has pillar structures. The advantage of the proposed micro filter chip is to use simple fabrication process and cheap materials. The mold was made by the photolithography technique with Si wafer and negative photoresist SU-8. The replica was made of PDMS, bonded on the pyrex glass. The micro filter chip consists of inlet channel, filter chamber and outlet channel. HBV (Hepatitius B virus) monoclonal antibody (Ag1) labeled with biotin were immobilized onto streptavidin coated beads of 30∼50 $\mu$m size. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled HBV monoclonal antibody (Ag8) was used to detect HBsAg (Hebatitis B virus surface Antigen), and fluorescence intensity was monitored by epi-fluorescence microscope. In this study, the immune response of less than 30 min was obtained with with the use of 100 $m\ell$ of sample.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2011

본 연구의 목적은 공기감염성 가축질병 유발의 주요 인자인 부유 세균 및 바이러스 등의 생물학상 인자들에 대한 유형별 공기청정기의 제균 효과를 비교 평가하는 데 있다. 시료 채취 장비에 대한 포집 성능 평가에서는 MS2 바이러스와 Pseudomonas fluorescens 모두 Button sampler보다는 Biosampler에 의한 채취 효율이 유의하게 높았다 (p<0.05). 공기청정기 유형 및 시료채취 방법에 관계없이 MS2 바이러스의 경우 초기 농도 대비 가동 후 5분에 50% 이상, 15분에 70% 이상, 30분에 80% 이상, 그리고 마지막 측정 시점인 60분에는 90% 이상의 제거 효율을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. P. fluorescens 세균의 경우 초기 농도 대비 가동 후 5분에 45% 이상, 15분에 50% 이상, 30분에 70% 이상, 그리고 마지막 측정 시점인 60분에는 75% 이상의 제거 효율을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 유형별 공기청정기의 상대적 제균 효율을 비교해 보면 MS2 바이러스의 경우 이온 발생 방식>전기 집진 방식>습식 방식>건조 방식, P. fluorescens 세균의 경우 전기 집진 방식>이온 발생 방식>건조 방식>습식 방식의 순서로 조사되었다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.258-261
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• 2005

We conducted a survey on pepper virus diseases in 31 regions in Korea from November 2001 to December 2004. Using electron microscopy, test plant reaction, rapid immuno-filter paper assay (RIPA), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or analysis of viral nucleotide sequences, we found a number of viruses from 1,056 samples that we collected. These included Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2), Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV), and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Of the samples analyzed, $343(32.5\%)$ were infected with CMV, $209(19.8\%)$ with PepMoV, $141(13.4\%)$ with PMMoV, $12(1.1\%)$ with BBWV2, $40(3.8\%)$ with TMGMV, $5(0.5\%)$ with TSWV, $153(14.5\%)$ with CMV and PepMoV, $54 (5.1\%)$ with CMV and PMMoV, $31(2.9\%)$ with PepMoV and PMMoV, $3(0.3\%)$ with CMV and BBWV2, $1(0.1\%)$ with CMV, PepMoV and BBWV2, $8(0.8\%)$ with CMV, PepMoV and PMMoV, and $30 (2.8\%)$ samples were infected with viruses which were not identified. CMV was the most predominant virus in all inspected fields and the number of the samples infected with PMMoV was relatively low as compared PepMoV infection level in pepper. TMGMV was only found in the southern part of Korea, while TSWV was isolated in Anyang and Yesan. However, we did not encounter in this survey the Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and Pepper vein chlorosis virus (PVCV).

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

Respiratory face masks are protective facepieces that are designed to filter inhaled air. They are easy-to-use devices that can protect the wearer against various hazardous particles in the air. Respiratory face masks also prevent the spread of viruses and bacteria-containing droplets that are released from the coughing or sneezing of the infected people. During the COVID-19 pandemic, various types of face masks have circulated on the market. Their ability to filter sub-micron particles, which are the sizes of harmful particulate matter and airborne viruses, needs to be investigated. Their breathability, the easiness of breath through the mask, also needs to be considered. In this study, wwe evaluated the performance of filters used for different types of face masks certified by different standards including Korean (KF94, KF80, KF-AD), USA (N95), and Chinese (KN95) standards. We also tested the filters of nanofiber masks and surgical masks for which there are no standards for filtration test. The N95 mask filters showed the highest quality factor for capturing virus-sized particles. The other types of mask filters have acceptable performance except for nanofiber mask filters whose performance is very low.